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A  Roman  URAroK 


FIRST  YEAR  LATIN 


BY 

WILLI AxM    C.  COLLAR,  A.M. 

Head-Master  Roxblry  Latin  School 


M.  GRANT    DANIELL,  A.M. 

Formerly  Princu'al  Chauncy-Hall  School,  Bostoi. 


BOSTON,  U.S.A. 

GINN    &    COMPANY,   PUBLISHERS 

Cbc  3[tbcn.Tnm  prcfifi 

1902 


C7/"? 

/ 


Copyright,  1901,  by 
William  C.  Collar  and  M.  Grant  Daniell 

all  rights  reserved 


PREFACE 

What  grasp  of  the  Latin  language  may  be  reasonably 
expected  of  an  intelligent  and  industrious  pupil  of  fourteen 
who  has  had  five  recitations  a  week  for  a  school  year  of 
thirty-eight  weeks? 

1.  He  should  know  the  principles  of  pronunciation  and 
should  have  had  sufficient  practice  in  following  and  imitating 
his  teacher  to  read  Latin  that  he  knows  the  meaning  of  with- 
out gross  errors  in  accent  or  in  the  quantity  of  final  syllables, 
and  with  some  idea  of  grouping  words  and  phrases  so  as  to 
indicate  the  sense. 

2.  He  should  have  acquired  such  familiarity  with  inflected 
forms  as  to  recognize  unerringly  the  place  of  a  form.  Half  a 
hundred  fundamental  principles  of  syntax  should  have  become 
a  permanent  part  of  his  mental  furnishing,  chiefly  through 
manifold  illustrations  in  the  exercises  and  reading  lessons, 
subordinately  through  practical  application  in  turning  English 
into  Latin. 

3.  Ten  of  his  thirty-eight  weeks  may  well  have  been  devoted 
to  practice  in  metaphrasing  and  translating  selections  of  easy 
Latin  into  idiomatic  English,  and  to  acquiring  as  large  and 
varied  a  working  vocabulary  as  the  reading  and  re-reading  of 
twenty-five  or  thirty  pages  could  be  expected  to  give. 

4.  Einally,  a  moderate  appreciation  of  Latin  order  and  of 
the  difference  in  the  arrangement  of  corresponding  words  in 
Latin  and  in  English,  and  a  very  moderate  degree  of  facility 
in  applying  the  principles  of  syntax  in  the  translation  of 
English   into   Latin   may   fairly   be  demanded. 

iii 


iv  PRE  FA  CE 

So  much  may  be  set  down  as  a  reasonable  achievement  for 
an  intelligent  pupil  in  a  year's  time  under  good  teaching. 

This  book  has  been  written  to  exhibit  in  detail,  to  the  best 
of  the  authors'  ability,  the  scheme  of  work  roughly  sketched 
above.  The  first  few  lessons  have  purposely  been  made  some- 
what easier  than  is  usual,  and  the  progression  in  difficulty 
gradual  for  the  benefit  of  pupils  unfamiliar  with  English 
grammar.  Some  classes  may  be  able  to  compass  two  of 
these  easier  lessons  at  a  time. 

To  insure  approximate  evenness  in  the  amount  of  time  and 
work  demanded  of  learners  for  the  several  lessons,  no  lesson 
has  been  permitted  to  exceed  two  pages  in  length. 

The  importance  of  the  verb  in  the  Latin  inflectional  system 
and  the  great  amount  of  practice  required  to  master  its  forms 
thoroughly  have  seemed  a  good  reason  for  introducing  it  at 
the  outset.  The  development  of- the  tenses  of  the  indicative 
has  been  continuous  with  only  such  interruptions  as  seemed 
necessary  to  enable  the  learner  to  digest  and  assimilate  what 
he  has  acquired.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  method  of  compari- 
son is  freely  used  in  the  treatment  of  the  verb,  as,  for  example, 
tenses  similarly  formed  in  different  conjugations  are  placed 
side  by  side  to  be  learned  together. 

This  plan  has  been  adopted  for  two  reasons,  either  of  which 
would  sufficiently  justify  it:  to  ease  the  dead  pull  upon  the 
memory,  and  to  foster  the  habit  of  observation  and  comparison. 
It  is  often  easier  to  learn  two  things  or  several  that  have  some 
relation  of  likeness  or  contrast,  than  to  learn  either  by  itself, 
and  the  discerning  of  likenesses  and  differences  is  itself  largely 
the  process  and  sum  of  education.  Only  when  the  learner  has 
studied  and  practised  the  verb  in  parts  is  he  required,  through 
review  lessons,  to  survey  and  master  it  as  a  whole. 

Several  features  that  need  only  be  mentioned  will,  it  is 
hoped,  commend  themselves  to  teachers: 


PRE FA CE  V 

(i)  The  compression  that  will  certainly  make  it  possible 
for  high  school  classes  to  go  through  the  seventy-five  lessons 
twice  in  from  twenty-five  to  twenty-eight  weeks. 

(2)  The  relative  shortening  of  the  exercises  for  translation 
into  Latin.  If  any  class  seems  to  need  more  of  such  prac- 
tice it  may  be  supplemented  by  having  a  translation  of  the 
Latin  exercises  written  out  and  after  a  little  interval  retrans- 
lated into  Latin  during  the  recitation. 

(3)  The  frequent  interspersion  of  reviews  and  of  reading 
lessons  that  anticipate  no  following  principle  of  syntax. 

(4)  The  summary  of  rules  for  reference  and  the  index. 
The  latter  is  strangely  omitted  from  most  books  of  this  kind, 
but  is  certainly  convenient  and  useful. 

(5)  The  "Essentials  of  Grammar  "  prefixed  to  the  lessons, 
which  should  help  to  adapt  the  book  to  learners  who  come 
to  the  study  of  Latin  with  little  or  no  knowledge  of  English 
grammar. 

(6)  The  copious  selections  for  reading  at  the  end  of  the 
book,  which  will  be  found  upon  examination  to  be  carefully 
graded  in  point  of  difficulty  and  altogether  interesting  in 
character. 

As  an  aid  to  teachers  who  may  use  this  book,  the  authors 
have  prepared  a  2'caclier''s  Manual  containing  eight  pages  of 
general  suggestions  followed  by  notes  on  each  lesson. 

The  authors  wish  to  express  their  grateful  acknowledg- 
ments to  Miss  Ada  Townsend  of  Evanston,  111.,  for  several 
valuable  suggestions,  and  particularly  to  Mr.  George  F.  Fiske, 
Principal  of  the  Wadleigh  School,  Winchester,  Mass.,  who  has 
read  all  the  proof  sheets  with  a  scholar's  conscientious  care 
and  aided  materially  in  perfecting  the  work. 

William  C.   Collar 
M.  Grant  Daniell 
Boston,  May  6,  1901 


NOTE    TO    TEACHERS 

It  is  recommended  that  of  the  Selections  for  Reading 
(pp.  171-202)  the  Anecdotes,  the  Stories  of  Herctdes^  and  the 
Stories  of  Ulysses  be  read  from  time  to  time,  as  pupils  advance 
through  the  Lessons.  These  selections  are  easy  and  with  a 
little  preliminary  help  from  the  teacher  can  be  read  by  pupils 
with  interest  and  profit,  without  waiting  till  the  Lessons  are 
finished. 

Pupils  are  early  referred  to  the  general  Vocabulary  for 
new  words  that  occur  in  the  reading  lessons.  This  has  been 
done  in  order  that  they  may  become  familiar  by  degrees 
with  the  use  of  a  general  vocabulary,  before  the  continuous 
reading  of  the  selections  at  the  end  of  the  book  is  entered 
upon.  They  should  read  the  explanatory  notes  that  precede 
the  Latin-English  Vocabulary,  and  from  the  beginning  of  their 
use  of  it  become  accustomed  to  observe  the  formation  and 
derivation  of  words,  the  synonyms,  and  the  English  deriva- 
tives and  cognates  that  are  given. 

As  many  pupils  will  pass  from  this  book  to  the  Gate  to 
Caesar  or  to  Caesar's  Gallic  War,  it  is  recommended  that  in 
conjunction  with  the  selections  from  Caesar  the  Stories  of 
Ulysses  be  reviewed,  since  in  these  the  vocabulary  and  con- 
struction of  Caesar  are  somewhat  closely  imitated. 


CONTENTS 


Lbsson  Page 

.Essentials  of  Grammar 1-13 

Introductory:     Alphabet,     Pronunciation,     Syllables, 

Quantity,  Accent,  Cases,  Gender 15-19 

I.    First     Dfxlension.  —  Subject,     Nominative     Case.  — 

Singular  and   Plural  of  Nouns  and  Verbs 20,  21 

II.    First  Declension. —  Direct  Object  —  Accusative  Case     .     22,23 

III.  First  Conjugation  :  Active  Indicative  Present.     Agree- 

ment of  Vei-bs. —  Conversation 24,25 

IV.  First  Declension. —  Genitive  Case — Limiting  Genitive. 

—  Conversation 26,  27 

V.    Second    Conjugation  :    Active    Indicative    Present.  — 

Review.  —  Conversatk)n 28,29 

VI.    First  Declension.  —  indirect    Object — Dative    Case. — 

Ablative  -with  in.  —  Conversation 30>  3^ 

VII.    Second     Declension  :     Words     in    -us     and     -um.  — 

Review.  —  Conversation 32.  33 

VIII.    First  and  Second  Declensions.  —  Agreement  of  Adjec- 
tives      34,  35 

IX.    The   Verh    sum:    Indicative    Present.  —  Predicate  Noun 

and  Adjective.  —  Review 36,  37 

X.   Second  Declension:  Words  in  -er,  -eri.  —  Review. — 

Conversation 38.  39 

XI.    Second  Declension:  Words  in -er, -ri.  —  Apposition     .    40,41 
XII.    Uses  of  the  Dative:  Z>a//z'^  of  Possessor,  Dative  with 

Adjectives.  —  Review 42.43 

XIII.  First  and  Second  Conjugations:   Active  Indicative 

Imperfect. — Ablative  of  Means 44,  45 

XIV.  First  and  Second  Conjugations:  Active    Indicative 

Future.  —  Ablative  of  Manner 46,47 

XV.    First  Conjugation  :  Active  Indicative  Perfect.  —  Read- 
ing Lesson:  The  Romans  and  the  Sabines       ...  48,  49 
XVI.    Second  Conjugation  :  Active  Indicative  Perfect  ...  50,  51 


X  CONTENTS 

Lesson  Page 

XVII.   The  Demonstrative  is 5-.  53 

XVIII.   The  Interrogative  quis.  —  Review 54-55 

XIX.    Third    Conjugation  :    Active    Indicative    Present, 

Imperfect,  Future,  and  Perfect 56,  57 

XX.    Review.  —  Reading  Lesson:  Icarus 5S,  59 

XXI.   Third  Declension:  Mute  Stems 60,61 

XXII.  Third  Conjugation  :  Verbs  in -io;  Active  Indicative 
Present,  Imperfect,  Future,  and  Perfect.  —  Place 
Whence  and  Whither 62,  63 

XXIII.  Third    Declension:    Liquid    Stems.  —  Ablative    of 

Cause.  —  Review 64,  65 

XXIV.  Third  Declension  :  Stems  in  -i 66,  67 

XXV.   Third  Declension:  Gender 68,69 

XXVI.    Review. —  Reading    Lesson:     Horatius    at    the 

Bridge.  —  Conversation 70,71 

XXVII.   Adjectives  of  the  Third   Declension. —  Read- 
ing Lesson:  Caesar  in  Gaul 72,73 

XXVIII.    Fourth  Conjugation:    Active   Indicative   Present, 

Imperfect,  Future,  and  Perfect. — Ablative  of  Time    74,  75 
XXIX.    All    Conjugations:    Active    Indicative    Pluperfect 

and  Future  Perfect.  —  Review 76,77 

XXX.    Syntax  of  Names  of  Towns,  and  of  domus  and 

rus :   Locative  Case 78.79 

XXXI.   The    Demonstratives    hie    and    ille.  —  Reading 

Lesson  :  Britain  Invaded 80,  81 

XXXII.    Passive     Voice:     Active    and     Passive     Indicative 

Present.  —  Ablative  of  Agent 82,83 

XXXIII.  'Y-AY.  V.Y.\.K1\VY.  c^.  —  Agreemetit  of  Relative     .     .     .     84,85 

XXXIV.  Active   and    Passive:    Indicative   Present,    Imper- 

fect, and  Future  of  rego  and  capio 86,  87 

XXXV.    Personal  and  Reflexive  PRONoqNS 88,89 

XXXVI.    Active   and    Passive:    Indicative    Present,    Imper- 
fect,   and    Future   of   audio.  — Reading    Lesson: 

Coriolanus  and  his  Mother 90,  91 

XXXVII.    Possessive  Adjectives.  —  Ablative  of  Separation  .     .    92,93 
XXXVIII.    Passive    Voice— All    Conjugations:    Indicative 

Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect 94.  95 

XXXIX.   Review.  —  Reading    Lesson:    Scipio   and   Hanni- 
bal      96,  97 

XL.    Fourth  Declension 98.  99 


CONTENTS  XI 

Lesson  Page 
XLI.    Comparison    of    Adjectives.  —  Ablative    of    Com- 
parison      lOO,  lOI 

XLII.    Comparison    of    Adjectives.  —  Partitive    Genitive  102,103 
XLIII.    Comparison  of  Adjectives.  —  Ablative  of  Degree  of 

Difference 104,  105 

XI.I\'.    Comparison  of  Adverbs.  —  Conversation  .     .     .  106,  107 
XLV.    Reading     Lesson:     A    Letter    from    Pompeii.— 

Conversation.  —  Review 108,  109 

XLVI.    Fifth  Declension.  —  Accusative  of  Extent  .     .     .  110,111 
XLVIL   The  Subjunctive  Mood:  Purpose  Clauses  with  ut 

and  ne 1 12,  113 

XLVIIL    The  Subjunctive  Mood:  Purpose  Clauses.  —  Result 

Clauses  with  xA  and  VLt  non 114,115 

XLLX.    Indirect  Question.  —  Sequence  of  Tenses   .     .     .     .  116,117 

L.    Reading  Lesson  :  Caesar  WINS  A  Victory.  —  Review  118,119 

LL    Numerals.  —  Descriptive  Ablative  and  Genitive      .     .  120,121 

LIL    Numerals 122,  123 

Lin.   Ten  Irregular  Adjectives.  —  Reading  Lesson: 

Caesar  and  Vergil 124,  125 

LIV.   The  Infinitive  used  as  in  English 126,  127 

LV.    Accusative  and  Infinitive  :  Indirect  Statement. — 

Tenses  of  the  Infinitive 128,  129 

LVI.   The  Demonstratives  idem,  ipse,  iste 130,  131 

LVII.    Indefinite  Pronouns.  —  Reading  Lesson:  Africa. 

—  Review 132.  i33 

LVIII.    Imperative    and     Subjunctive:     Conunands    and 

Appeals 134,  135 

LIX.    Compounds  of  sum.  —  Reading   Lesson:  Friend- 
ship—  Dative  with  Compounds  ;  Dative  of  Service   .  136,  137 
LX.   Participles.  —  Reading  Lesson:  Fabricius  andthe 

Physician 138,  139 

LXI.    Participles.  —  Ablative  Absolute 140,141 

LXII.    Participles:  The  Gerundive 142,143 

LXIII.   The  Gerund 144,  145 

LXIV.    The  Supine.  —  Ablative  of  Specif  cation.  —  Reading 

Lesson:  Roman  Consuls.  —  Review 146,  147 

LXV.    Review  of  Verb-Forms:  First  and  Second  Conju- 
gations.—  Reading  Lesson  :  Romulus  and  Remus  14S,  149 
LXVI.    Review  of  Verb-Forms:  Third  and  Fourth  Conju- 
gations.—  Reading  Lesson  :  Romulus  and  Remus  150,151 


XU  CONTENTS 

Lbsson  Page 

LXVII.    Deponent  Verbs.  —  Ablative  with  Certain  Deponents  152,153 
LXVIII.   The   Irregular  Verbs  volo,  nolo,  mal5.  —  Dative 

■with  Intransitive  Verbs 154,  155 

LXIX.   Cum  Temporal,  Causal,  and  Concessive.  —  Read- 
ing Lesson:  Quintus  Fabius  Maximus    .     .     .     .  156,  157 

LXX.   Conditional  Sentences 158,  159 

LXXI.   Review.  —  Reading  Lesson  :  Rivalry  of  two  Cen- 
turions    160,  161 

LXXIL   The  Irregular  Verbs  eo,  fero,  fio.  —  Subjunctive 
after  Verbs  of  Fearing.  —  Reading  Lesson  :  Rivalry 

OF  Two  Centurions 162,  163 

LXXIII.   Impersonal  Use  of  Verbs.  —  Relative  of  Purpose.  — 

Reading    Lesson  :    Rivalry  of  Two  Centurions  164,  165 

LXXIV.    Periphrastic  Conjugations. — Dative  of  Agent      .  166,167 
LXXV.    Expressions    of    Purpose.  —  Review.  —  Reading 
Lesson  :    The    Romans   win   their    First   Naval 

Victory 168,  169 

Selections  for  Reading: 

Anecdotes 1 71-173 

Stories  of  Hercules 173-180 

Stories  of  Ulysses 180-186 

Fables      186-190 

Stories  from  Roman  History 190-198 

Caesar:  Gallic  War 199-202 

Appendix.     Tables  of  Inflection,  Conjugation,  etc.  .     .  203-239 

Rules  of  Syntax 241-244 

Latin-English  Vocabulary 245-290 

English-Latin  Vocabulary 291-301 

Index 303-31 ' 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

A  Roman  Orator  (Statue  of  Cato) Frontispiece 

Page 

A  Roman  Lady '4 

Priest,  Altar  (ara),  and  Suppliant  (supplex) 21 

Javelin  (pilum)  and  Sword  (gladius) 27 

Trumpet  (tuba) 35 

Spear  (hasta) 43 

Roman  IIe;iddresses 5' 

Writing  Materials,  representing  an  inkstand  (atramentarium,  for 
black  and  red  ink);  a  papyrus  letter  sealed  and  addressed 
(M  LvcREiio   Flam[ini]    Martis   Decvrioni   Pompei[s])  to 

Marcus  Lucretius,  priest  of  Mars,  decurion,  Pompeii      ....  57 
The  Fall  of  Icarus.     Icarus,  following  his  father,  in  flight  has  fallen 
unseen  and  been  washed  ashore.     Daedalus  now  discovers  his 
lifeless  body.     A  nymph  sits  near  Icarus.     On  the  left  is  a  Greek 

temple 59 

A  Roman  Coin.  Obverse  :  head  of  Venus.  Reverse  :  Aeneas  carry- 
ing Anchises  and  the  Palladium.     Caesar 61 

A  Roman  Coin.     Obverse :    head  of  Venus.     Reverse :   trophy  and 

captives.     Caesar 69 

A  Roman  Coin.     Horatius  Codes  at  the  Bridge 71 

Ancient  Plough  (aratrum) 87 

Roman  Helmets  (galeae) 89 

Coriolanus 91 

Temple  (templum).     Restoration  of  the  Temple  of  Vesta  at  Rome     .  95 

Scipio.     Ancient  Statue 97 

Hannibal.     Ancient  bust  in  Naples  Museum 97 

View  of  Naples  and  Vesuvius 108 

A  Roman  Coin.    Obverse  :  head  of  Venus.    Reverse  :  trophy  of  Gallic 

arms.     Caesar 119 

Roman  Soldiers.     Showing  shields,  helmets,  swords,  javelins,  sandals, 

breast  armor,  sling,  pack  carried  on  a  pole 123 

Caesar.     Bust  in  the  Louvre,  Paris 125 

xiii 


xi\^  ILL  US  TRA  TIONS 

Page 
Vergil.     Bust  at  Caproni's,  Boston 125 


Roman  Sandals 


[43 


A  Roman  Coin.     Obverse:  veiled  head  of  Pietas.     Caesar  Co[n]- 
s[vl]ter.     Reverse:  lituus  (augur's  crooV), praefericulum  (dish 

used  in  sacrifices),  and  axe.     A[vLVs]  Hirtivs  Pr[aefectvs]  .  145 

The  Twins  discovered  by  Faustulus 149 

Roman  Coins,  representing  militarj-  s'.andards 151 

Vinea 155 

Shields  (scuta) 163 

Battering  Ram  (aries) 202 


FIRST  YEAR   LATIN 


ESSENTIALS    OF    GRAMMAR 

Note.  —  These  essentials  apply  in  the  main  to  both  English  and 
Latin  grammar. 

THE   PARTS    OF   SPEECH 

NOUNS 

1.  A  Noun  is  a  word  used  as  the  name  of  a  person,  place, 
or  thing  :   boy,  London,  ship,  book,  star. 

a.  A  Proper  Noun  is  the  name  of  a  particular  person, 
place,  or  thing :   George,  Boston,  September,  Monday. 

b.  A  Common  Noun  is  a  name  that  may  be  applied  to 
any  one  of  a  class  of  objects  :   boy,  city,  7nonth,  day. 

c.  A  Collective  Noun  is  a  name  that  in  the  singular  form 
may  be  applied  to  a  group  of  objects  :  croivd,  family,  herd, 
committee. 

d.  A  Verbal  Noun  is  the  name  of  an  action  :  seeing,  read- 
ing, writing,  to  see,  to  read,  to  write. 

e.  An  Abstract  Noun  is  the  name  of  a  quality  or  condition  : 
goodness,  truth,  weakness,  poverty. 

PRONOUNS 

2.  A  Pronoun  is  a  word  used  to  take  the  place  of  a  noun  : 
/,  yon,  liim,  this,  who. 


2  J^'.-l'iST    YEAR    LATIN 

,  I^pvz. -- Xhe  ncun  :  for,  which  a  pronoun  stands  is  called  its 
antecedent.  Thus,  in  John  goes  to  sc/iool,  but  he  does  not  study, 
the  noun  John  is  the  antecedent  of  the  pronoun  he. 

a.  A  Personal  Pronoun  is  a  pronoun  that  shows  by  its 
form  whether  it  stands  for  the  speaker,  /,  we,  etc.,  that 
is,  the  First  Person  ;  for  the  person  spoken  to,  thou,  yon, 
etc.,  tliat  is,  the  Second  Person  ;  or  for  the  person  or  thing 
spoken  of,  he,  she,  it,  they,  etc.,  that  is,  the  Third  Person. 

Note.  — •  Nouns  are  almost  always  in  the  third  person. 

b.  A  Relative  (or  Conjunctive)  Pronoun  is  a  pronoun  that 
connects  a  subordinate  clause  (20),  in  which  it  stands,  with 
the  antecedent  :  **  The  evil  that  men  do  lives  after  theviy 
The  relative  pronouns  are  zvho,  ivJiicJi,  ivJiat,  and  that. 

c.  An  Interrogative  Pronoun  is  a  pronoun  that  is  used  to 
ask  a  question  :  Who  is  there  ?  What  shall  zve  do  ?  The 
interrogative  pronouns  are  7uho,  zvhich,  and  wJiat. 

d.  A  Demonstrative  Pronoun  is  a  pronoun  that  points  out 
an  object  definitely  :   this,  that,  these,  those. 

e.  An  Indefinite  Pronoun  is  a  pronoun  that  points  out  an 
object  indefinitely  :  some,  one,  any,  othci,  all,  etc. 

/  A  Reflexive  Pronoun  is  a  pronoun  that  refers  back  to 
the  subject :  He  hurt  himself. 

ADJECTIVES 

3.  An  Adjective  is  a  word  used  to  qualify  or  limit  the 
meaning  of  a  noun  or  pronoun  :  good  lesson,  beautiful  moon, 
the  boy,  five  girls. 

a.  A,  an,  and  the,  really  limiting  adjectives,  are  some- 
times called  Articles.  The  is  the  Definite  Article,  a  or  an  the 
Indefinite  Article. 


THE    PARTS   OF   SPEECH  3 

/;.  Numeral  Adjectives  are  adjectives  of  number.  They 
arc  cither  Cardinal,  denoting  how  many:  one,  two,  three,  four ; 
or  Ordinal,  denoting  which  in  order  :  first,  second,  third, 
fourth. 

c.  The  demonstrative  pronouns,  the  indefinite  pronouns, 
and  the  interrogative  pronouns  zvJiich  and  zvhat  may 
be  used  as  adjectives,  and  are  then  called  respectively 
Demonstrative  Adjectives :  this  book,  that  house ;  Indefinite 
Adjectives  :  some  boys,  any  pencil ;  and  Interrogative  Adjectives  : 
Uliich  way  shall  zue  go  ?      What  man  is  that  / 

d.  Adjectives  are  often  used  as  nouns :  "  The  land  of 
the  free  a>id  the  home  of  the  brave." 

VERBS 

4.  A  Verb  is  a  word  used  to  declare  or  assert  something 
about  a  person  or  thing:  /  ride;  you  laugh;  the  leaf 
falls. 

a.  A  Transitive  Verb  is  a  verb  that  in  the  active  voice 
(28)  commonly  requires  an  object  (14)  to  complete  its 
meaning  :  The  boy  strikes  the  ball ;  the  cat  catche'?  a 
mouse. 

b.  An  Intransitive  Verb  is  a  \-erb  that  does  not  commonly 
admit  an  object :  Birds  fly  ;  I  walk. 

Note.  —  Certain  verbs  may  at  one  time  be  transitive  and  at 
another  intransitive  :  The  wind  bk-iu  the  snow  into  ok r  faces ;  the 
wind  blew  furiously. 

c.  A  Regular  Verb  is  a  verb  that  forms  its  imperfect 
(past)  tense  (33)  and  past  participle  (34,  a)  by  the  addition 
of  d,  t,  or  ed  to  the  present  :  present  loz'e,  past  loved, 
past  participle  loved. 


4  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

d.  An  Irregular  Verb  is  a  verb  that  does  not  form  its 
imperfect  (past)  tense  by  the  addition  of  d,  t,  or  ed  to  the 
present :  present  give,  past  gave,  past  participle  given. 

e.  An  Auxiliary  Verb  is  a  verb  that  is  used  in  the  con- 
jugation of  other  verbs  :  /  am  loved ;  do  yon  love  ?  he  has 
given. 

f.  An  -Impersonal  Verb  is  one  that  is  used  only  in  the 
third  person  singular,  having  no  personal  subject:  //  rains ; 
it  snozvs. 

Note. —  In  Latin  there  are  many  more  impersonal  verbs  and 
impersonal  uses  of  other  verbs  than  in  English. 

ADVERBS 

5.  An  Adverb  is  a  word  used  to  modify  the  meaning  of  a 
verb,  an  adjective,  or  another  adverb:  He  walks  swiftly; 
the  orange  is  very  large  ;  he  talks  too  fast. 

a.  An  Adverb  of  Place  answers  the  question  where  ?  — 
he7'e,  belozv,  there,  Jiejice. 

b.  An  Adverb  of  Time  answers  the  question  when  ?  — 
theti,  now,  often,  seldom. 

c.  An  Adverb  of  Manner  answers  the  question  Jiozv  ?  —  so, 
thus,  well,  ill. 

d.  An  Adverb  of  Degree  answers  the  question  hozu  viuch  ? 
—  little,  almost,  much,  very,  enough. 

e.  A  Modal  Adverb  expresses  affirmation  or  negation,  or 
the  degree  of  confidence  with  which  a  statement  is  made : 
yes,  no,  certainly,  perhaps. 

f.  A  Relative  (or  Conjunctive)  Adverb  connects  a  subordinate 
clause  (20)  with  that  on  which  it  depends  :  The  army 
advanced  when  the  day  daivned ;  "  Go  where  glory  waits 
thee!' 


THE   PARTS   OF  SPEECH  5 

PREPOSITIONS 

6.  A  Preposition  is  a  word  used  before  a  noun  or  pronoun 
to  show  its  relation  to  another  word  in  the  sentence:  "/ 
stood  on  the  bridge  at  midnight.'' 

CONJUNCTIONS 

7.  A  Conjunction  is  a  word  used  to  connect  words,  phrases 
(i6),  clauses  (20),  and  sentences  (9)  :  black  and  white  ;  he 
was  a  man  of  Jionor,  but  of  a  bad  temper ;  you  may  go  or 
you  may  stay. 

a.  A  Coordinate  Conjunction  is  a  conjunction  that  connects 
words,  phrases,  clauses,  and  sentences  of  equal  order  or 
rank  (20,  c).  The  conjunctions  in  the  examples  above  are 
Coordinate. 

/;.  A  Subordinate  Conjunction  is  one  that  connects  a  sub- 
ordinate clause  (20)  with  a  principal  clause  (20,  b)  :  I  shall 
go  to  toivn  if  it  is  pleasant ;  he  failed  because  he  zuas  not 
industrious. 

INTERJECTIONS 

8.  An  Interjection  is  a  word  used  to  express  strong  feeling, 
and  is  not  grammatically  related  to  any  other  word  in  the 
sentence:  oh!  ah!  alas!  hurrah! 


Note.  —  The  following  couplets  have  often  proved  useful  to  younj 
persons  in  identifying  the  parts  of  speech  : 

Three  little  words  we  often  see 
Are  Articles,  a,  an,  and  the. 

A  Noun  's  the  name  of  anything ; 
As  school  or  garden,  hoop  or  swing. 

Adjectives  tell  the  kind  of  noun  ; 

As  great,  small,  pretty,  white,  or  brown. 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

Instead  of  nouns  the  Pronouns  stand  ; 
His  head,  her  hat,  your  arm,  my  hand. 

Verbs  tell  of  something  being  done  ; 

As  read,  write,  spell,  sing,  jump,  or  run. 

How  things  are  done  the  Adverbs  tell ; 
As  slowly,  quickly,  ill,  or  well. 

They  also  tell  us  where  and  when ; 
As  here  and  there  a.nd?iow  and  ihen. 

A  Preposition  stands  before 

A  noun  ;  as  in  or  through  a  door. 

Conjunctions  joi  i  the  words  together  ; 
As  rain  and  sunshine,  wind  or  weather. 

Conjunctions  sentences  unite  ; 

As  kittens  scratch  a7td  puppies  bite. 

An  Interjection  shows  surprise ; 

As  Oh  !  how  pretty  !     Ah  .'  how  wise ! 


THE   SENTENCE 

9.    A  Sentence  is  a  group  of  words  expressing  a  complete 
thought :   Sta7-s  sJiine  ;  he  zvalks. 

10.  A  Declarative  sentence  is  a  sentence  that  declares  or 
asserts  something  as  a  fact  :  Watei'  runs  down  hill.  An 
Interrogative  sentence  is  a  sentence  that  asks  a  question  : 
Who  was  the  second  president  of  the  United  States  ?  An 
Imperative  sentence  is  a  sentence  that  expresses  a  request,  a 
command,  or  an  entreaty:  "  Drink,  pretty  creature,  drink'' ; 
"  Stand  not  upon  the  order  of  your  going,  but  go  at  once." 
An  Exclamatory  sentence  is  a  sentence,  whether  declarative, 
interrogative,  or  imperative,  that  expresses  strong  feeling 
or  emotion  :  "  How  siveet  the  moonlight  sleeps  upon  this 
bank !  " 

11.  A  Sentence  is  made  up  of  two  parts,  one  called  the 
Subject,  and  the  other  the  Predicate. 


THE   SENTENCE  7 

a.  Tlie  Subject  represents  that  about  which  something 
is  said  or  asserted  :  Birds  si)ig ;  you  read. 

b.  The  Predicate  says  or  asserts  something  about  that 
which  the  subject  represents  :  Birds  sing ;  you  read. 

Note.  —  Either  the  subject  or  the  predicate  or  both  may  be 
enlarged  to  any  extent  by  the  addition  of  qualifying  words  and 
expressions  called  modifiers  :  My  sister's  small  birds  \  sing  sweetly 
in  tlie  morning. 

12.  The  Simple  Subject  is  the  noun  or  pronoun  which 
signifies  that  about  which  the  assertion  is  made.  The 
Simple  Predicate  is  the  verb  that  makes  the  assertion.  Birds 
is  the  simple  subject,  and  sing  the  simple  predicate  in  the 
preceding  note. 

13.  The  Complete  Subject  is  the  simple  subject  with  all 
its  modifiers.  The  Complete  Predicate  is  the  simple  predicate 
with  all  its  modifiers.  Thus  in  the  example  of  the  note 
under  1 1  the  complete  subject  is  all  that  precedes  the  ver- 
tical line,  and  the  complete  predicate  all  that  follows  it. 

14.  The  Object  of  a  verb  is  a  word  or  expression  that 
completes  the  meaning  of  the  verb,  and  signifies  that  which 
receives  the  action  :  I  fold  tJic  paper. 

Note. — The  Direct  Object  represents  that  which  is  immediately 
affected  by  the  action  of  the  verb  ;  the  Indirect  Object  that  to  or  for 
which  the  action  is  performed.  Thus  in  he  gave  nte  the  hook,  book 
is  the  direct  object,  and  tne  the  indirect. 

15.  A  Predicate  Noun  or  a  Predicate  Adjective  is  a  noun  or 
an  adjective  used  after  certain  intransitive  or  passive  verbs 
to  complete  their  meaning,  and  to  describe  or  define  the 
subject :  George  is  a  farmer;  Lincoln  was  elected  president ; 
the  workmen  are  busy;   those  nioi  are  reputed  wise. 


«  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

a.  The  predicate  noun  or  adjective  is  called  the  Complement 
of  the  verb.  Intransitive  verbs  that  require  a  complement 
are  called  Copulative  Verbs.  The  verb  be  in  its  various  forms 
{am,  tvas,  lias  been,  etc.)  is  often  called  the  Copula. 

b.  The  predicate  noun  has  the  same  case  as  the  subject; 
hence  the  term  Predicate  Nominative. 

16.  A  Phrase  is  a  combination  of  words  (not  subject 
and  predicate)  used  as  a  single  part  of  speech  :  in  a  man 
of  honor,  of  honor  is  an  Adjective  Phrase  because  it  modifies 
the  noun  man ;  in  tJie  sun  shines  by  day,  by  day  is  an 
Adverbial  Phrase  because  it  limits  the  verb  sJiines. 

17.  A  Simple  Sentence  is  a  sentence  containing  but  one 
statement,  that  is,  one  subject  and  one  predicate  :  The  boy 
bats  the  ball. 

18.  A  Compound  Sentence  is  a  sentence  containing  two  or 
more  independent  statements  :  '*  It  rains  a?id  the  wind  is 
never  weary." 

Note.  —  An  independent  statement  is  one  that  can  stand  alone  ; 
it  does  not  depend  upon  (qualify  or  limit)  another  statement. 

19.  A  Complex  Sentence  is  a  sentence  containing  one 
independent  (principal)  and  one  or  more  dependent  (sub- 
ordinate) statements  :  IVe  hastened  home  \  when  the  elonds 
began  to  gatJier. 

Note.  —  A  dependent  or  subordinate  statement  is  one  that  quali- 
fies or  limits  another  in  some  way ;  thus  the  dependent  statement 
when  the  clouds  began  to  gather  limits  the  verb  hastened,  telling  when 
we  hastened. 

20.  The  separate  statements  in  a  compound  or  complex 
sentence  are  called  clauses,  and  as  has  already  been  seen, 
they  may  be  either  independent  (principal)  or  dependent  (sub- 
ordinate). 


INFLECTION  9 

a.  Dependent  or  subordinate  clauses  are  named  from 
their  use  Adjective  Clauses :  A  7nan  ivho  is  honorable  is 
respected;  Adverbial  Clauses:  We  go  in  when  H  rains ;  or  Sub- 
stantive Clauses  :  That  my  friend  has  lost  his  watch  is  certainly 
true. 

b.  The  independent  clause  of  a  complex  sentence  is 
called  the  Principal  Clause.  Any  clause  that  has  another 
dependent  upon  it  may  be  called  a  principal  clause. 

c.  Connected  clauses  that  are  of  the  same  rank,  both 
independent,  or  both  dependent,  are  said  to  be  Coordinate. 

INFLECTION 

21.  Inflection  is  a  change  in  the  form  of  a  word  to  indicate 
a  change  in  its  meaning  or  use  :  dog,  dogs  ;  man,  nieti ;  love, 
loves,  loved. 

DECLENSION 

22.  The  inflection  of  a  noun  or  pronoun  is  called  its 
Declension.  Nouns  and  pronouns  are  declined  to  show 
number  and  case,  and  a  few  nouns  to  show  gender. 

Note. —  In  Latin,  adjectives  also  are  declined  in  gender,  number, 
and  case,  to  agree  with  the  nouns  which  they  modify. 

Number 

23.  A  noun  or  pronoun  is  in  the  Singular  Number  when  it 
means  one  :  Jiat,  ox,  I ;  in  the  Plural  Number  when  it  means 
more  than  one  :  Jiats,  oxen,  we. 

Case 

24.  There  are  three  cases  in  English  : 

I.  The  Nominative,  primarily  used  as  the  subject  of  a 
sentence  :  He  throws  the  ball. 


lO  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

2.  The  Possessive  (Genitive),  used  to  denote  possession 
or  ownership:  John  throws  his  ball;  see  the  queen's 
crown. 

3.  The  Objective,  used  as  the  object  of  a  transitive  verb 
or  of  a  preposition  :  JoJui  throws  the  ball  to  him. 

a.  Only  personal  pronouns  and  the  relative  pronoun  tvho 
have,  in  English,  three  case-forms.  Nouns  have  the  nomi- 
native and  objective  alike,  with  a  separate  form  for  the  pos- 
sessive (genitive). 

b.  \n  Latin  there  are  seven  cases  ;  bui':  the  forms  of  the  cases  are 
not  all  different. 

Gender 

25.  The  gender  of  English  nouns  is  what  is  called  Natural 
Gender,  and  hence  has  very  little  to  do  with  grammar. 
Thus,  a  noun  denoting  a  male  is  in  the  Masculine  Gender : 
man,  boy,  father ;  a  noun  denoting  a  female  is  in  the 
Feminine  Gender  :  ivoman,  girl,  moiJicr ;  one  denoting  either 
male  or  female  is  in  the  Common  Gender :  cat,  dog,  parent ; 
one  denoting  a  sexless  object  is  in  the  Neuter  Gender : 
river,   wind,  mountain. 

a.  In  Latin  only  nouns  that  denote  persons  and  some  animals 
have  natural  gender:  nauta,  sailor  (masc),  mater,  mother  (fem.). 
All  others  have  an  arbitrary  gender,  called  Grammatical  Gender,  deter- 
mined chiefly  by  the  endint^. 

COMPARISON 

26.  The  inflection  of  adjectives  and  adverbs  to  show 
degree  (higher  or  lower)  is  called  Comparison.  There  are 
three  degrees  of  comparison,  the  Positive,  the  Comparative, 
and    the    Superlative :    positive    wise,    comparative    wiser, 


INFLECTION  1 1 

superlative  wisest ;  positive  ^^^^/,  comparative  better,  super- 
lali\e  best ;  i^ositive  often,  comparative  oftener,  superlative 
oftenest. 

a.  Adjectives  and  adverbs  are  also  compared  in  English 
by  prefixing  the  adverbs  more  and  7nost,  less  and  least: 
beaut  if nl,  more  beaittiftil,  most  beautiful ;  wisely,  less 
ivisely,  least  wisely. 

Note.  —  Comparison  in  Latin  is  indicated  by  change  of  form,  and 
sometimes  by  the  use  of  adverbs. 

CONJUGATION 

27.  The  inflection  of  a  verb  is  called  Conjugation.  Verbs 
are  conjugated  to  show  voice,  mood,  and  tense,  and  the 
number  and  person  of  the  subject. 

a.  The  English  ^•erb  has  but  few  changes  of  form. 
Thus  the  verb  love  has  in  common  use  only  the  forms 
love,  loves,  loving,  and  loved ;  the  verb  rise  has  rise,  rises, 
rising,  rose,  and  risen.  Most  of  the  conjugation  of  the 
verb  is  made  up  of  verb  phrases  formed  by  the  use  of 
auxiliaries  :  /  tun  loved,  I  shall  love,  I  shall  have  been 
loved,  etc. 

Note.  —  The  statement  in  27,  however,  is  true  of  the  Latin  verb, 
which  has  many  changes  of  form,  as  will  be  seen. 

Voice 

28.  A  verb  is  in  the  Active  Voice  when  it  represents  the 
subject  as  acting  (or  being)  :  James  struck  John ;  in  the 
Passive  Voice  when  it  represents  the  subject  as  acted  upon  : 
John  was  struck  by  James. 

a.   Intransitive  verbs  are  used  only  in  the  active  voice. 


12  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

Mood 

29.  A  verb  is  in  the  Indicative  Mood  when  it  states  a 
fact  or  is  used  in  a  question  :  Roses  bloom ;  why  do  yotc 
smile  ? 

30.  A  verb  is  in  the  Subjunctive  Mood  when  it  asserts 
something  doubtfully  or  conditionally.  It  is  used  in  sub- 
ordinate clauses,  and  is  usually  introduced  by  if,  though, 
and  the  like  :  If  he  -were  here,  I  should  be  glad ;  "  Though 
he  slay  vie,  yet  ivill  I  trust  in  him.'' 

Note.  —  The  subjunctive  mood  as  a  separate  form  is  very  little 
used  in  modern  English,  its  place  being  taken  by  the  indicative.  In 
Latin,  on  the  other  hand,  the  subjunctive  has  a  great  variety  of  uses. 

31.  A  verb  is  in  the  Imperative  Mood  when  it  expresses  a 
command  or  an  entreaty:  Draw  your  swords ;  "Give  me 
of  tJiy  bark,  O  birch  tree.'' 

a.  The  subject  of  the  imperative  {thou  or  you)  is  seldom 
expressed. 

The  Infinitive 

32.  The  Infinitive  {to  love,  to  have  loved,  etc.)  is  a  verbal 
noun.  It  has  neither  person  nor  number,  and  is  not  used 
in  making  assertions.  Like  a  noun  it  may  be  the  subject 
or  the  complement  of  a  verb  :  To  see  is  to  believe.  Like  a 
verb  it  may  have  an  object  and  adverbial  modifiers  :  We 
like  to  begin  our  work  early. 

a.  The  infinitive  may  also  be  used  in  other  noun  relations, 
and  sometimes  as  an  adjective  or  adverb. 

b.  The  verbal  noun  in  -ing,  corresponding  to  the  Latin 
gerund,  is  by  some  regarded  as  an  infinitive :  Seeing  is 
believing  =  to  see  is  to  believe. 


INFLECTION 


Tense 


33.  A  verb  is  in  the  Present,  Imperfect  (Past),  or  Future 
Tense  according  as  it  represents  an  action  as  taking  place 
in  present,  past,  or  future  time  :  /  love,  I  loved,  I  shall 
love. 

a.  The  Perfect  (Present  Perfect)  Tense  represents  an  action 
as  completed  in  the  present  :  I  Jiave  loved ;  the  Pluperfect 
(Past  Perfect),  as  completed  in  the  past :  /  had  loved ;  and 
the  Future  Perfect,  as  completed  in  the  future  :  I  shall  have 
loved. 

The  Participle 

34.  A  Participle  is  a  verbal  adjective.  Like  an  adjective 
it  may  qualify  a  noun  :  a  living  death,  a  driven  well.  Like 
a  verb  it  may  have  an  object  and  adverbial  modifiers  : 
Knoiving  the  candidate  intimately,  we  shall  7iot  hesitate  to 
vote  for  Jiivi. 

a.  There  are  in  English  three  participles  in  the  active 
voice  :  present  loving,  past  loved,  perfect  having  loved ; 
and  three  in  the  passive  voice  :  present  {being)  loved,  past 
loved,  perfect  having  been  loved. 

b.  The  participle  in  -ing  is  used  with  the  au.xiliary  be 
to  make  the  Progressive  Form  of  the  verb  :  Yott  are  loving, 
he  was  loving. 

Note.  —  The  Latin  has  no  special  tenses  for  the  progressive  form. 

35.  A  Finite  Verb  is  a  verb  in  the  indicative,  subjunctive, 
or  imperative  mood. 


A  Roman  Lady 


P  RON  UNCI  A  riON  I  5 


INTRODUCTORY 

The  sections  on  pronunciation  may  be  most  profitably  used  for 
reference.  Pupils  catch  pronunciation  quickly  from  the  lips  of  the 
teacher,  and,  if  they  make  mistakes,  are  interested  in  being  referred 
to  rules.  It  is  therefore  advised  that  the  teacher  begin  with  the 
poem  on  page  i8,  pronouncing  slowly  each  line,  the  pupils  following 
successively,  and  then  together. 

ALPHABET 

36.  The  Latin  alphabet  has  noy  or  zv.  Otherwise  it  is 
the  same  as  the  Enghsh. 

37.  /does  service  both  as  a  vowel  and  as  a  consonant. 
Before  a  vowel  in  the  same  syllable  it  has  the  force  of  a 
consonant,  and  is  called  i-consonant . 

38.  Of  the  consonants 

The  mutes  are p,  b,  t,  d,  c,  k,  g,  q. 

The  liquids  are 1,  ni,  n,  r. 

The  sibilant  is s. 

The  double  consonants  are    .     .  ■s.  =  cs  ox  gs^  z  =  ds. 

SOUNDS    OF    THE    LETTERS,    ROMAN    METHOD 

39.  Vowels 

a  like  the  last  a  in  aha'.  a  like  the  first  a  in  aJia'. 

e  as  in  they.  6  as  in  met. 

i  as  in  machine.  i  as  in  pin. 

6  as  in  note.  6  as  in  obey. 

u  like  oo  in  boot.  fl  ^  like  oo  \r\foot. 

^  In  qu,  gji,  and  sometimes  in  sn,  before  a  vowel,  h  is  a  semivowel  or 
consonant,  is  pronounced  like  w,  and  joined  in  utterance  with  the  preceding 
letter ;  so  likewise  in  cui  and  huic :  quis,  qui,  who,  an'-guis,  snake,  con- 
8ue'-tus,  accustomed. 


1 6  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


40.  Diphthongs 

ae  like  ai  in  aisle.  au  like  oti  in  our. 

ei  (rare)  like  ei  in  eight.  oe  like  0/  in  boil. 

eu  (rare)  like  eti  xnfeicd. 

41.  Consonants 

Consonants  generally  have  the  same  sounds  as  in  English.  But 
observe  the  following  : 

c  as  in  come.  g  as  in  get. 

i-consonant  like  j  \nyet.  s  as  in  sicii. 

t  as  in  ii/ne.  v  like  w  in  wine. 

ch  like  k  in  kite.  ph  like /"in /"«;-. 

SYLLABLES 

42.  I .  A  syllable  consists  of  a  vowel  or  diphthong  with 
or  without  one  or  more  consonants.  Hence  a  word  has  as 
many  syllables  as  it  has  vowels  and  diphthongs  :  ae-gri-tu'-do, 
sickness. 

2.  When  a  word  is  divided  into  syllables,  a  single  con- 
sonant is  joined  with  the  vowel  following :  a-ma'-bi-lis, 
amiable. 

3.  If  there  are  two  or  more  consonants  between  two 
vowels,  as  many  are  joined  with  the  second  vowel  as  can 
be  pronounced  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  or  syllable : 
im'-pro-bus,  bad  ;  ho'-spes,  guest. 

4.  But  in  compound  words  the  division  must  show 
the  component  parts:  ab'-est  (ab,  away;  est,  /le  is),  lie  is 
away. 

5 .  The  last  syllable  of  a  word  is  called  the  ultima  ;  the 
one  next  to  the  last,  iht  pejiult ;  the  one  before  the  penult, 
the  antepenult. 


PRONUNCIATION  1 7 

QUANTITY 

43.  I.  Vowels  are  long  (-)  o\  short  (").  In  this  book  the 
long  vowels  are  marked,  except  in  some  titles  ;  unmarked 
vowels  must  be  regarded  as  short. 

2.  A  vowel  is  short  before  a  vowel  or  //  :  pb-e'-ma,  poem  ; 
gra'-ti-ae,  tJianks ;  ni'-hil,  nothing. 

3.  Vowels  are  long  before  ;//,  7is,  and  gn  :  in-fans,  infant ; 
i-gnis,  fire. 

4.  Diphthongs,  vowels  representing  diphthongs,  and 
vowels  resulting  from  contraction  are  long :  in-cau'-tus, 
heedless;   in-i'-quus  (inaequus),  ?/;/r^//rt/,-  co'-go  {(M%q),  collect. 

5:  A  syllable  is  long  when  it  contains  a  long  vow^el  or  a 
diphthong:  vo'-ces,  voices;  ae'-des,  temple. 

6.  A  syllable  is  long  if  it  has  a  short  vowel  followed  b)- 
two  or  more  consonants  (except  a  mute  followed  by  /  or  r), 
or  by  ^  or  c' ;  but  the  short  vowel  is  still  pronounced  short : 
sunt,  they  are ;  tem'-plam,  temple;  dux,  leader. 

ACCENT 

44.  I.  Words  of  two  syllables  have  the  accent  on  the 
first  :  tu'-ba,  trumpet. 

2.  Words  of  more  than  two  syllables  have  the  accent  on 
the  penult  when  it  is  long,  otherwise  on  the  antepenult  : 
prae-di'-co,  foretell;  prae'-di-c6,  declare;  il-le'-ce-brae,  snares  ; 
pa-ter'-nus,  paternal. 

3.  Several  words,  called  enclitics,  of  which  the  com- 
monest are  -ne,  the  sign  of  a  question,  and  -que,  and,  are 
appended  to  other  words,  and  such  words  are  then  accented 
on  the  syllable  preceding  the  enclitic :  amat'-ne,  does  he 
love?  dona'-que,  and  gifts. 


1 8  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

45.  The  following  Latin  version  of  "  Twinkle,  twinkle,  Little  Star," 
from  Arundines  Cami,  may  be  used  for  practice  in  pronunciation, 
and  for  illustration  of  the  preceding  statements.  See  introductory 
note,  p.  15. 

MICA,  MICA 

Mica/  mica,  parva  stella  ! 
Miror  quaenam  sis,  tarn  bella ! 
Splendens  eminus  in  illo. 
Alba  velut  gemma,  caelo. 

Quando  fervens  S5l  discessit. 
Nee  calore  prata  pascit, 
Mox  ostendis  lumen  purum, 
Micans,   micans  per   obscurum. 

Tibi,  noctu  qui  vagatur, 
Ob  scintillulam  gratatur ; 
Ni    micares  tij,  non  sciret 
Quas  per  vias  errans  iret. 

Meum  saepe  thalamum  liace 
Specularis  curiosa  ; 
Neque  carpseris  soporem 
Donee  venit  Sol  per  auram. 


CASES 

46.  The  names  of  the  cases  in  Latin  are  :  nominative, 
genitive,  dative,  accusative,  ablative,  vocative,  locative. 
Their  characteristics  of  form,  meaning,  and  use  are  illus- 
trated in  the  paradigms  and  exercises  which  follow. 

1  The  rhythm  of  these  lines  depends  on  accent,  as  in  English  poetry, 
not  on  quantity,  as  in  classic  Latin  poetry. 


CASES  AND    GENDER  19 

a.  The  Vocative  is  always  the  same  as  the  Nominative, 
except  in  the  singular  of  nouns  and  adjectives  in  -us  of  the 
second  declension. 

••'  b.   In  neuters  the  Nominative  and  Accusative  are  always 
alike,  and  in  the  plural  end  in  a. 

c.  The  Accusative  singular  of  all  masculines  and  feminines 
ends  in  m  ;  the  Accusative  plural  in  s. 

d.  The  Dative  and  Ablative  jjlural  are  always  alike. 

(LENDER 

47.  The  gender  of  Latin  nouns  is  determined  partly, 
as  in  English,  by  the  meaning,  but  much  oftener  by  the 
termination. 

General  Rules  of  Gender 

1.  Nouns -denoting  males  and  names  of  rivers,  winds, 
and  months  are  masculine :  aghcolsi,  /un/nr ;  Cicero,  Cicero  : 
Padus,  Po  ;   aquilo,  nortJi  xvind ;  l&xvixlxiViS,  January . 

2.  Nouns  denoting  females  and  names  of  countries, 
towns,  islands,  and  trees  are  feminine :  regina,  queen  ; 
Tullia,  Tullia  ;  Africa,  Africa;  Roma,  Rome ;  Sicilia,  Sicily; 
pirns,  pear  tree. 


20  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    I 

FIRST   DECLENSION 

The  Subject  —  Nominative  Case 
Singular  and  Plural  of  Nouns  and  Verbs 

48.  Models 

Noun  Verb 

Sing,      hasta,  speai'.  ■Sing,      volat,  Jlies.^ 

Plur.     hastae,  spears.  Plur.     volant,  fly. 

a.  Form  the  plural  of  the  nouns  in  the  vocabulary,  then  the  plural 
of  the  verbs,  according  to  the  models. 

49.  VOCABULARY 
Nouns  Verbs 

columba,  f.  dove.  ambulat,  walks. 

hasta,  f.  spear  (p.  43).  cantat,  sings. 

nauta,  m.  sailor.  natat,  swims. 

puella,  f .  girl.  saltat,  dances. 

sagitta,  f.  arrow.  sonat,  soitnds,  resounds. 

tuba,  f.  trtimpet  (p.  35).  volat, ^/Vj,  speeds  on. 

Conjunction  Interrogative  Pronoun 

et,  and.  quis,  who  ?       quid,  what  ? 

50.  Model  Sentences 

1 .  Puella  cantat,  the  girl  sings. 

2.  Puellae  cantant,  the  girls  sing. 

3.  Cantatne  puella,  does  the  girl  sing  f 

4.  Cantantne  puellae,  do  the  girls  sing? 

1  Also  is  flying,  does  fly.     So  of  other  verbs. 


F/RSr  DECLENSION 


21 


a.  In   Latin  there  is   no   article:   puella  may   be  translated  ^^'/r/, 
a  ^i^irl,  or  the  girl ;  and  puellae,  girls  or  the  girls. 

b.  What  is  the  subject  in  each  of  the  model  sentences,  and  what 
is  the  predicate  ? 

c.  Observe  that  the  verbs  agree  with  their  subjects  in  number. 

d.  Observe  that  -ne  is  the  sign  of  a  question,  but  is  not  separately 
translated  (44,  3). 

51.    Rule.  —  Tlic  subject  of  a  verb  is  in  the  nominative. 


52. 


EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Hasta  volat.  2.  Hastae  volant.  3.  Nauta  natat. 
4.  Nautae  natant.  5.  Ambulatne  puella  ?  6.  Puellae  ambu- 
lant.     7.   Columbaene  volant }     8.   Sagitta  volat.     9.  Sonatne 


tuba?     10.  Quis  natat 


Puella  natat.     12.  Quis  ambulat  ? 


13.   Nauta  ambulat.      14.   Nautae  cantant  et  saltant. 

II.  I.  The  sailor  dances.  2.  Do  the  sailors  dance  ?  3.  Who 
is  singing  ?  4.  Girls  are  singing.  5.  What  is  flying  ?  6.  The 
spear  is  flying.  7.  Are  trumpets  resounding  ?  8.  Spears  and 
arrows  fly.     9.  The  dove  walks  and  flies. 


I 


Priest,  Altar,  .\nd  Suppliant 


22  FIRST    YEAR  LATIN 

LESSON    II 

FIRST   D-ECLENSl^m— Continued 

The  Stem^  ends  in  a 

The  Direct  Object  —  Accusative  Case 

53.  Paradigm 

Singular  Terminations 

Nom.  hasta,  a  spear  (as  subject).  -a 

Gen.  \\?i's,\.a.e,  of  a  spear, -or  spear's.       ,  -ae 

Dai.  hastae,  to  or  for  a  spear.  -ae 

Ace.  hastam,  a  spear  (as  object).  -am 

Abl.  hasta,  with,  from,  by  a  spear.  -a 

Plural 

No7n.     hastae,  spears  (as  subject).  -ae 

Gen.      hastarum,  of  spears,  or  spears\  -arum 

Dat.      ha.stis,  to  or  for  spears.  -is^ 

Ace.      liastas,  spears  (as  object).  -as 

Ad/.       hastis,  with,  from,  by  spears.  -is 

a.  The  vocative,  the  case  of  address,  has  the  same  form  as  the 
nominative.     For  the  locative  case,  see  195-197. 

b.  Terminations  consist  of  case-endings  joined  with  the  final  letter 
of  the  stem  ;  but  sometimes  the  final  letter  of  the  stem  disappears, 
and  sometimes  the  case-ending.  That  part  of  the  word  which  remains 
unchanged  in  inflection,  and  to  which  the  terminations  are  added  is 
called  the  base :  hast-. 

c.  Form  the  nominative  plural  and  the  accusative  singular  and 
plural  of  each  «oun  in  55.     Form  the  plural  of  the  verbs. 

1  The  stem  is  the  body  of  the  word  to  which  endings  are  added  to 
express  the  relation  of  the  word  to  other  words. 

2  Filia,  daughter,  and  dea,  goddess,  have  the  termination  -abus  in  the 
dative  and  ablative  plural. 


FIRST  DECLENSION  2$ 

54.  Rule  of  Gender.  —  .Youns  of  the  first  declension 
are  feminine  unless  they  denote  males. 

55.  VOCABULARY 

Nouns  Verbs 

agricola,  m.  farmer.  amat,  loves,  likes. 

aqua,  f .  water.  arat,  ploughs. 

Galba,  m.  Galba.  habet,  has. 

Stella,  f.  star.  laudat,  praises. 

terra,  f.  land,  country.  videt,  sees. 

Interrogative  Pronoun 

Nom.     quis,  who  ?  ^           quid,  what  ? 

Ace.       quern,  whom  ?  quii,wAaif 

56.  Model  Sentences 

1.  Agricola  terram  arat,  the  farmer  ploughs  the  land. 

2.  Nautae  agricolas  laudant,  the  sailors  praise  the  farmers. 

a.  Observe  that  terram  is  the  object  of  arat,  and  agricolas  of 
laudant.     Point  out  the  objects  in  the  sentences  of  58. 

/;.   Imitate  the  order  of  the  Latin  in  writing  Latin  sentences. 

57.  Rule.  —  The  direct  object  of  a  transitive  verb  is 
in  the  accusative. 

58.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Galba  tubam  laudat.  2.  Tubasne  laudat  Galba? 
3.  Puellae  tubas  laudant.  4.  Nauta  stellam  videt.  5.  Nautae 
Stellas  vident.  6.  Quis  Galbam  videt  ?  7.  Quern  videt  Galba  ? 
8.  Galba,  quis  terram  arat  ?  Agricola  terram  arat.  9.  Arantne 
agricolae  terram  ?     10.  Quid  volat  ?     Sagitta  volat. 

II.  I.  Who  is  walking?  The  sailor  is  walking.  2.  The 
sailors  are  walking.  3.  What  has  the  farmer  ?  The  farmer 
has  land.  4.  Does  Galba  praise  the  farmers  ?  5.  The  girl 
sees  the  water  and  the  land.     6.  Do  the  girls  love  the  doves  ? 


24 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


LESSON    III 

FIRST   CONJUGATION  — A-VERBS 

Am5,  amare  (stem  ama-),  love 

59.  Latin  verbs  are  divided  into  four  classes  or  conjuga- 
tions, distinguished  from  one  another  by  the  stem  vowel 
before  the  ending  -re  of  the  active  infinitive  present. 

I.  amare,  io  love,       distinguishing  vowel  a. 

II.  vaonexe,  io  advise,  "  "  e. 

III.  xe^^xe,  to  rule,  "  "  e. 

IV.  audire,  to  hear,  "  "  i. 


60.  Paradigm 

Active  Indicative  Present 
Singular 
1st  Person,     amo,  /  love,  am  loving,  do  love. 
2d  Person,     amas,  yoti  love,  are  loving,  do  love. 
jd  Person,     amat,  he  loves,  is  loving,  does  love. 

Plural 
1st  Person,     amamus,  we  love,  are  loving,  do  love 
2d  Person,     amatis,  yon  love,  are  loving,  do  love. 
jd  Person,     am  ant,  they  love,  are  loving,  do  love. 


Personal  Endings 
-5  (or  -m),  /. 
-s,  thou  or  you. 
-t,  he,  she,  it. 


-mus,  we. 
-tis,  you. 
-nt,  they. 


a.  Observe  that  in  am5  the  final  a  of  the  stem  disappears,  giving 
amo  instead  of  amao.     In  what  forms  is  the  a  not  marked  long? 

b.  In  the  preceding  lessons  verbs  have  been  used  only  in  the  third 
person,  in  the  singular  ending  in  -t,  and  in  the  plural  ending  in  -nt. 
The  above  paradigm  shows  that  verbs  change  their  ending  to  denote 
person  as  well  as  number. 

61.  Rule.  —  A  verb  agrees  with  its  subject  hi  number 
and  person. 


FIRST   CONJUGATION  2$ 

a.  When  the  subject  is  in  the  first  or  the  second  person,  it  is  not 
commonly  expressed.     Why  is  it  not  necessary  to  express  it  ? 

d.  When  no  subject  is  expressed  with  the  third  person  of  the 
Latin  verb,  translate  with  /le,  she,  it  in  the  singular,  and  they  in  the 
plural. 

c.  Like  amo  inflect  the  following  verbs  in  the  active  indicative 
present. 

62.  Indic.vtive  Present  Infinitive  Present 

3mbul5,  /  walk.  ambulare,  to  walk. 

aro,  I  plough.  arare,  to  plough. 

canto,  /  sing.  cantare,  to  sing. 

\a.u^o,  I  praise.  lauAare,  to  praise. 

nato,  /  swim.  natare,  to  swim. 

salto,  /  dance.  saltare,  to  dance. 

sono,  /  sound.  sonare,  to  sound. 

void,  I  fly.  volare,  to  fly. 

63.  EXERCISES 

L  I.  Ambulat,  arat,  cantat.  2.  Arantne?  cantantne  ? 
laudantne  ?  3.  Natas,  saltas,  sonas.  4.  Amamus,  volamus, 
ambulamus.  5.  Aratis,  cantatis,  amatis.  6.  Ambulare,  amant, 
natat.  7.  Cantare,  ambulatis,  laudamus.  8.  Amat,  volare, 
sonant. 

n.  I.  I  do  swim,  he  swims,  I  am  swimming.  2.  Do  we 
dance?  we  sing,  does  he  praise?  3.  They  are  flying,  he 
loves,  you  walk.  4.  You  are  praising,  they  swim,  he  does 
dance.     5.   He  ploughs,  to  swim,  do  they  love  ? 

64.  CONVERSATION 

1.  Quis  columbam  amat  ?     Puella  columbam  amat, 

2.  Quem  laudas  ?     Galbam  laud3. 

3.  Quid  volat  ?     Columba  volat. 

4.  Arantne  agricolae  terram  ?     Terram  arant. 

5.  Nautae,  quem  laudatis  ?     Agricolas  laudamus. 


26  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON     IV 

FIRST    DECLENSION  —  Continued 

The  Genitive  Case 

65.  a.  Observe  in  the  paradigm  (53)  that  the  genitive  singular 
has  the  same  form  as  the  dative  singular  and  the  nominative  plural. 

b.  Observe  carefully  in  the  paradigm  the  English  equivalents  of 
the  genitive.  ' 

c.  Form  the  genitive  singular  and  plural  of  the  nouns  in  the  follow- 
ing vocabulary. 

d.  Like  amo  inflect  the  verbs  in  the  vocabulary. 

66.  VOCABULARY 

Nouns  Verbs  ^ 

femina,  -ae,i  f.  woman.  delecto,  delectare,  delight. 

filia,-  -ae,  f.  dajighter.  fugo,  fugare,  ptit  to  flight,  rout. 

fortiina,  -ae,  f .  fortune.  libero,  liberare,  set  free,  free. 

poeta,  -ae,  m.  poet.  orno.  ornare,  adorn,  deck. 

regina,  -ae,  f.  queen.  portp,  portare,  carry,  bring. 

Interrogative  Pronoun 
Gen.    cuius,  of  whom  ?   whose  ?   of  what  ? 


Filiae  nautae  cantant,  {  '^''  daughters  of  the  sailor  sing, 

2.  Columbaepuellarum  volant,  i  i^^e  doves  of  the  girls  are  flying,  ^ 


67.  Model  Sentences 

J  the  daug 

I  or,  the  sailor'' s  daughters  sing.  , 

.  or,  the  girls'  doves  are  flying.  ' 

1  In  the  vocabularies  the  genitive  ending  is  added  to  show  the  declen- 
sion. 

2  For  peculiarity  in  declension  of  filia,  see  p.  22,  foot-note  2. 

2  Hereafter  the  general  meaning  of  the  verb  will  be  given,  not  the  mean- 
ing of  any  particular  form. 


FIRST  DECLENSION  2/ 

a.  Observe  that  nautae  limits  flliae  ;  not  all  dau^^hters,  but  only 
those  of  the  sailor  are  meant.  In  the  same  way  puellarum  limits 
columbae. 

68.  Rule. — A  noun  uned  to  limit  another,  and  not 
(/rnotiui>  the  same  pcrsoii  or  filing,  is  in  the  genitive. 

69.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Delectat,  fugamus,  liberas.  2.  Ornamus,  portant, 
delectas.  3.  Delectamus,  fugatis,  liberant.  4.  Liberatne  ? 
libero,  portamus.     5.   Delectare,  ornare,  portare. 

6.  Columbas  agricolarum  liberant.  7.  Fortima  poetae  regi- 
nam  delectat.  8.  Laudamus  filias  feminae.  9.  Filiane  Galbae 
reginam  ornat  ?     10.  Stellae  filias  nautarum  delectant. 

II.  I.  I  plough  the  farmer's  land.  2.  I  plough  the  farmers' 
land.  3.  The  poets'  daughters  love  the  land.  4.  They  put 
to  flight  the  girl's  dove.  5.  Do  they  bring  Galba's  spears  ? 
6.   They  adorn  the  queens'  daughters. 

70.  CONVERSATION 

1.  Quis  poetam  laudat  ?     Filia  reginae  poetam  laudat. 

2.  Amatisne  Galbam  ?     Galbam  amamus. 

3.  Puella,  cuius  hastam  portas  ?     Galbae  hastam  porto. 

4.  Cuius  rosae  (roses)  puellam  ornant  ?  Feminae  rosae 
puellam  ornant, 

5.  Quid  portatis  ?     Sagittas  et  tubam  portamus. 


I 


'Thine,  Roman,  is  the  pilum, 
Roman,  the  sword  is  thine." 


28 


F/RS7^    YEAR   LATIN 


71. 


LESSON   V 

SECOND  CONJUGATION  — E- VERBS 

moneo,  monere  (stem  mone-),  advise 

Paradigm 
Active  Indicative  Present 


Singular 
1st  Person,     moneo,  /  advise,  a/n  advising,  do  advise. 
2d  Person,     mones,  _y<?«  advise,  are  advising,  do  advise. 
3d  Person,     monet,  he  advises,  is  advising,  does  advise. 

Plural 
1st  Person,     monemus,  we  advise,  are  advising,  do  advise. 
2d  Person,     monetis,  yoii  advise,  are  advising,  do  advise, 
jd  Person,     monent,  they  advise,  are  advising,  do  advise. 

.  a.   Review  the  table  of  personal  endings  (60). 

b.  Observe  that  to  the  stem  mone-  the  same  endings  are  added  to 
inflect  moneo  that  were  added  to  the  stem  ama-  to  inflect  amo. 

c.  Observe  the  three  forms  where  moneo  has  not  the  e  of  the  stem 
marked  long.     Compare  forms  of  amo  (60). 

d.  To  the  stems  doce-,  habe-,  terre-,  vide-  add  the  personal  endings 
(60)  omitting  the  long  mark  in  the  proper  places. 


72. 


VOCABULARY 


advena,  -ae,  m.  and  f.  stranger. 
Cornelia,  -ae,  f.  Cornelia. 
incola,  -ae,  m.  and  f.  inhabitant. 
pecunia,  -ae,  f.  money. 
pirata,  -ae,  m.  pirate. 

ciir,  adv.  why  ? 


doce5,  docere,  teach. 
habe5,  habere,  have. 
moneo,  monere,  advise,  warn. 
terreo,  terrere,  scare,  frighten. 
vide5,  videre,  see. 

quia,  conj.  because. 


SECOND    CONJUGATION  29 

73.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Habes,  doces,  mones.  2.  Terrentne  ?  videntne  ? 
inonentne  ?  3.  Monemus,  docemus,  habemus.  4.  Moneo, 
habetis,  terret.  5.  Videtis,  videmus,  habet.  6.  Terremus, 
video,  terretis.  7.  Habere,  terrere,  videre.  8.  Monetis,  terreo, 
decent. 

9.  Advena  filias  poetae  docet.  10.  Piratae  pecuniam  inco- 
larum  habent.  11.  Fortuna  filiarum  feminam  delectat.  12.  Quis 
incolas  monet  ?     Galba  incolas  monet. 

II.  I.  They  are  advising,  they  have,  I  am  warning. 
2.  You  frighten,  we  see,  does  he  teach  t 

3.  Do  they  teach  the  girls  ?  4.  The  pirates  frighten  the 
inhabitants.  5.  They  have  the  queen's  money.  6.  The 
trumpets  sound,  and  scare  the  doves. 

74.  REVIEW 

I.  What  is  the  gender  of  stella,  terra,  tuba  ?  2.  What  is  the  gender 
of  agricola,  poeta,  Galba?  3.  Give  the  rule  for  the  gender  of  nouns 
of  the  first  declension.  4.  In  the  sentence  puella  ambulat,  what  is  the 
predicate  ?      5.  What    is    the    predicate    in    agricola    terrain    arat  ? 

6.  Point  out  the  subject,  the  predicates,  and  the  object  in  73,  II.  6. 

7.  What  English  case  corresponds  to  the  Latin*  accusative  ?     8.   Is 
salto  a  sentence  ?     9.   Is  dances  a  sentence  ? 

75.  CONVERSATION 

1.  Quid  videtis  .'     Piratas  videmus. 

2.  Quern  doces  et  mones  ?     Advenam  doceo  et  moneo. 

3.  Cur  Stellas  amatis  et  laudatis  ?     Quia  micant  {twitikle). 

4.  Cuius  pecuniam  habet  Cornelia  ?  Poetae  pecuniam 
habet  Cornelia. 


30  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON   VI 

FIRST    DECLENSION  —  Continued 
The  Indirect  Object  —  Dative  Case.     Ablative  with  in 

76.  a.   Like  hasta  decline  fabula,  domina,  liina. 

b.  Form  tl'.e  dative  and  the  ablative  singular  and  plural  of  the 
nouns  in  the  following  vocabulary. 

77.  VOCABULARY 
domina,  -ae,  f.  7nistrcss,  lady.        d6n5,  donare,  give. 

fabula,  -ae,  f.  story.,  tale.  habito,  habitare,  dwell,  live. 

insula,  -ae,  f.  island.  Iuce5,  lucere,  shine. 

liina,  -ae,  f.  moon.  maneo,  manere,  remain. 

rosa,  -ae,  f.  rose.  mdnstro,  monstrare,  show,  point  out. 

via,  -ae,  f .  way,  road,  street.  narro,  narrate,  tell,  relate. 

Preposition  Interrogative  Pronoun 

in,  W\i]\3.h\.,  in,  on.  Dat.  zm,  to  ox  for  whom?  to  ox  for  what? 

a.  Which  of  the  above  are  a-verbs  and  inflected  like  amo.''  Which 
are  e-verbs  and  inflected  like  moneo  ?  How  do  you  know  ?  Inflect 
all  in  the  active  indicative  present. 

78.  Model  Sentence 

f  (the  poet  to  the  queen  a  rose gives^^ 
Poeta  reginae  rosam  donat,  -{^      ^,     ^     ,     .  , 

[^  Eng.,  the  poet  gives  the  queen  a  rose. 

a.  Observe  that  what  the  poet  gives  is  a  rose  (rosam),  the  direct 
object;  the  persoti  to  whom  he  gives  it  is  the  qtieen  (reginae),  the 
indirect  object. 

79.  Rule.  —  The  indirect  object  is  in  the  dative. 

1  Note.  —  The  first  rendering  of  the  Latin  sentence  in  78  into  English 
words  is  a  metaphrase,  that  is,  a  word  by  word,  or  literal,  rendering  ;  the 
second  is  a  translation.  A  metaphrase  of  every  Latin  sentence  in  the 
exercises  should  first  be  given,  and  then  be  followed  by  a  translation. 


FIRST  DECLENSION 


80.  Model  Sentence 

(  (doves  I  see  i)i  the  road) 
Columbas  video  in  via,  1  .,  .  ,  ■      ,  , 

L  JLng.,  /  see  doves  in  the  road. 

a.  Observe  tliat  in  with  the  ablative  answers  the  question  where? 

81.  Rule.  —  Place  where,  not  including  names  of 
towns,  is  expressed  by  the  ablative  with  a  preposition, 
usiiaUy  in. 

a.   Point  out  the  direct  and  the  indirect  objects  in  82,  I.  and  II. 

82.  .  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Luna  dominae  viam  monstrat.  2.  Cornelia  puellis 
fabulam  narrat.  3.  Luna  et  stellae  lucentne  ?  4.  Agricola 
poetis  insulam  monstrat.  5.  Insula  poetam  delectat.  6.  Et 
in  insula  habitat.  7.  Piratae  in  aqua  manent.  8.  Nautae 
feminae  insulas  monstrartt.  9.  Incolae  in  terra  habitant. 
10.  Piratae  feminas  terrent  et  fugant.  11.  Poetae  filiabus 
fabulas  narrant. 

II.  I.  Fox  the  farmer.  2.  On  the  islands.  3.  To  the  in- 
habitants. 4.  In  the  road.  5.  For  the  doves.  6.  On  the 
ways.      7.    In  the  moon.     8.   For  the  daughters. 

9.  He  shows  the  woman  a  rose.  10.  They  give  the  daughters 
roses.  II.  They  bring  roses  for  the  strangers.  12.  Do  the 
pirates  live  on  an  island  ? 

83.  CONVERSATION 

1.  Cui  viam  monstrat  Galba  ?  Ad  venae  viam  monstrat 
Galba. 

2.  Cur  in  insulis  habitatis  ?     Quia  insulas  amamus. 

3.  Cui  pecuniam  donas  ?     Nautae  pecuniam  dono. 

4.  Cuius  columbas  liberas  ?     Puellae  columbas  libero. 

5.  Quid  poetam  ornat  ?     Rosae  poetam  ornant. 


32 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


f 

LESSON    VII 
SECOND  DECLENSION 

The  Stem  ends  in 

o 

84. 

Paradigms 

hortus,  m 

gardett. 

Singular 
Terminations 

donum,  n 

.gift. 
Terminations 

Nom. 

hortus 

-us 

donum 

-um 

Gen. 

horti 

-i 

do  111 

-i 

Dai. 

hort5 

-6 

dono 

-6 

Ace. 

hortum 

-um 

donum 

-um 

Abl. 

horto 

-6 

Plural 

dono 

-6 

Nom. 

horti 

-I 

dona 

-a 

Gen. 

hortorum 

-orum 

ddnorum 

-orum 

Dat. 

hortis 

-is 

donis 

-is 

Ace. 

hortos 

-OS 

dona 

-a 

Abl. 

hortis 

-is 

donis 

-is 

a.  The  vocative  singular  of  nouns  in  -us  of  the  second  declen- 
sion has  a  special  form  in  e  :  horte,  (O)  garden.  For  the  locative 
case,  see  195-197. 

b.  For  rules  for  case-endings,  see  46,  a,  b,  e,  d. 

c.  Nouns  in  -ius  and  -ium  generally  contract  the  genitive  ending 
-ii  to  -i :  consilium,  gen.  consil'i,  advice.,  plan.  The  accent  remains 
on  the  same  syllable  as  in  the  nominative. 

d.  Filius,  son,  and  proper  names  in  -ius  also  contract  ie  in  the 
vocative  to  i:  fill,  {O)  son;  Mercurius,  voc.  Mercu'ri,  (6>)  Mercury. 
The  rule  for  the  accent  is  the  s'ame  as  in  e. 


85.    Rule  of  Gender.  —  Xomis  of  the  second  declension 
ending  in  -tun  are  nciitcj^ ;  niost  others  are  masculine. 


SECOND   DECLENSION  33 

86.  VOCABULARY 

amicus,  -i,  m.  friend.  aurum,  -i,  x\.  gold. 

dominus,  -i,  m.  master,  owner.  donum,  -i,  n.  gift,  present. 

equus,  -i,  m.  horse.  frumentum,  -i,  n.  grain. 

hortus,  -i,  m.  garden.  oppidum,  -i,  n.  town. 

Marcus,  -i,  m.  Marcus.  poculum,  -I,  n.  cup. 

servus,  -i,  m.  servant,  slave.  vinum,  -i,  n.  xuine. 

87.  REVIEW 

I.  What  is  the  case  of  the  subject?  Give  the  rule.  2.  What  is 
the  case  of  the  direct  object.''  Give  the  rule.  3.  What  is  the  case 
of  the  indirect  object?  Give  the  rule.  4.  What  case  answers  to  our 
possessive  ?     5.  Give  the  rule  for  the  genitive. 

88.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Poculum  liicet ;  pjcula  lucent.  2.  Oppidum  video  ; 
oppida  videmus.  3.  Uominusne  servum  monet  ?  Domine,  ser- 
vos moncs.  4.  Equus  donum  frumenti  amat.  5.  Equi  domi- 
norum  servos  delectant.  6.  Marcus  amico  fabulam  narrat. 
7.  Domini  amicis  dona  auri  donant.  8.  In  oppidis  amicos 
habemus.     9.  Servi  equis  frumentum  et  aquam  portant. 

II.  I.  The  grain  delights  the  horse.  2.  The  gifts  of  gold 
delight  the  masters.  3.  Marcus,  have  you  friends  in  the 
garden  ?  4.  The  servant  brings  wine  in  cups  for  the  friends. 
5.  Do  (his)  friends  show  Marcus  a  gift?  6.  We  see  the  town 
and  the  gardens  of  the  town.     7.  The  lady  teaches. 

89.  CONVERSATION 

1.  Quid  habes,  serve,  in  poculo  ?     Vinum  in  poculo  habeo. 

2.  Cui  vinum  portas  ?     Amico  vinum  in  poculo  porto. 

3.  Quem  equus  terret  ?     Corneliam  equus  terret. 

4.  Cuius  equus  Corneliam  terret  ?  Marcine  equus  Corne- 
liam terret  ? 


34 


FIRST    YEAR    LATIN 


LESSON    VIII 

FIRST   AND    SECOND   DECLENSIONS 

Agreement  of  Adjectives 

90.  Adjectives  of  the  first  and  second  declensions  are 
declined  like  nouns  of  those  declensions,  according  as  they 
modify  masculine,  feminine,  or  neuter  nouns. 


91. 

Masculine 
A^om.    hortus    bonus 
Gen.      horti       boni 
Dat.      horto      bono 
etc. 


Paradigm 

Femi.nine 

hasta      bona 

hastae    bonae 

hastae    bonae 

etc. 


Neuter 

donuni     bonuni 

doni  boni 

dono         bono 

etc. 


a.  Complete  the  declension  of  the  above  paradigm. 

b.  For  the  full  declension  of  bonus,  see  483. 


See  84,  a. 


92.  Rule.  —  Adjectives  agree  with  their  nouns  in 
gender,  niunher,  and  case. 

Note.  —  The  rule  does  not  mean  that  adjectives  must  have  the  same 
endings  as  their  nouns.  If,  for  example,  an  adjective  is  joined  with  a 
masculine  noun  of  the  first  declension,  the  endings  of  the  noun  and 
adjective  are  not  the  same,  as  is  shown  in  the  following 


93. 


Paradigm 


Singular 
Nom.     nauta       bonus 
Gen.       nautae     boni 
Dat.       nautae     bon5 
etc. 


Plural 
nautae         boni 
nautarum   bonorum 
nautis  bonis 

etc. 


FIRST  AND   SECOND   DECLENSIONS  35 

a.  Complete  tlie  declension  of  nauta  bonus.  iJccline  together, 
adding  the  vocative  case,  amicus  cams,  dear  friend ;  columba  alba, 
white  dove ;  poculum  magnum,  large  cup;  agricola  validus,  strong 
farmer  J  poeta  gratus,  pleasing  poet. 

94.  VOCABULARY 

Nouns  Adjectives 

carrus,  -i,  m.  wagon,  cart.  bonus,  bona,  bonum,  good,  kind. 

cibus,  -i,  m.food.  carus,  cara,  carum,  dear. 

oppidanus,  -i,  m.  townsman,  clarus,  clara,  clarum,  clear,  famous. 

pilum,  -i,  xi.  javelin  (p.  27).  gratus,  grata,  gxdX\xm.,  pleasing,  welcome. 

remus,  -i,  m.  oar.  magnus,  magna,  magnum,  great,  large. 

ventus,  -I,  m.  wind.  validus,  valida,  validum,  strong,  robust. 

n5n,  adv.  tiot.     ubi,  adv.  where,     est,  Jie,  she,  it  is:     sunt,  they  are. 

95.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Equ5s  magnos  laudamus.  2.  Poetae  clari  cantant. 
3.  Galba  amico  caro  aurum  donat.  4.  Donum  Galbae  boni 
amicum  delectat.  5.  Nauta  validus  remos  validos  habet. 
6.  Claros  poetas  videt  puella.  7.  VentI  magni  nautas  non 
terrent.  S.  Care  Marce,  ubi  est  frumentum  agricolarum  ? 
Estne  in  magno  carro  ?     9.  OppidanI  plla  piratarum  vident. 

ir.  I.  A  great  wagon;  strong  oars;  the  robust  pirates. 
2.  Good  inhabitants;   of  good  water;   strong  townsmen. 

3.  The  good  master  has  a  good  slave.  4.  He  gives  the 
good  slave  a  welcome  gift.  5.  Is  the  slave's  food  in  the 
garden?  6.  Dear  Cornelia,  where  do  (your)  daughters  live? 
They  live  in  the  great  town.  7.  They  love  the  town  and  the 
kind  townsmen.    8.  To  the  famous  poet  they  give  white  roses. 


Trumpet 


36 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN' 


LESSON     IX 


The  Verb  Sum  —  Indicative  Present 


Predicate  Noun  and  Predicate  Adjective 


96. 


1st  Pe?'son. 
2d  Person. 
3d  Person. 


Paradigm 
Singular 
sum,  /  am. 
ts,  you  are. 
est,  he,  she,  or  //  is. 


Plural 
sumus,  we  are. 
es\As,  you  are. 
sunt,  they  are. 


97. 
bellum,  -i,  n.  war. 
Britannia,  -ae,  f.  Britain. 
caelum,  -i,  n.  sky,  heavens 
dea,  -ae,  f.  goddess. 
Eur5pa,  -ae,  f.  Europe. 
Graecia,  -ae,  f.  Greece. 
inimicus,  -i,  m.  enemy. 
Roma,  -ae,  f.  Rome. 
Vesta,  -ae,  f.  Vesta. 


VOCABULARY 

latus,  lata,  latum,  wide,  broad. 

longus,  longa,  longum,  long. 

meus,  mea,  meum,  my,  mine  (229). 

novus,  nova,  novum,  new. 

parvus,  parva,  parvum,  small,  little. 

tuus,  tua,  tuum,  your,  yours. 


erat,  he,  she,  or  //  was. 
erant,  they  were. 


98.  Model  Sentences 

1 .  Victoria  est  regina,  Victoria  is  a  qiieen. 

2.  Incolae  sunt  agricolae,  the  inhabitants  are  farmers. 

3.  Estis  oppidani,  jti;^  are  townsmen. 

a.  Observe  that  regina  denotes  the  same  person  as  Victoria,  agricolae 
the  same  persons  as  incolae,  and  oppidan!  the  same  as  the  unex- 
pressed subject  of  estis.  Nouns  thus  used  with  forms  of  sum  are 
Cd.\\td  predicate  nouns  (15). 

99.  Rule.  —  A  predicate  noun  agrees  in  case  with 
the  subject  of  the  verb. 


PREDICATE   NOUNS  AND    ADJECTIVES  37 

100.  Model  Sentences 

1.  Hortus  est  magnus,  the  garden  is  large. 

2.  Horti  sunt  magni,  the  gardens  are  large. 

3.  Poeta  est  gratus,  the  poet  is  welcome. 

a.  Adjectives  used  as  magnus,  magni,  and  gratus  are  above,  with 
forms  of  sum,  are  called  predicate  adjectives  (15).  They  must  of 
course  agree  with  their  nouns,  like  adjectives  otherwise  used,  in 
gender,  number,  and  case. 

b.  Point  out  tlie  predicate  nouns  and  the  predicate  adjectives  in 
102,  I.  and  II. 

101.  REVIEW 

!.  Give  the  rule  of  gender  of  nouns  of  the  first  declension  ;  of  the 
second  declension.  2.  What  masculine  nouns  of  the  first  declension 
have  occurred?  3.  Is  the  ending  of  the  adjective  always  the  same 
as  that  of  the  noun  with  which  it  agrees?  4.  Why  is  nauta  bona  not 
correct  ? 

102.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Galba  est  validus.  2.  Galba  est  agricola.  3.  Mea  filia 
est  parva.  4.  Tuum  poculum  estne  magnum  ?  5.  Britannia  est 
insula  Europae.  6.  Vesta  erat  dea  Romae.  7.  Carri  Galbae 
sunt  boni  et  validi.  8.  Non  gratum  est  bellum.  9.  Bella 
non  sunt  grata.  10.  In  caelj  erant  stellae.  11.  Graecia 
est  Europae  terra  parva.  12,  Stellas  parvas  in  caelo  video. 
13.  Claro^  in  caelo  Stellas  parvas  videmus.  14.  Oppidani 
Galbam  et  equos  validos  vident. 

II.  I.  The  streets  of  the  town  are  long.  2.  The  streets  of 
Rome  were  not  broad.  3.  The  roads  of  Britain  are  broad 
and  long.  4.  The  new  gifts  are  pleasing.  5.  The  enemies  are 
bringing  long  javelins.  6.  You  are  my  dear  friend.  7.  The 
cup  was  yours. 

1  Adjective,  preposition,  noun  is  a  common  order. 


38 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


LESSON    X 


SECOND   DECLENSION  —  Continued 


103. 


Paradi^tns 


puer,  m.  boy. 

liber, 

libera,  liberum 

free. 

Singular 

Singular 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

Norn. 

puer 

iTber 

libera 

liberum 

Gen. 

pueri 

llberl 

•  liberae 

liberi 

Dai. 

puero 

iTbero 

liberae 

libero 

Ace. 

puerum 

liberum 

iTberam 

liberum    - 

AM. 

puero 

libero 

libera 

libero 

Plural 

Plural 

Norn. 

pueri 

iTberi 

liberae 

libera 

Gen. 

puerorum 

liberorum 

llberarum 

liberorum 

Dat. 

pueris 

liberls 

llberis 

llberis 

Ace. 

pueros 

Ilberos 

llberas 

libera 

AM. 

pueris 

liberis 

llberis 

llberis 

a.  Observe  that  puer  and  liber  have  no  termination  -us  in  the  nomi- 
native singular ;  elsewhere  they  have  the  same  terminations  as  hortus 
(84).  Observe  that  the  terminations  of  libera  are  the  same  as  those 
of  hasta  (53),  and  of  liberum  the  same  as  those  of  donum  (84). 

b.  Decline  together  vir  liber,  free  man;  femina  tenera,  tender 
woman;  bellum  asperum,  yf  ^^rt'  war;  poeta  miser,  wretched  poet. 


104. 


REVIEW 


I.  What  is  the  ending  of  the  vocative  .singular  of  nouns  in  -us  of 
the  second  declension  ?  2.  What  cases  of  the  second  declension  end 
in  0?  What  cases  in  is?  3.  What  is  the  ending  of  the  accusa- 
tive singular?  4.  What  two  cases  in  the  neuter  plural  end  in  a? 
5.  Decline  dominus,  ;«d:j/^r.  6.  Decline  bellum,  7r'«r.  7.  Read  again 
84,  c  and  d,  and  write  out  the  declension  of  nuntius,  messenger. 


SECOND  DECLENSION  39 


105.  VOCABULARY 

Duilius,  Duili,  m.  D 11  Hi  its.  asper,  aspera,  asperum,  7-ough,  fierce. 

filius,  fill,  m.  son  (47S).  liber,  libera,  liberum, y>w. 

liberi,  -orum,  m.  plur.  children,  miser,  misera.  miserum,  wretched,  poor. 

nQntius.  nunti,  m.  messenger,  supero.  superare,  surpass,  o7'erconie. 

puer.  pueri,  m.  boy.  ■  tener,  tenera,  tenerum,  tender. 

vir,  viri,  m.  vian  (478).  ■  voc5,  vocare,  call. 

106.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Filii  virorum  liberorum.  2.  Remus  nautae  asperi. 
3.  Ventis  asperis.  4.  Misero  in  carro.  5.  Cibus  puerorum 
miserorum.     6.  O  care  fili !     7.  Vocatne  ?    superantne  ? 

8.  Pueros  bonos  vocamus.  9.  Liberi  multi  sunt  latis  in 
viis.  10.  NCintius  miser  fabulam  miseram  narrat.  11.  Sunt 
viri  multi  in  oppido  libero.     12.  Quid  habent  puellae  tenerae  ? 

II.  I.  The  owners  of  poor  slaves.  2.  For  the  wretched 
wars.  3.  For  your  small  sons.  4.  In  the  messengers' gardens. 
5.   O  (my)  poor  friend! 

6.  The  son  of  Duilius  is  free.  7.  We  see  fierce  pirates. 
8.  They  frighten  small  boys  and  tender  women.  9,  The  inhabit- 
ants overcome  the  enemies.  10.  We  are  free  men.  11,  We 
live  in  the  land  of  the  free.^     12.   We  are  sons  of  free  men. 

107.  CONVERSATION 

1.  Quis  viro  viam  monstrat  ?     Dea  bona  viam  monstrat. 

2.  Quid  clard  in  caelo  lucet  ?     Luna  nova  lucet. 

3.  Viri  validi,  quern  superatis  ?  Inimicds  asperos  supe- 
ramus. 

4.  Habentne  pueri  pila  ?     Duili  pila  longa  habent. 

5.  Cui  nuntius  fabulam  narrat  "i    Viris  liberis  fabulam  narrat. 

1  Adjectives  are  frequently  used  in  the  plural  in  Latin,  as  in  English, 
without  a  noun,  both  in  the  masculine  and  neuter.     See  3,  d. 


40  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XI 

SECOND    DECLENSION  —  Continued 
Apposition 


LOS. 

Paradigjns 

ager,  m.  field. 

piger,  pigra, 

pigrum,  sloiv,  lazy. 

Singular 

S 

INGULAR 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

Nom. 

ager 

piger 

pigra 

pigrum 

Gen. 

agri 

pigri 

pigrae 

pigri 

Dat. 

agrS 

pigro 

pigrae 

pigro 

Ace. 

agrum 

pigrum 

pigram 

pigrum 

Abl. 

agro 
Plural 

pigro 

pigra 
Plural 

pigro 

Nom 

agri 

pigri 

pigrae 

pigra 

Gen. 

agrorum 

pigrorum 

pigrarum 

pigrorum 

Dai. 

agrls 

pigris 

pigris 

pigris 

Ace. 

agros 

pigros 

pigras 

pigra 

Abl. 

agris 

pigris 

pigris 

pigris 

a.  Observe  that  ager  and  piger  are  declined  lilce  puer  and  liber, 
except  that  e  before  r  occurs  only  in  tlie  nominative. 

109.  VOCABULARY 

agar,  agri,  m..  field.  multus,  multa,  multum,  jnuch. 

liber,  libri,  m.  book.  multi  (plur.).  multae,  multa,  >nany. 

magister,  magistri,  m.  niger,  nigra,  nigrum,  black. 

jnaster,  teacher.  piger,  pigra,  pigrum,  slow,  lazy. 

Sextus, -i,  m.  Sextus.  pulcher,  pulchra,  pulchrum,(^d'rt///'//>^/,/;-^//>'. 

dominus,  tnas/er  of  a  household  or  of  slaves. 
magister,  master  of  a  school. 


If 


/ 


SECOND    DECLENSION  4 1 

[  liber,  librl,  book. 
liber,  libera,  liber 
liberi,  libeidrum,  children. 


li 


110.  Model  SenteJices 

1.  Galba  agricola  agrum  habet,  Galba,  flie farmer,  lias  afield. 

2.  Marcum  amicum  amo,  /  loi'e  Marcus,  (^uiy)  friend. 

a.  Observe  that  agricola  denotes  the  same  person  as  Galba  and  is 
joined  to  Galba  as  a  descriptive  or  explanatory  noun  ;  amicum  is  related 
in  the  same  way  to  Marcum.     Such  nouns  are  called  appositives. 

HI.  Rule.  —  An  ajypositive  agrees  in  case  with  the 
noun,  ivJiich  it  limits. 

a.  Read  again  98.  You  will  see  that  the  appositive  closely 
resembles  the  predicate  noun.     Wiiereia  do  they  differ? 


112.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Viri,  oppidi  incolae.  2.  In  agris  pulchris  agricolae. 
3.    Libri    pulchri     magistrorum.       4.    Ventorum    asperorum. 

5.  Pigrorum  servorum.     6.   Nautae,  amico  meo.     7.   Equi  albi 
et  nigri.     8.   Pueris  miseris  Duili. 

g.  In  agro  Marci  amici  equ5s  vide5.  10.  Servus  Sextum 
amicum  amat.  11.  Liber,  d5num  pulchrum  Corneliae,  magi- 
strum  delectat.  12.  Pulchrumne  est  caelum?  13.  Servus 
bonus  non  piger  est.  14.  Agricolae  multl  equ5s  nigros  habent. 
15.  Puellae  pulchrae  sunt  dominae  filiae.  16.  Tui  libri  sunt 
donum  gratum. 

II.  I.  To  Galba,  my  friend,  I  give  a  book.  2.  To  the 
children  of  Sextus  we  give  many  gifts.  3.  To  the  men's 
sons  they  give  pretty  books.  4.  The  men  dwell  in  a  poor 
town.     5.  They  dwell  in  Greece,  a  rough  country  of  Europe. 

6.  Many  are  the  inhabitants  in  the  towns  of  Britain. 


42  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XII 

Additional  Uses  of  the  Dative 

113.  Review  the  present  of    sum   (96)   and  learn  the  indicati\ 
imperfect  and  future,  and  the  infinitive  present  (502). 

114.  Model  Sejitence 


Puero  est  sagitta,  ■{  ^" 

I  En; 


r  {to  the  boy  is  an  arrow') 

g.,  the  boy  has  an  arrow. 


a.  Observe  that  the  above  sentence  is  equivalent  in  meaning  to 
puer  sagittam  habet.  The  dative  thus  used  is  called  the  dative  of 
the  possessor,  or  the  possessive  dative.  The  thing  possessed,  here 
sagitta,  is  the  subject. 

115.  Rule.  — The  dative  is  used  with  est,  sunt,  etc.,  to 
denote  the  possessor,  the  thing  possessed  being  the 
subject. 

116.  Model  Sentence 

.^.  _      ^    _  r  (the  p-ift  to  the  boy  is  dear) 

Donum  puero  est  carum,  j^^-^  -^  ^ 

I  Eng.,  the  gift  is  dear  to  the  boy. 

a.  Observe  that  puero  limits  carum  just  as  the  indirect  object  reginae 
limits  the  verb  donat  in  78. 

117.  Rule.  —  Adjectives  meaning  near,  also  fit, 
friendly,  pleasing,  like,  and  their  opposites,  take  the 
dative. 

118.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Est,  erat,  erit.  2.  Suntne  ?  erant,  erunt.  3.  Sumus, 
eramus,  erimus.  4.  Sum,  eram,  ero.  5.  Esne  ?  eras,  eris. 
6.  Estis,  eratis,  eritis.     7.   Esse. 


OSES   OF   THE   DATIVE  43 

8.  Magistro  est  liber.  9.  Magister  libruin  liabet.  10.  I)uili(j 
sunt  pueri  multi.  1 1.  Duilius  pueros  multOs  habet.  12.  Erantne 
viae  longae  at  asperae  ?  13.  Niintii  erunt  miseri.  14.  Caelum 
nigrum  nautis  non  est  gratum. 

II.  I.  I  am,  we  are.  2.  Were  we?  I  was.  3.  I  shall  be,  we 
shall  be.  4.  Is  he?  they  are.  5.  He  was,  they  were.  6.  He  will 
be,  tliey  will  be.     7.  Vou  are,  you  were.     8.  You  will  be,  to  be. 

9.  You  will  be  a  free  man.  10.  Galba  has  a  black  horse. 
II.  A  man  had  lazy  and  wretched  sons.  12.  The  gifts  will 
be  welcome  to  Marcus,  my  friend.  13.  The  good  children  sur- 
pass the  lazy  (children). 

119.  REVIEW 

I .  Decline  servus.  vir.  magister.  2.  Decline  the  adjectives  carus, 
niger,  tener  in  the  three  genders.  3.  Decline  oppidanus  liber,  nauta 
asper.  donum  pulchrum,  poeta  clarus.  4.  What  adjectives  in  -er  have 
occurred  that  keep  the  e  in  declension  ?  5.  After  reading  the  following 
Conversation  point  out  a  direct  object,  an  indirect  object,  a  predicate 
adjective,  an  appositive,  a  dative  of  the  possessor,  a  genitive,  and  a 
dative  with  an  adjective,  and  give  the  rule  for  each. 

120.  CONVERSATION 

1.  Quem  docet  Sextus,  amicus  tuus  ?     Filium  Duili  docet. 

2.  Puerone  erat  tuba  grata  ?    Puero  tuba  erat  cara  et  grata. 

3.  Cui  sunt  rosae  tenerae  ?     Puellis  sunt  rosae  tenerae. 

4.  Cur  magistro  monstratis  libros  pulchros  ?  Quia  libros 
amat. 

5.  Videsne,  O  nuntie.  lunam  novam  ?  Lunam  nigro  in  caelo 
video. 


44 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


121. 


LESSON    XIII 

FIRST   AND   SECOND   CONJUGATIONS  —  Ct^w/w/^-r^/ 
Ablative  of  Means 

Paradigtns 
Active  Indicative  Imperfect 


Singular 

1.  amabam,  I  was  loving.'^ 

2.  amahas,  you  were  loving. 

3.  amabat,  /le  was  loving. 

Singular 

1.  monebam,  I  was  advising. 

2.  monebas,  j'^;/  were  advising. 

3.  monebat,  lie  was  advising. 


Plural 
amabamus,  we  were  loving. 
amabatis,  you  were  loving. 
aniabant,  they  were  loinng. 

Plural 
monebamus,  we  were  advising. 
monebatis,  you  were  advising. 
monebant,  they  were  advising. 


a.  Observe  that  the  imperfect  of  amo  is  formed  by  adding  to  the 
stem  ama-  the  tense-sign  -ba-,  and  to  that  the  personal  endings  (60)  : 
ama  +  ba  +  m,  etc.     How  is  the  imperfect  of  moneo  formed  ? 

b.  Review  the  verbs  of  66  and  72  and  form  the  imperfect  first 
person  singular  of  each.     Write  out  the  imperfect  of  the  verbs  below. 


122. 


VOCABULARY 


Note.  —  Words  are  sometimes  purposely  repeated  in  the  vocabularies. 


aratrum,  -1,  n.  plough  (p.  ^y). 
aureus,  aurea,  aureum,  golden. 
defessus,  defessa,  defessum,  ti?-ed. 
deus,  del,  m.  a  god  (482). 
gladius,  gladi,  m.  sword  (p.  27). 
impleo,  implere.yf//. 
Mercurius,  Mercuri,  m.  Mercury. 


noster,  nostra,  nostrum,  ottr.,  ours. 
5rno,  ornare,  adorn,  deck. 
piigno,  ■pugvikrQ,Jfghl. 
scutum,  -i,  n.  shield. 
somnus,  -i,  m.  sleep,  droiusiness. 
terreo,  terrere,  scare,  frighten. 
voc5,  vocare,  call,  summon. 


\ 


1  Also  did  loz'c,  loved. 


FIRST  AND   SECOND    CONJUGATIONS  45 

123.  McyJcI  Sentences 

1.  Viri  inimlcos  hastis  et  sagittis  fugabant,   men  routed  the  enemies 

with  s/>ears  and  arrows. 

2.  Servi  pocula  aqua  implebant,  servants  wercji/lina^atfis  with  water. 

3.  Equis  frumentum  portant,  they  bring  grain  by  means  0/  horses. 

a.  Observe  that  the  ablatives  hastis,  sagittis,  aqua,  and  equis  answer 
the  questions  by  what?  with  what?  by  means  of  what?  The 
ablative  thus  used  is  called  the  ablative  of  means  or  instrianent. 

124.  Rule.  —  The  ablative  is  used  to  denote  the  means 
or  instrianent  of  an  action. 

125.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Amabantne  ?  amabat,  delectabam.  2.  Monebat, 
monebant,  docebam.     3.   Fugabamus,  fugabant,  liberabamus. 

4.  Terrebasne  ?  habebat,  habebant.     5.  Videbatis,  terrebatis, 
ornabatis.     6.   Pilgnabamus,  vocabamus,  implebant. 

7.  Vir  agrum  nostrum  aratro  arabat.  8.  Liberi  columbas 
tubis  terrebant.  g.  Deus  somno  puerum  superabat.  10.  Puellae 
pulchrae  pocula  nostra  rosis  ornabant.  11.  Agricolae  fru- 
mento  carros  implebant.  12.  Mercurius  nuntius  erat  deo- 
rum.      13.   Viris  sunt  sagittae  et  hastae. 

II.  I.  By  means  of  shields.  2.  With  horses  and  ploughs. 
3.  With  our  swords.  4.  With  golden  trumpets.  5.  They 
were  seeing,  w^as  he  dancing  ? 

6.  We  were  teaching  by  means  of  books.  7.  With  your 
sword  you  were  liberating  friends.  8.  I  ploughed  the  field 
with  a  new  plough.  9.  Sleep  was  welcome  to  the  tired  god, 
Mercurv.      10.  The  men  fought  with  soears  and  long  javelins. 


I 


46 


FIRST    i'EAR    LATIN 


LESSON    XIV 

FIRST   AND   SECOND   CONJUGATIONS  —  Co«//««^^ 
Ablative  of  Manner 


126.  Paradigms 

Active  Indicative  Future 
Singular  Plural 

I .   amabo,  /  sJiall  love. 


2.  VLvaahis,  yon  iL'!!/  love. 

3.  amabit,  he  will  love. 

Singular 

1 .  monebo,  /  shall  advise. 

2.  monebi?,,  yoii  will  advise. 

3.  monebit,  he  will  advise. 


amabimus,  we  shall  love. 

amabitis,  you  will  love. 

amabunt,  they  will  love. 

Plural 
monebimus,  we  shall  advise. 
monebitis,  j^;«  will  advise. 
monebunt,  thev  will  advise. 


a.  Observe  that  the  future  of  amo  is  formed  by  adding  to  the  stem 
ama-  the  tense-sign  -bi-,  and  to  that  the  personal  endings  (60);  but 
the  i  is  dropped  in  the  first  person  and  changed  to  u  in  the  third 
person  plural.     How  is  the  future  of  moneo  formed? 

b.  Review  the  verbs  of  66,  72,  and  77,  and  form  the  future  first 
person  singular  of  each.     Write  out  the  future  of  the  verbs  below. 


127. 


VOCABULARY 


aedifico,  aedificare,  build. 

aeger,  aegra,  aegrum,  sick. 

agito,  agitare,  drive,  chase  away. 

ara,  -ae,  f.  altar  (p.  21). 

cum,  prep,  with  abl.  with. 

cura,  -ae,  f.  care. 

gaudium,  gaudi,  n.  Joy,  gladness. 


in,   prep,  with  ace.  into,  upon. 
laboro,  lab5rare,  work,  suffer. 
proper5,  properare,  hasten. 
quo,  adv.  whither? 
studium,  studi,  zeal,  eagerness. 
templum,  -I,  n.  temple  (p.  95). 
teneo,  tenere,  hold,  keep. 


FIRST  A.YD   SECOND    CONJUGATIONS  47 

128.  Model  Sentences 

1 .  Vir  cum  studio  laborat,  /he  man  works  'with  zeal  {zealously^. 

2.  Vir  magno  cum  studio  laborat,  the  man  works  with  great  zeal. 

3.  Vir  magno  studio  laborat,  the  man  works  with  great  zeal. 

a.  Observe  how  manner  is  expressed  in  the  above  Latin  sentences: 
(I)  cum  studio  ;  (2)  magno  cum  studi5  ;  (3)  magnS  studio.  Observe 
that  (2)  and  (3)  are  translated  in  the  same  way.  The  ablative  thus 
used  answers  the  question  how  ?   in  what  way  ? 

129.  Rule.  —  The  ablative  with  cum  is  used  to  denote 
the  manner  of  an  action ;  hut  cum  may  he  omitted  if 
an  adjective  is  used  with  the  ahlative. 

a.  Observe  that  cum  and. the  ablative  may  often  be  translated  by 
an  adverb:  cum  studio,  ^-^-a/t^^i/)'/  cum  cura.,  care/ul/yy  cum  gaudio, 
joyfully,  gladly. 

130.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Amabunt,  monebunt,  properabunt.  2.  Amabitne  ? 
monebit,  tenebimus.  3.  Manebuntnej?  monstrabimus,  terrebo. 
4.  Laborabisne  ?  docebitis,  properabo. 

5.  Agricolae  sunt  equi  validi.  6.  Quo  properabit  agricola 
validus  ?  7.  In^  agros  properabunt  agricola  et  pueri.  8.  In 
agris  laborabunt  magno  cum  studio.  9.  Cum  gaudio  fru- 
mentum  in  oppidum  portabunt.  10.  Magna  ciira  equos  agita- 
bunt.      II.  Non  in  oppido  manebunt. 

II.  I.  You  will  build.  2.  He  will  hasten.  3.  Who  will  drive  ? 
4.  We  shall  drive.     5.  You  will  hold.     6.   For  sick  children. 

7.  You  will  build  a  temple  with  great  care.  8.  You  will 
adorn  the  temple  with  an  altar.  9.  We  shall  carry  the  sick 
children  carefully  into  the  temple.  10.  Tliey  will  joyfully  see 
the  altar  and  the  goddess.  11.  Whose  altar  will  they  see? 
They  will  see  the  altar  of  Vesta,  the  kind  goddess. 

1  Observe  tlie  use  and  meaning  of  in  here  and  in  S  and  1 1. 


48  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XV 

FIRST    CONJUGATION  —  Continued 
Reading  Lesson 

131.  Principal  Paris  of  Verbs 

Pres.  Ind.  Pres.  Inf.  Perf.  Ind.  Perf.  Part. 

amo  amare  amavi 


a.  TY^^  principal  parts  of  a  verb,  illustrated  by  the  model,  are  so 
calLd  because  all  forms  of  the  verb  can  be  made  from  them. 

b.  The  principal  parts  .of  almost  all  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation 
are  formed  after  the  model  of  amo.  Observe  that  the  perfect  stem 
amav-  is  formed  by  adding  v  to  the  verb-stem :  ama-,  amav-.  Give 
the  principal  parts  of  the  verbs  of  the  first  conjugation  in  77,  105, 
122,  127. 

132.  Paradigm 

Active  Indicative  Perfect 

Singular  Personal  Endings^ 

1.  2ima.\\,  I /lave  loved,  I  loved,  I  did  love,  -i 

2.  amavisti, /<??/  have  loved,  etc.  -isti 

3.  amavit,  lie  has  loved,  etc.  -it 

Plural 

1 .  amavimus,  ive  have  loved,  etc.  -imus 

2.  amavistis,  yoji  have  loved,  etc.  -istis 

3.  amaverunt,  -ere,  they  have  loved,  etc.  -erunt,  -ere 

a.  The  personal  endings  of  the  perfect  tense  are  the  same  in  all 
the  conjugations,  as  we  shall  see. 

b.  Observe  that  the  second  translation  of  the  perfect  is  the  same  as 
the  last  of  the  imperfect,  p.  44,  foot-note  i .  But  there  is  this  differ- 
ence in  the  use  of  the  two  tenses  :  the  perfect  denotes  a  completed 

1  With  connecting  vowel. 


FIRST  CO.XJUGATION  49 

act,  tlie  imperfect  an  act  going  on,  continued,  or   repeated.     See 
illustrations  in  the  Reading  Lesson  (134). 

c.   Inflect  in  the  perfect  the  verbs  of  Vocabularies  66,  105. 

133.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Vocavitne  ?  amavit,  superavit.  2.  Pugnaverunt,  agi- 
taverunt,  laboraverunt.  3.  Properavimus,  aedificavimus,  ama- 
vimus.  4.  Amavine  ?  vocavisti,  properavistis.  5.  Portavit, 
delectavit,  fugavit. 

II.  I.  You  have  praised,  you  ploughed,  you  related. 
2.  I  have  adorned,  I  brought,  I  set  free.  3.  They  danced,  they 
have  sung,  they  swam.     4.  We  gave,  we  dwelt,  we  showed. 

134.  THE  ROMANS  AND  THE  SABINES 

Romulus  Romam,  pulchrum  Italiae  oppidum,  aedificavit. 
Incolas  oppidi  vocavit  Romanos.  Valid!  viri  erant  Roman! 
et  maxime  amabant  patriam.  Saepe  cum  Sabinis,  vicinis, 
pro  patria  pugnabant  et  saepe  armis  in  bello  superabant. 
Olim  erat  victoria  diu  dubia.  Nam  Sabini  arma  habebant 
bona  et  pilis  longis  magna  cum  audacia  pugnaverunt.  Sed 
Roman!  Sabinos  fugaverunt  et  multos  sagittis  volneraverunt. 
Cara  Romanis  erat  ilia  {that)  victoria. 

135.  VOCABULARY 

arma,  -orum,  n.  plur.  arms.  pro,  prep,  with  abl.  before,  for, 

audacia,  -ae,  f.  boldness,  daring.  in  defence  of. 

diu,  adv.ybr  a  long  time,  long.  R5inanus,  -i,  m.  a  Roman. 

dubius,  -a,  -um,  doubtful.  Romulus,  -1,  m.  Romulus. 

incola,  -ae,  m.  and  f.  inhabitant.  Sabini.  -orum,  m.  plur.  Sabines. 

Italia,  -ae,  f.  Italy.  saepe,  adv.  ofteti. 

maxime,  adv.  very,  greatly.  sed,  conj.  but. 

nam,  conj./<?r.  vicinus,  -i,  m.  neighbor. 

olim,  adv.  once,  formerly.  victoria,  -ae,  f.  victory. 

patria,  -ae,  f.  native  country.  volnero,  -are,  wound. 


50 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


LESSON     XVI 

SECOND    CONJUGATION  —  Continued 

Principal  Parts  :  mone5,  monere,  monui,  monitus 

136.  Paradigm 

Active  Indicative  Perfect 
Singular 

1.  monui,  I  have  advised,  I  advised,  I  did  advise. 

2.  monuisti,  you  have  advised,  etc. 

3.  monuit,  he  has  advised,  etc. 

Plural 

1 .  monuimus,  we  have  advised,  etc. 

2.  monuistis,  j^«  have  advised,  etc. 

3.  monuerunt,  -ere,  they  have  advised,  etc. 

a.  Verbs  of  the  second  conjugation  form  the  perfect  stem  vari- 
ously ;  moneo  forms  it  by  dropping  final  e  of  the  verb-stem  {']i,b)  and 
adding  u  ;  so  do  doceo,  teach;  habeo,  liave ;  terreo,  frighten;  teneo, 
hold,  and  most  others  of  this  conjugation.  The  perfect  participles 
-are  very  irregular.      For  personal  endings,  see  132  and  a. 

b.  Learn  the  principal  parts  of  the  following  verbs  and  inflect 
them  in  the  perfect  tense  : 


RES.    IND. 

Pres.  Inf. 

Perf.  Ind. 

Perf.  Part. 

doceo 

docere 

docul 

doctus,  teach. 

habeo 

habere 

habul 

habitus,  have. 

terreo 

terrere 

terrul 

territus,  frighten 

teneo 

tenere 

tenul 

,  hold 

luceo 

lucere 

luxl 

luctus,  shitie. 

maneo 

manere 

mansi 

mansus,  remain. 

impleo 

implere 

implevi 

impletus,yf//. 

video 

videre 

vidl 

visus,  see. 

SECOND    CONJUGA  TION. 


51 


137.  EXERCISES. 

I.  I.  Monuit,  monuerunt,  docuit.  2.  Docuerunt,  habuit, 
habuerunt.  3.  TerruistI,  terruistis,  tenuisti.  4.  Vidine  1  vide- 
runtne  ?  mansimus.     5.  Tenuit,  tenuerunt,  terruerunt. 

6.  Stellae  luxerunt.  7.  Puero  erat  poculum  pulchrum. 
8.  Aqua  pOcula  implevit.  9.  Pueri  pocula  aqua  impleverunt. 
10.  Cum  cura  puellam  aegram  portaverunt.  11.  Scuta  et 
gladios  inimicorum  vidi  pro  portis.  12.  Olim  Romulus  Sabinos 
superavit  et  fugavit. 

II.  I.  The  moon  shone  into  a  little  town.  2.  Often  it 
shone  upon  the  arms  of  men.  3.  The  swords  and  trumpets 
frightened  the  children.  4.  But  the  townsmen  hastened  to 
fight  w^ith  the  enemies.  5.  The  women  and  children  gladly 
remained.  6.  The  men  fought  boldly.  7.  The  women  taught 
the  boys  and  girls  carefully. 


Roman  Headdresses 


52  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XVII 

The  Demonstrative  Is 

Is,  adjective,  this,  thai;  plur.,  these,  those. 

Is,  pronoun,  this,  that,  he,  she,  it ;  plur.,  these,  those,  they. 


138 

Paradigm 

Singular 

Plural 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

Nom. 

is 

ea 

id 

ii,  ei 

eae 

ea 

Gen. 

eius 

eius 

eius 

eorum 

earum 

eorum 

Dat. 

ei 

el 

ei 

iis,  eis 

iis,  eis 

iis,  eis 

Ace. 

cum 

earn 

id 

eos 

eas 

ea 

AM. 

eo 

ea 

eo 

iis,  eis 

iis,  eis 

iis,  eis 

a.  Compare  the  declension  of  is,  column  by  column,  with  the 
declension  of  bonus  (483).  The  endings  (stem  i  or  e)  in  the  plural  are 
the  same  as  those  of  bonus.     Where  are  they  different  in  the  singular? 

Note.  —  Be  careful  not  to  confound  ei,  dative,  and  eo,  ablative. 

139.  Table  of  Meanings  for  Reference 

Is  AS  A  Pronoun 
Singular 
Nom.     this,  that j  he,  she,  it. 

Gen.       of  this,  of  that ;  of  him,  his;  of  her,  hers ;  of  it,  its. 
Dat.    -  to  or  for  this  or  that;  to  or  for  hitn,  her  or  it. 
Ace.       tJiis,  that;  him,  her,  it. 
Abl.       by,  with,  etc.,  this  or  that;  by,  with,  etc.,  hitn,  her  or  it. 

Plural 
Nom.     tliese,  those ;  they. 
Gen.       of  these,  of  those;  of  them,  their. 
Dat.       to  or  for  these  or  those;  to  or  for  them. 
Ace.       these,  those ;  them. 
Abl.       by,  with,  etc.,  these  or  those;  by,  with,  etc.,  them. 


THE  DEMOXSTRATIVE   IS  53 

140.  Modd  Sentences 

1 .  Is  vir  cum  patientia  laborat,  that  man  works  patiently. 

2.  Eum  laudamus,  tiv  praise  him,  i.e.  that  (man). 

3.  Patientiam  eius  laudamus,  we  praise  his  {of  him)  patience. 

a.  Is  in  tlie  first  sentence  is  used  witli  a  noun  and  is  a  demonstra- 
tive adject i7'e.  It  designates  its  noun  in  connected  speech  unem- 
phatically,  as  previously  mentioned  or  understood :  the  aforesaid. 
See  also  201,  c,  and  212,  b. 

h.  Is  in  2  and  3  is  used  witiiout  a  noun  and  is  a  demonstrative 
pronoun.     The  meanings  of  is  as  a  pronoun  are  shown  in  139. 

c.  Learn  the  indicative  perfect  of  sum  (502). 

d.  Decline  together  id  donum,  that  i;ift ;  is  nuntius,  that  messenger ; 
ea  patria,  this  country. 

141.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Id  scutum,  is  gladius,  ea  fabula.  2.  Eo  gladi5,  ei 
gladio,  eo  bello.  3. .Eo  cibo,  ea  pecunia,  in  ea  terra.  4.  In 
eo  somno,  eorum  hortorum,  eius  auri. 

5.  Ea  arma  fuerunt  mea,  sed  ea  pecunia  fuit  tua.  6.  li  viri 
asperi  fuerunt  vicini  nostri.  7.  Eosne  vidistis  ?  Non  eos,  sed 
edrum  filios  vidimus.  8.  Dominus  eius  equi  fuit  vir  piger. 
9.  Equus  eius  fuit  defessus.  10.  Sed  puer  parvus  ei  aquam 
donavit  et  domino  et  dominae  pocula  vino  implevit. 

II,  I.  For  this  goddess,  Vesta.  2.  For  these  goddesses, 
by  these  arms.  3.  On  that  black  horse,  for  him,  for  them. 
4.  Of  the  aforesaid  townsman,  of  their  fortune,  those  men.^ 

5.  I  have  had  kind  friends.  6.  Their  sons  I  have  taught, 
but  not  their  daughters.  7.  You  have  seen  and  praised  them. 
8.  You  gave  them  many  presents.  9.  They  have  kept  them 
carefully. 

1  As  subject  and  as  object. 


54 


FIRST    YEAR  LATIN 


LESSON    XVIII 


The  Interrogative  Quis 


142. 

Paradigffi 

Quis? 

who  ?  which  ? 

what  ? 

Singular 

Plural 

Masc.          Fem. 

Neut. 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

Norn. 

quis  (qui)    quae 

quid  (quod) 

qui 

quae 

quae 

Gen. 

cuius            ciiius 

cuius 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

Dai. 

cui                cui 

cui 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Ace. 

quern            quam 

quid  (quod) 

quos 

quas 

quae 

Abl. 

quo                qua 

quo 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

143. 

Note. 

Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 
Ace. 

Abl. 


Table  of  Meanings  for  Reference 

-  The  meanings  are  not  tabulated  with  reference  to  gender. 

who?  which?  what? 

of  whom  ?  whose  ?  of  which  ?  of  what  ? 

to  or  for  whom  ?  to  or  for  which  ?  to  or  for  what? 

whom  ?  which  ?  what  ? 

by,  etc.,  whom?  by,  etc.,  which?  by,  etc.,  what? 


144. 


Model  Sentences 


What  man  does  not  love 


1 .  Quis  (qui)  vir  patriam  non  amat } 
his  country  ? 

2.  Quis  patriam  non  amat .''      IV ho  does  ttot  love  his  country  ? 

3.  Quod  donum  amat  puella  .?      What  gift  does  the  girl  like  ? 

4.  Quid  amat  puella .?      What  does  the  girl  like? 

a.  Observe  that  quis  has  two  distinct  uses  :  in  i  and  3  it  is  an 
interrogative  adjective;  in  2  and  4  it  is  an  interrogative  pronoun. 
As  an  interrogative  adjective  it  agrees  with  its  noun  in  gender,  num- 
ber, and  case.     As  a  pronoun  it  has  no  feminine. 


THE   INTERROGATIVE    QUIS  55 

b.  The  form  quod  is  always  used  in  place  of  quid  as  an  interroga- 
tive adjective,  and  often  qui  is  so  used  in  place  of  quis. 

145.  EXERCISES 

Note.  —  The  learner  should  accustom  himself,  in  making  out  the  mean- 
ing of  the  Latin,  to  pronounce  any  Latin  word,  the  sense  of  which  is  not 
evident,  as  a  part  of  his  English  sentence.  For  example,  taking  sentence 
12  below,  if  the  meaning  of  cuius  is  not  clear,  say:  "Cuius  arms  has  that 
boy  .'  "     Probably  this  would  suggest :  "  Whose  arms  has  that  boy .'  " 

I.  I.  Qui  id  templum  aedificaverunt  ?  2.  Qui  viri  id  tern- 
plum  aedificaverunt  ?  3.  Quid  est  in  eo  templo .''  4.  Quae 
femina  non  amat  liberos  ?  5.  Cuidonat  Marcus  id  poculum  ? 
6.  Quibus  viris  non  est  patria  cara  ?  7.  Quos  agros  arat  is 
agricola  ?  8.  Quern  laudatis  ?  9.  Quid  in  poculo  habet  servus  ? 
10.  Quam  puellam  laudat  magister  ?  11.  Quo  aratro  eos  agros 
aravit  agricola  ?     12.   Ciiius  arma  habet  is  puer  ? 

II.  I.  Who  was  a  messenger  of  the  gods  ?  2.  Whose  mes- 
senger was  Mercury  ?     3.   Whose  shield  did  that  boy  have  ? 

4.  To  whom  did  he  give  the  shield  ?  5.  Whom  have  you 
overcome  ?  6.  With  what  arms  have  you  overcome  those 
men  .' 

146.  REVIEW 

I.  What  are  the  two  personal  endings  of  the  third  person  plural  of 
.the  perfect?  2.  In  134  explain  the  difference  in  the  use  of  the  tenses 
of  vocavit,  line  2,  and  amabant,  line  3.  3.  What  forms  of  the  verb 
make  up  the  principal  parts  1     4.    What  is  the  perfect  stem  of  sum  1 

5.  From  141,  \.  5-10,  select  five  examples  of  is  used  as  a  pronoun 
and  four  of  is  used  as  an  adjective.  6.  What  form  of  quis  is  used 
interrogatively  in  the  neuter  as  an  adjective  .''  What  forms  in  the 
masculine .'' 


56  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XIX 
THIRD   CONJUGATION  — E-VERBS 

Note.  —  Observe  that  verbs  of  this  conjugation  have  stems  ending 
in  short  e,  those  of  the  second  conjugation  in  long  e.     See  59. 

rego  (stem  rege-),  rule 
Principal  Parts  :   reg5,  regere,  rexi,  rectus 

147.  Learn  the  active  indicative  present,  imperfect,  future,  and 
perfect  of  rego  (499). 

a.  Observe  that  the  personal  endings  are  the  same  as  those  already 
learned,  one  set  (60)  applying  to  the  first  three  tenses,  the  other  (132) 
to  the  perfect. 

b.  Compare  the  present  of  rego  with  the  present  of  moneo  in  respect 
to  the  vowel  that  precedes  the  personal  ending. 

c.  Compare  the  future  of  rego  with  the  present  of  moneo.  Com- 
pare the  two  imperfects. 

d.  Like  rego  inflect  in  the  same  tenses  duco,  lead;  emo,  buy ;  mitto, 
send.  For  the  principal  parts,  see  Vocabulary.  The  perfect  and  per- 
fect participles  of  verbs  of  the  third  conjugation  are  very  irregular. 
No  rule  can  be  given. 

148.  VOCABULARY 

aurum,  -i,  n.  gold.  olim,  adv.  once,  fortnerly. 

bene,  adv.  well.  plenus,  plena,  plenum,  /"«//. 

hodie,  adv.  to-day,  now.  terra,  -ae,  f.  land,  country. 

incola,  -ae,  m.  and  f.  inhabitant.  turn,  adv.  then,  at  that  time. 

duco,  ducere,  diixi,  ductus,  lead. 

emo,  emere,  emi,  emptus,  biiy. 

mitt5,  mittere,  misi,  missus,  send,  throw,  hurl. 

rego,  regere,  rexl,  rectus,  rule,  mafiage. 

reporto,  reportare,  reportavl,  reportatus,  brifig  back,  gain. 


THIRD    COXJUGA  TION 


S7 


149. 


EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Regit,  regcbat,  rcget.  2.  Emo,  emebam,  emam, 
3.  Uucunt,  ducent,  ducebat.  4.  Rexit,  rexerunt,  duxit.  5.  Duxe- 
runt,  emisti,  emistis.  6.  Misi,  misimus,  misit.  7.  Mittimus, 
mittunt,  mittent. 

8.  Agricolae  ^  sunt  agri  pleni  frumenti.  9.  Id  frumentum 
in  oppidum  magnum  mittet.  10.  Id  in  carris  plenis  equis 
validis  mittit.      11.   Qui  eos  equ5s  longa   in  via  agitabunt  ? 

1 2.  Filii  eius,  Marcus  et  Brutus,  eos  duxerunt  et  hodie  ducent. 

13.  Incolae  eius  oppidi  frumentum  agricolae,  non  carros, 
emerunt.  14.  Pueri  aurum  et  dona  amicis  reportaverunt. 
15.   Cara  erant*  amicis  ea  pulchra  dona. 

II.  I.  They  rule,  they  were  ruling,  they  will  rule.  2.  Pie 
leads,  he  was  leading,  he  will  lead.  3.  I  have  bought,  we 
bought,  they  bought.  4.  I  am  sending,  I  will  send,  I  have 
sent.  5.  You  (sing.)  send,  you  will  send,  you  (plur.)  have 
sent.     6.  To  send,  to  buy,  to  lead. 

7.^  The  Romans  once  had  (perf.)  many  lands.  8.  Often 
they  did  not  rule  (impf.)  them  well.  9.  Then  the  inhabitants 
of  those  lands  fought  boldly.  10.'-  What  arms  had  they? 
II.  Their  arms  were  long  spears.  12.  These  they  hurled; 
with  these  they  wounded  the  Romans. 

1  Dative  of  possessor.  -  Translate  in  two  ways. 


Writing  M.a.terials 


58  FIRST   YEAR   LATIN 


LESSON    XX 


150.  REVIEW:    READING    LESSON 

I .  Give  the  infinitives  of  am5,  moneo,  and  rego.  2.  What  letter  of 
the  infinitive  needs  to  be  especially  noticed?  Why?  3.  What  are 
the  perfect  stems  of  amo,  moneS,  emo,  mitto  ?  4.  What  are  the  per- 
sonal endings  of  the  perfect  ?  5.  To  the  perfect  stem  of  amo  add  the 
personal  endings  of  the  perfect.  6.  Translate  the  third  person  sin- 
gular in  three  ways.  7.  Give  the  table  of  personal  endings  of  the 
present,  imperfect,  and  future.  8.  What  is  the  tense-sign  of  the 
imperfect?  9.  What  is  the  tense-sign  of  the  future  in  the  first  and 
second  conjugations?  10.  Write  the  future  of  emo.  11.  Review 
Vocabularies  72,  yj,  122,  127,  135. 

151.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Ad  vena  defessus.     2.   Plena,  in  iQna.     3.  Cum  studio. 

4.  Cum  gaudio  eius  pueri  aegri.  5.  Cuius  aureus  gladius  ? 
6.  Quod  deorum  templum  ?  7.  Earum  fabularum  gratarum. 
8.   Ea  victoria  nostra  (of  ours). 

9.  Quis  agrum  aratro  diu  aravit  ?  10.  Cur  es  dubius,  puer 
bone?  II.  Cur  in  insulis  manebis  ?  12.  Marco  et  Bruto 
fuerunt  equi  nigri.  13.  Marcus  et  Brutus  equos  nigros  habu- 
erunt. 

II.  I.  You  have  managed  the  strangers  well.  2.  Who  are 
sending  sick  men  into  the  temples  ?  3.  We  shall  lead  our 
friends  into  the  towns.     4.   He  will  buy  arms  with  great  care. 

5.  With  whose  gold  does  he  buy  arms  ? 

152.  ICARUS 
See  179,  note. 

Frater  et  Sororcula  {brother  and  little  sister) 

F.    Fabulam  bonam  amicus  hodie  narravit. 

S.    De  quo  tibi  {to  you)  narravit  amicus  ? 

F.    De  Icaro,  Daedali  filio,  puero  miserrimo  {tnost  unlucky). 


READING   LESSON 


59 


S.    Ubi  (rchere)  habitabat  Icarus  ?     In  Britannia  ? 

F.  Minime;  in  Creta,  insula  magna  et  pulchra.  Daedalus 
Tcaro  alas  finxit  et  ei  cera  aptavit.  Alae  Icaro  erant  maxime 
gratae.  Turn  Daedalus  puerum  volare  docuit,  sed  altius {toohigli) 
volavit  Icarus.     Sol  {suti)  ceram  solvit  et  alae  deciderunt. 

S.    Sed  quid  de  Icaro  ? 

F.    Icarus  quoque  decidit  in  mare  {sed). 

S.    Eheu,  miserrimum  Icarum  ! 


eheu,  interj.  alas  ! 
minime,  adv.  7iot  at  all. 
quoque,  adv.  also,  too. 


153.  VOCABULARY 

ala,  -ae,  f .  wing. 
cera,  -ae,  f .  wax. 
de,  prep,  with  -s^A.  from,  aboift. 

apt5.  aptare,  aptavl,  aptatus,y?A 

decido,  decidere,  decidi,  ,  fall  off  ox:  down. 

fingo,  fingere.  finxl,  tlctus,  fashion,  devise. 
solvo,  solvere,  solvi,  solutus,  melt. 


The  Fall  of  Icarus 


6o 


FIRST    YEAR  LATIN 


LESSON    XXI 

THIRD   DECLENSION 

The  stem  ends  in  a  consonant  or  in  / 

Consonant  Stems:    Mutes   (38) 


154 

:. 

Paradigms 

rex,  m. 

miles,  m. 

virtus,  f. 

caput,  n. 

king 

soldier 

virtue 

head 

Terminations 

Stems 

:reg- 

milit- 

virtiit- 

SlNGULAR 

capit- 

M.  &  F. 

N. 

A-07H. 

rex 

miles 

virtus 

caput 

-s  or- 



Gen. 

regis 

militis 

virtutis 

capitis 

-is 

-is 

Dat. 

regi 

militi 

virtu  ti 

capiti 

-i 

-i 

Ace. 

regem 

militem 

virtutem 

caput 

-em 

— 

Abl. 

rege 

milite 

virtute 
Plural 

capita 

-e 

-e 

Nom. 

reges 

mllites 

virtutes 

capita 

-es 

-a 

Gen. 

regum 

mllitum 

virtu  turn 

capitum 

-um 

-um 

Dat. 

regibus 

mllitibus 

virtutibus 

capitibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

Ace. 

reges 

mllites 

virtutes 

capita 

-es 

-a 

Abl. 

regibus 

mllitibus 

virtQtibus 

capitibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

a.  Review  46,  a,  b,  c,  d.     For  the  locative  case,  see  195-197. 

b.  To  decline  a  noun  with  stem  ending  in  a  consonant  it  is  neces- 
sary to  know  the  gender,  the  nominative,  the  genitive,  and  the  stem. 
Repeat  the  stem  for  all  cases  except  the  nominative,  and  in  neuters 
the  accusative  singular,  and  add  the  proper  terminations. 

c.  The  stem  can  be  found  by  dropping  -is  of  the  genitive  singular, 
which  is  always  given  in  the  vocabularies. 

d.  Observe  that  masculines  and  feminines  are  declined  alike. 

e.  Observe  that  the  last  vowel  of  the  stem  is  sometimes  changed 
in  forming  the  nominative.      No  rule  can  be  given. 


THIRD   DECLENSION 


6i 


/   Following  the  directions  of  ^,  decline  eques,  lapis,  and  pedes  (155). 
i,^  Decline  together   miles  bonus,   good  soldier j    ea  virtus,   that 
virtue;  id  caput,  tliis  head. 


155. 


VOCABULARY 


caput,  capitis,  n.  head. 
dux.  ducis,  m.  leader.,  general. 
eques,  equitis,  m.  horseman. 
et  .  .  .  et,  conj.  both  .  .  .  and. 
fortiter,  adv.  bravely. 


lapis,  lapidis,  m.  stone. 

miles,  militis,  m.  soldier. 

pedes,  peditis,  vi\.  foot-soldier. 

rex,  regis,  m.  king. 

virtus,  virtiitis,  f.  courage,  virtue. 


156. 


EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Et  reges  et  duces  milites  duxerunt.  2.  Regem  et 
ducem  vidi  hodie.  3.  Capita  multorum  peditum  vidimus. 
4.  Equites  pro  rege  et  duce  pugnabant.  5.  Virtute  et  studio 
reportaverunt  victoriam.  6.  Lapidibus  et  sagittis  multos  vol- 
neraverunt.      7.   Virtiis  equitum  et  studium  peditum  victoriam 


reportabant.     8.   Quis    scuta    emet    equitibus 


Eum 

militem  lapide  aspero  volnerabam.  10.  Nostros  milites  lapi- 
dibus volnerabunt. 

II.  I.  On  the  head  of  a  king.  2.  On  the  heads  of  kings. 
3.  By  the  courage  of  soldiers.  4.  To  wound  with  stones  and 
spears.     5.   For  the  general  of  the  foot-soldiers. 

6.  In  a  town  I  saw  a  king.  7.  The  king  was  a  good  general 
and  ruled  well.  8.  He  bought  food  for  the  inhabitants.  9.  He 
sent  arms  into  the  town.  10.  He  led  the  soldiers  bravely,  and 
they  loved  him. 


A  Roman  Coin 


62  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XXII 
THIRD   CONJUGATION  —  VERBS    IN  -10 

Place  Whence  and  Whither 

capio  (stem  cape-(i-)),  take 

Principal  Parts  :   capio,  capere,  cepi,  captus 

157.  Learn  the  active  indicative  present,  future,  imperfect,  and 
perfect  of  capio  (500). 

a.  Wlierein  does  the  inflection  of  capid  differ  from  that  of  rego  in 
the  present?  In  the  imperfect?  In  the  future?  The  final  stem 
vowel  of  capio  varies  between  -e  (capere)  and  -i  (capio). 

b.  All  verbs  in  -io  with  the  infinitive  in  -ere  are  conjugated  like  capio. 
Like  capio  inflect  in  the  same  tenses  ivLgib,  Jlee ;  iacio,  hnrl  (161). 

158.  Model  Sentefices 

1 .  Magister  liberos  a  schola  dimisit,  the  teacher  dismissed  the  children 

from  school. 

2.  Oppidani  de  muro  lapides  iaciunt,  townsmen  throw  stones  down 

from  the  wall. 

3.  Milites  ex  porta  properaverunt,  soldiers  hastened  forth  fro7n  the  gate. 

4.  Legates  ad  oppidum  miserunt,  they  sent  deputies  to  the  town. 

a.  Observe  that  a  schola,  de  muro,  ex  porta  denote  place  from  which 
motion  is  directed.  On  the  other  hand,  ad  oppidum  (as  also  expres- 
sions like  in  insulam,  into  the  island,  in  terram,  up07i  the  land) 
denotes  \.\\&  place  to  which  motion  is  directed.     Hence  two  rules. 

159.  Rule.  —  Place  ivhence,  not  inchtding  names  of 
towns,  is  eX'pressed  by  the  ablative  with  a  {ah),  de,  e  {ex). 

Note.  —  Before  words  beginning  with  a  vowel  or  h,  ab  and  ex  are  used 
instead  of  a  and  e. 


THIRD    COAJUGATION  63 

160.  Rule.  —  Place  jchithcr,  not  including  names  of 
towns,  is  expressed  hy  the  accusative  with  ad  or  in. 

161.  VOCABULARY 

a  (ab),  prep,  with  abl.  away  from,  froi/i,  by.  mums,  -1,  m.  wall. 

ad,  prep,  with  ace.  to,  towards.  pes,  pedis,  m.foot. 

de,  prep,  with  abl.  down  from,  fro»i.  quia,  conj.  because. 

e  (ex),  prep,  with  abl.  out  of  from.  quo,  adv.  whither. 

legatus,  -i,  m.  deputy,  lieutenant.  schola,  -ae,  f.  school. 

capio,  capere,  cepi,  captus,  take,  receive. 

dimitto,  dimittere,  dimisi,  dimissus,  dismiss,  send  off. 

fugio,  fugere,  fugi,  ,  flee,  run  away. 

iacio,  iacere,  ieci,  iactus,  throw,  hurl,  cast. 

162.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  De  capite  ad  pedem.  2.  A  schola  in  oppidum.  3.  A 
ducibus  ad  milites.  4.  Capiat,  capit,  capiunt.  5.  Fugiunt, 
fugient,  fugit.  6.  Iacio,  iaciam,  iaciebam.  7.  Ceperunt,  iecit, 
iecimus.     8.   Fijgimus,  fugimus,  dimisimus. 

9.  Qui  legates  ad  regem  miserunt  ?  Incolae  eos  de  multis 
oppidis  miserunt.  10.  CQr  dimittent  agricolae  carros  et 
equos  ?  Quia  milites  eos  capient.  11.  Quo  eos  dimiserunt  et 
quo  fugerunt  ?  In  (ivithin)  muros.  12.  Quae  arma  militibus 
fuerunt  (115)  ?     13.   Eis  militibus  fuerunt  scuta  et  gladii. 

II.  I.  From  the  feet  of  the  horsemen.  2.  With  stones 
from  heaven.  3.  Both  in  school  and  from  school.  4.  He 
will  hurl,  they  will  hurl,  they  hurl.  5.  You  hurl,  you  will 
hurl,  you  hurled. 

6.  Women  and  children  were  fleeing  from  the  fields. 
7.  Boys  were  throwing  stones  from  the  wall,  8.  They  were 
hastening  from  school  to  the  water.  9.  The  master  will  send 
the  children  away  from  school  to-day.  10.  The  lieutenant 
led  the  soldiers  within  the  walls. 


64 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


163. 


LESSON    XXIII 

THIRD    DECLENSION  —  Continued 

Consonant  Stems :    Liquids  (38) 

Ablative  of  Cause 

Paradigms 


pater,  m. 

homo,  m. 

volnus,  n. 

corpus,  n. 

father 

man 

wound 

body 

Stems 

:  patr- 

homin- 

SlNGULAR 

volner- 

corpor- 

Nom. 

pater 

liomd 

volnus 

corpus 

Gen. 

patris 

hominis 

volneris 

corporis 

Dat. 

patrl 

homini 

volneri 

corpori 

Ace. 

patrem 

hominem 

volnus 

corpus 

AM. 

patre 

homine 

Plural 

volnere 

corpore 

Ndfn. 

patres 

homines 

volnera 

corpora 

Gen. 

patrum 

hominum 

volnerum 

corporum 

Dat. 

patribus 

hominibus 

vohieribus 

corporibus 

Ace. 

patres 

homines 

volnera 

corpora 

Abl. 

patribus 

hominibus 

volneribus 

corporibus 

a.  Review  the  table  of  terminations  (154) ;  also  154,  b  and  c. 

b.  Decline  is  homo,  id  corpus,  pater  cams. 


164. 


Model  Sentences 


1 .  Homo  puerum  virtiite  laudat,  the  man  praises  the  boy  for  (on  account 

of)  his  bravery. 

2.  Equus  aquae  inopia  laborat,  the  horse  suffers  from  want  of  water. 

3.  Tuo  volnere  sum  miser,  I  am  ivj'etched  because  of  your  wound. 

4.  Pedes  longa  y.-.a  est  defessus,  the  foot-soldier  is  tired  with  the  long 

march. 


THIRD   DECLENSION  65 

a.  Observe  that  the  ablatives  virtute,  inopia,  volnere,  via  all  denote 
cause  or  reason.  Notice  the  various  prepositions  used  in  translating 
these  ablatives :  for,  on  account  of,  from,  because  of  with. 

165.  Rule.  —  The  ablative  is  used  to  express  cause. 

166.  VOCABULARY 

corpus,  corporis,  n.  bocfy.               laus,  laudis,  i.  praise,  glory. 
homo,  hominis,  m.  tnan.               pater,  patris,  m.  father. 
inopia,  -ae,  f.  7i.'ant,  lack.             volnus,  volneris,  n.  wound. 
doleo,  dolere,  dolui, ,  grieve. 

167.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Homines  eos  milites  lapidibus  et  hastis  volnera- 
verunt.  2.  Milites  miseri,  multa  volnera  habetis  !  3.  Volnera 
sunt  et  in  pedibus  et  in  corporibus.  4.  Hodie  patres  vol- 
neribus  vestris  {your)  dolebunt.  5.  Sed  laudem  capietis 
magnam  a  rege.  6.  Nam  turn  non  in  muros  oppidi  fugiebatis. 
7.  Cum  audacia  pugnabatis  et  pedites  et  equites.  8.  Victo- 
riam  magnam  virtlate  reportavistis. 

a.  Point  out  five  different  uses  of  the  ablative  above,  and  tell  how 
you  can  distinguish  them. 

II.  I.  The  teachers  dismiss  the  children  from  school. 
2.  Children  hurl  stones  from  the  walls.  3.  What  king  will  flee 
on  account  of  wounds  ?  4.  We  shall  lead  the  deputies  away 
from  the  town  to  the  water.  5.  The  soldiers  suffered  from 
lack  of  food  and  water. 

168.  REVIEW 

I.  Give  the  rule  for  the  place  of  an  action.  2.  For  the  place 
whence.  3.  For  the  place  whither.  4.  For  means  or  instrument. 
5.  For  manner.  6.  What  question  does  the  ablative  of  place 
answer?  7.  What  the  ablative  of  manner?  8.  What  the  ablative 
of  means  or  instrument  ?  9.  What  the  ablative  of  cause  ?  10.  What 
two  cases  of  a  noun  with  consonant  stem  must  be  known  to  enable 
you  to  decline  it?     What  else  must  you  know? 


66 


FIRST   YEAR   LATIN 


LESSON    XXIV 

THIRD   DECLENSION  —  Continued 

Stems  in  i 


169 

Paradigms 

hostis,  m. 

nubes,  f. 

urbs,  f. 

animal,  n. 

enemy 

cloud 

city 

animal 

Terminations 

Stems 

:  hosti- 

niibi- 

urbi- 

SlNGULAR 

animali- 

M.  &  F. 

N. 

Nom. 

hostis 

nubes 

urbs 

animal 

-s 

— 

Gen. 

hostis 

nubis 

urbis 

animalis 

-is 

-is 

Dat. 

host! 

nubi 

urbi 

animal! 

-i 

-i 

Ace. 

hostem 

nubem 

urbem 

animal 

-em 

— 

Abl. 

hoste 

nube 

urbe 
Plural 

animali 

-e 

-i 

Nom. 

hostes 

nubes 

urbes 

animalia 

-es 

-ia 

Gen. 

hostium 

nubium 

urbium 

animalium 

-ium 

-ium 

Dat. 

hostibus 

nubibus 

urbibus 

animalibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

Ace. 

hostis,  -es 

nobis, -es    urbis, -es 

animalia 

-is,  -es 

-ia 

Abl. 

hostibus 

nubibus 

urbibus 

animalibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

a.  Compare  the  first  table  of  endings  above  with  the  first  under 
154.     What  differences  do  you  find? 

b.  Compare  the  terminations  of  the  neuter  with  those  of  1 54  and 
point  out  the  differences. 

e.  The  following  sometimes  have  the  ablative  singular  in  i  and 
e:  avis,  civis,  finis,  ignis,  navis  (171).  A  few  sometimes  have  the 
accusative  in  -im  :  turris,  turrim,  tower. 

d.  As  a  guide  to  the  learner,  all  nouns  having  i-stems  will  be 
followed  by  the  stem  in  the  succeeding  vocabularies. 

e.  To  decline  a  noun  with  stem  ending  in  i,  add  the  proper  ter- 
minations to  the  stem  with  i  dropped,  except  in  the  nominative. 
Decline  avis  pulchra,  pretty  bird,  and  mare  magnum,  great  sea. 


THIRD   DECLENSION  67 

170.  Nouns  with  I-Stcms 

I.  Nouns  in  -is  and  -es  not  increasing  •  in  the  genitive.  2.  Neuters 
in  -e,  -al,  -ar.  3.  Nouns  in  -ns  and  -rs.  4.  Monosyllables  in  -s  or  -x 
following  a  consonant. 

171.  VOCABULARY 

animal,  animalis  (animali-),  n.  animal.  ignis,  -is  (igni-),  m.  fire. 

avis,  -is  (avi-),  f.  bird.  mare,  -is  (mari-),  n.  sea. 

civis,  -is  (civi-),  m.  and  f.  citizen.  navis,  -is  (navi-),  f.  ship. 

ferrum,  -i,  n.  iron,  siuord.  niibes,  -is  (niibi-),  f.  cloud, 
finis,  -is  (fini-),  m.  end,  border,  flock. 

plur.  boundaries,  territory.  -que,  conj.  and  (44,  3). 

hostis,  -is  (hosti-),  m.  enemy,  foe.  urbs,  urbis  (urbi-),  f.  city. 

hostis,  general  word  for  enemy  ;  a  public  enemy. 

inimicus,  a  private  or  personal  enemy  ;  opposite  of  amicus. 


172.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Qui  pila  de  muris  urbium  iaciunt  ?  2.  Piratae  e 
finibus  Italiae  fugiebant  ad  insulas.  3.  Ei  animali  fuit 
magnum  corpus,  sed  caput  parvum.  4.  Magna  navium  inopia 
laboramus.  5.  Hostes  terra  marique  vastant  ferro  ignique. 
6.  Pater  eius  equitis  laudem  virtute  fill  capiet.  7.  Gives 
nubem  equitum  in  fine  terrae  viderunt.  8.  Ei  hostes  pila 
iecerunt ;  cives  ex  urbe  fugerunt. 

II.  1.  The  deputies  are  tired  from  head  to  foot.  2.  Boys 
see  great  fires  in  the  city.  3.  They  take  (their)  books  and 
hasten  from  school.  4.  Whither  will  that  cloud  of  birds  fly  .-" 
From  the  sea  to  the  land.  5.  Why  did  the  citizens  praise 
those  men  ?  On  account  of  their  courage.  6.  We  grieved 
at  the  wounds  of  those  men. 

1  That  is,  having  no  more  syllables  than  in  the  nominative. 


68  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XXV 

THIRD    DECLENSION  —  Continued 
Gender 

Masculine 

173.  Rule.  —  J^oinis  in  -o,  -or,  -os,  -er,  and  -es  in- 
creasing ^  in  the  genitive,  are  masculine. 

Feminine 

174.  Rule  I.  —  JVouns  in  -do,  -go,  together  with 
abstract  and  collective  nouns  in  -io,  are  feminine. 

Rule  2.  —  J^ouns  in  -as,  -es  not  increasing  in  the 
genitive,  -is,  -us,  -x,  and  -s  following  a  consonant  are 
feminine. 

Neuter 

175.  Rule.  —  J\"ouns  in  -a,  -e,  -i,  -y,  -c,  -I,  -n,  -t,  -ar, 
-ur,  -us  are  neuter. 

Note.  — The  above  rules  are  subordinate  to  the  general  rules  of  gender 
(47,  I  and  2). 

176.  Table  for  Revieiu  of  Noiais  of  Third  Declension 

Masculine 

*civis,  civis  (civi-),  m.  citizen.  *  ignis,  ignis  (igni-),  m.fre. 

*  dux,  ducis,  m.  leader.  *  lapis,  lapidis,  m.  stone. 
eques,  equitis,  m.  horseman.  miles,  militis,  m.  soldier. 

*  finis,  finis  (fini-),  m.  end,  border,  pater,  patris,  m.  father. 

plur.  territories.  pedes,  peditis,  m.  foot-soldier. 

homo,  hominis,  m.  /nan.  pes,  pedis,  m.foot. 

*  hostis,  hostis  (hosti-),  m.  enemy.        *  rex,  regis,  m.  king. 

^  That  is,  having  more  syllables  than  in  the  nominative. 


THIRD   DECLENSION 


69 


Feminine 
avis,  avis  (avi-).  f.  bird.  niibes,  nubis  (nubi-),  f.  cloud. 

laus.  laudis,  f.  praise.  urbs,  urbis  (urbi-),  f.  city. 

navis,  navis  (navi-),  f.  sliip.  virtQs,  virtiitis,  f.  courage. 

Neuter 
animalis    (animali-).    n.    corpus,  corporis,  n.  body. 


animal 

ani)>tal. 
caput,  capitis,  n.  head. 


mare,  maris  (mari-),  n.  sea. 
volnus,  volneris,  n.  wound. 


a.  Exceptions  to  the  rules  of  gender  (i 73-175)  ^fe  starred.  See 
how  many  of  these  exceptions  come  under  the  general  rules  of  gender 
(47,  I  and  2).     In  future  note  exceptions  as  they  occur. 

b.  Apply  the  appropriate  rule  of  gender  to  each  noun  not  starred. 

c.  Distinguish  carefully  nouns  ending  in  -iis  and  -us ;  as,  for 
example,  virtiis  and  corpus. 

d.  Make  a  hst  of  all  the  above  nouns  having  consonant  stems 
(38)  and  another  of  i-stem  nouns. 


177.      Read  again  85.     Apply  th 
learn  the  meanings  of  the  following  : 

fortitiido,  fortitiidinis,  f.  endurance. 
fragor,  fragoris,  m.  crash. 
imperator,  imperatoris,  m.  general. 
pons,  pontis  (ponti-),  m.  bridge. 


rules  of  gender,  decline,   and 


saliis,  salutis,  f.  safety. 
socius,  soci,  m.  comrade,  ally. 
telum,  -i.  n.  weapon. 
terror,  terroris.  m.  terror. 


A  Roman  Coin 


70  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XXVI 

Review:   Reading  Lesson 

178,  REVIEW 

I .  Remember  that  to  decline  a  noun  of  the  third  declension  you 
must  know  :  (i)  its  gender  ;  (2)  whether  it  is  a  consonant  or  an  i-stem 
noun;  (3)  its  nominative  and  genitive  singular;  (4)  the  appropriate 
table  of  terminations.  2.  How  do  you  know  that  eques,  equitis,  is  not 
an  i-stem  noun  and  that  nubes,  nubis  is  ?  3.  How  can  you  tell,  without 
knowing  the  genitive,  that  cliens,  client,  mare,  sea,  and  arx,  citadel,  are 
i-stem  nouns  ?  4.  Write  down  the  table  of  terminations  of  masculine 
and  feminine  nouns  with  consonant  stems  (154)  ;  then,  by  the  side 
of  it,  the  table  of  masculine  and  feminine  nouns  with  i-stems  (169). 
5.  Compare  the  two  tables.  Is  there  any  difference  in  the  singu- 
lar? 6.  What  are  the  differences  in  the  plural.?  7.  In  the  same 
way  write  side  by  side  the  tables  of  terminations  of  neuter  nouns. 
8.  What  difference  do  you  note  in  the  singular.?  9.  What  in  the 
plural.?  ID.  Decline  fragor  magnus,  lotid  crash;  tua  saliis,  youi- 
safety  ;  pulchra  nubes,  beautiful  cloud;  mare  asperum,  rough  sea  : 
novum  volnus,  new  wound. 

179.  HORATIUS    AT    THE    BRIDGE 

Note.  —  Some  proper  names  and  less  common  words  that  are  not  to  be 
used  again  soon  are  given  only  in  the  general  vocabulary. 

Porsena,  Romanorum  hostis,  fuit  rex  clarus.  Olim  urbem 
Romam  obsidebat.  Magnus  erat  Romanorum  terror,  quia 
parva  eis  erat  spes  {^hope)  salutis.  Sed  virtus  valid!  viri  eos 
defendit.  Nam  paucis  cum  sociis  pro  ponte  Sublicio  Hora- 
tius  hostis  sustinet,  dum  Romani  a  tergo  (behind hifji)  pontem 
rescindunt.  Mox  socios  dimittit  at  solus  se  (Jiimself)  pontemque 
contra  hostis  defendit.  Tandem  conruit  pons  magno  fragore. 
Turn  inter  hostium  tela  Horatius  armatus  in  Tiberim  desilit 
(junips  down)  et  ad  socios  tranat. 


READING   LESSON 


71 


180. 


VOCABULARY 


mox,  adv.  soon,  presently. 
pauci,  -ae,  -a,  plur.  few. 
solus,  -a,  -um,  alone  (312). 
tandem,  adv.  at  last. 


armatus,  -a,  -um,  armed. 

contra,  prep,  with  ace.  against. 

dum,  conj.  while. 

inter,  prep,  with  ace.  between,  amoni. 

defends,  defendere,  defendi,  defensus,  defend. 

obsideo,  obsidere,  obsedi,  obsessus,  besiege. 

sustineo,  sustinere,  sustinui,  sustentus,  hear,  hold  in  check. 

trano.  tranare.  tranavi.  ,  swim  across. 


181. 


CONVERSATION 


I.  Quis  fuit  Porsena  ?  Rex  Etruscorum  fuit.  2.  Militesne 
multi  ei  fuerunt  ?  Non  paucos  habuit  milites.  3.  Cur  urbem 
Romam  non  cepit  ?  Virtute  viri  validi.  4.  Cuius  virtutem 
non  superavit  Porsena  ?  Virtutem  Horati,  viri  Romani. 
5.  Diune  hostis  sustinebat  Horatius  ?  Non  diu,  nam  hostes 
erant  multi.  6.  Fugitne  tandem  Horatius  ?  Tandem  in 
Tiberim  desiluit  {jumped  down)  at  ad  socios  tranavit. 


A  Ro.MAN  Coin 


72 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


LESSON    XXVII 

ADJECTIVES   OF  THE   THIRD   DECLENSION 

The  Stem  ends  in  / 

Reading  Lesson 

182.  Paradigms 

audax,  bold j  stem  audaci-  brevis,  breve,  short ;  stem  brevi- 


Singular 

Singular 

M.  &  F. 

N. 

M.  &  F. 

N. 

Norn. 

audax 

audax 

brevis 

breve 

Gen. 

audacis 

audacis 

brevis 

brevis 

Dat. 

audaci 

audaci 

brevi 

brevi 

Ace. 

audacem 

audax 

brevem 

breve 

Abl. 

audaci,  -e 

audaci,  -e 

brevi 

brevi 

Plural 

Plural 

JVo/n. 

audaces 

audacia 

breves 

brevia 

Gen, 

audacium 

audacium 

brevium 

brevium 

Dat. 

audacibus 

audacibus 

brevibus 

brevibus 

Ace. 

audacis,  -es 

audacia 

brevis,  -es 

brevia 

Abl. 

audacibus 

audacibus 

brevibus 

brevibus 

acer,  acris,  acre,  keen 

',  eager  J 

stem  acri- 

SiNGULAE 

Plural 

MASC.            FEM. 

NEUT. 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

Norn. 

acer        acris 

acre 

acres 

acres 

acria 

Gen. 

acris       acris 

acris 

acrium 

acrium 

acrium 

Dat. 

acri         acri 

acri 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

Ace. 

acrem    acrem 

acre 

acris,  -es       acris,  -es 

acria 

Abl. 

acri         acri 

acri 

acribus 

acribus 

acribus 

a.  Adjectives  having  one  form  in  the  nom.  sing,  for  all  genders, 
like  audax,  are  called  adjectives  of  one  ending  ;  those  having  two 


ADJECTIVES    OE    THIRD    DECLENSION  73 

forms,  like   brevis,  breve,  adjectives  of   two  endings  ;   those  having 
three  forms,  like  acer,  acris,  acre,  adjectives  of  three  endings. 

b.  Observe  that  adjectives  of  two  and  three  endings  have  only  -i 
in  the  ablative  singular.  Compare  the  endings  of  i-stem  adjectives 
with  those  of  i-stem  nouns  (169).     What  differences  are  there? 

Note. —  Adjectives  of  one  ending  have  the  genitive  given  in  the  vocabu- 
laries ;  those  of  two  or  three  endings  have  only  the  nominative  given. 

c.  Decline  acre  animal,  keen  animal ;  breve  corpus,  s/iori  body ; 
hostis  audax,  bold  enemy ;  avis  acris,  keen  bird. 

183.  CAESA.R    IN    GAUL    (B.C.    58-51) 

.See  179,  note. 

Gaius  lulius  Caesar,  audax  dux  Romanorum,  Gallos  supe- 
ravit.  Milites  Caesarem  maxime  amabant,  nam  exemplum 
omnibus  praebebat  constantiae  et  fortitudinis.  Militum  salu- 
tem  imperator  diligenter  curabat,  omnisque  tolerabat  labores 
aeque  ac  {equally  wit/i)  milites.  Multae  et  fortes  erant  in 
Gallia  gentes,  sed  commiine  periculum  eas  non  coniunxit. 
Itaque  Caesar  bellum  cum  eis  gessit  et  tandem  omnem  Galliam 
in  {under)  potestatem  populi  Roman!  redegit. 

184.  VOCABULARY 

Caesar.  Caesaris,  m.  Caesar.  gens,  gentis  (genti-),  f.  race,  tribe. 

communis,  -e,  common.  labor,  laboris,  m.  toil,  hardship. 

constantia,  -ae,  f.  steadfastness.  omnis,  -e,  all,  the  whole,  every. 

exemplum,  -i,  n.  example.  periculum,  -i,  n.  danger. 

fortis,  -e,  brave.  populus,  -i,  m.  people. 

Gallia,  -ae,  f .  Gaul.  potestas,  potestatis,  f .  power. 

ciiro,  curare,  curavi,  curatus,  care  for,  take  care. 
gero,  gerere,  gessi,  gestus,  manage,  carry  on  (war), 
praebeo,  praebere,  praebui,  praebitus,  cause,  furnish,  show. 
redig5.  redigere,  redegi.  redactus,  reduce. 
tolero,  tolerare,  toleravi,  toleratus,  bear,  endure. 


74  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XXVIII 

FOURTH  CONJUGATION  —  I-VERBS 

Ablative  of  Time 

audio  (stem  audi-),  hear 

Principal  Parts  :   audio,  audire,  audivi,  auditus,  hear 

185.  Learn  the  active  indicative  present,  imperfect,  future,  and 
perfect  of  audio  (501). 

a.  Compare  the  inflection  of  audio  with  that  of  capio  (500).  Observe 
that  three  syllables  of  audi5  in  the  present  differ  in  quantity  from  the 
corresponding  ones  of  capio  :  audis,  audimus,  auditis. 

b.  Observe  that  the  perfect  stem  audiv-  is  formed  by  adding  v  to 
the  verb-stem  :  audi-,  audiv-.     For  the  personal  endings,  see  132. 

Note.  —  A  few  verbs  of  the  fourth  conjugation  form  the  perfect  irregu- 
larly ;  for  example,  venio  simply  lengthens  the  e  of  the  verb-stem  :  venio, 
veni ;  reperio  doubles  the  p  of  the  verb-stem :  reperio,  repperi. 

c.  Like  audi5  inflect  in  the  same  tenses  reperio,  Jind,  and  venio, 
co/ne  (189). 

186.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Audio,  audiebam,  audiam.  2.  Auditne.''  audiebat, 
audiet.  3.  Audiunt,  audiebant,  audient.  4.  Audimus,  audi- 
vimus,  audietis.  5.  Audivi,  audis,  audiverunt.  6.  Venis, 
venit,  venisti.  7.  Venit,  venimus,  veninius.  8.  Reperis  ? 
repperistis,  reperitis.     9.   Repperi,   reperit,  repperit. 

II.  I.  He  has  found,  they  have  found,  they  came.  2.  You 
are  hearing,  you  did  come,  he  heard.  3.  We  have  heard,  we 
found,  we  came.  4.  You  are  coming,  they  were  finding,  we 
shall  come.  5.  I  shall  hear,  we  hear,  they  heard.  6.  He  came, 
he  has  come,  they  hear. 


FOURTH   CONJUGATION  75 


187.  .\roikl  Sentences 

1 .  Homines  aestate  et  hieme  lab5rant,  vten  toil  in  summer  and  luintcr. 

2.  Decern  annis  Caesar  multa  bella  gessit,  'within  ten  years  Caesar 

carried  on  many  luars. 

a.  Observe  tliat  the  ablatives  above  are  expressions  of  time.  They 
answer  the  questions  w/ien  ?  in  or  within  what  time  ? 

188.  Rule.  —  Time  when  or  within  which  is  expressed 
1)1/  the  ablative. 

189.  VOCABULARY 

aestas,  aestatis,  f.  summer.  Vox,  IQcis,  f.  light. 

annus,  -i,  m.  year.  nox,  noctis  (nocti-),  f.  night. 

decem,  num.  adj.  indecl.  ten.  primus,  -a,  -Mva..Jirst. 

hiems,  hiemis,  f.  winter.  secundus,  -a,  -um,  second. 

hora,  -ae,  f.  hour.  tempus,  temporis,  n.  ti?ne. 

reperio,  reperire.  repperi,  repertus, //;/(^/. 

venio.  venire,  veni.  venturus,'  come. 

190.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Hieme  ventus  mare  nubisque  agitat.  2.  Aestale 
somnus  est  hominibus  defessis  gratus.  3.  Pueri  nubem  avium 
prima  lijce  in  mari  viderunt.  4.  Secunda  noctis  hora  magna 
avium  nubes  venit  ex  mari  in  terram.  5.  Caesar  bellum 
fortibus  cum  gentibus  gessit  easque  paucis  annis  superavit. 
6.   Periculum  commune  labores  Romanis  sociisque  praebuit. 

II.  I.  Welcome  summer  will  come  in  a  short  time. 
2.  Who  reduced  the  Gauls  under  (in  with  ace.)  the  power 
of  the  Roman  people  ?  3.  At  what  time  did  they  come  to 
the  city  ?  4.  At  the  second  hour  of  the  night  (there)  will  be 
a  full  moon.     5.  We  have  found  an  example  of  constancy. 

1  Future  active  participle.  This  is  given  in  the  principal  parts,  if  it 
occurs,  where  the  perfect  passive  participle  is  not  in  use. 


76  FIRST    YEAR  LATIN 

LESSON    XXIX 
Pluperfect  and  Future  Perfect  —  All  Conjugations 

191.  Read  again  59  and  131,  ^  and  review  the  principal  parts 
of  all  verbs  that  have  occurred  in  the  vocabularies,  beginning  with 
Lesson  XVI. 

192,  Paradigms 

Pluperfect 
/  had  loved,  etc.  /  had  advised,  etc. 

1.  amaveram        amaveramus  monueram        monueramus 

2.  amaveras  amaveratis  monueras  monueratis 

3.  amaverat  amaverant  monuerat  monuerant 

Future  Perfect 
/  shall  have  1  loved,  etc.  /  shall  have  ^  advised,  etc. 

1.  amavero  amaverimus  monuero  monuerimus 

2.  amaveris  amaveritis  monueris  monueritis 

3.  amaverit  amaverint  monuerit  monuerint 

a.  Observe  that  the  pluperfect  is  formed  on  the  perfect  stems 
amav-,  monu-,  by  adding  the  imperfect  of  sum  (502),  and  the  future 
perfect  by  adding  the  future  of  sum.  There  is  an  exception  in  one 
form.     Which  ? 

b.  Form  in  the  same  way  as  those  above  the  first  person  singular 
of  the  pluperfect  and  future  perfect  of  rego,  capio,  audio,  sum  on  the 
perfect  stems  rex-,  cep-,  audiv-,  fu-.  Inflect  and  verify  by  reference 
to  499-502. 

c.  All  verbs  form  the  pluperfect  and  future  perfect  on  the  perfect 
stem  in  the  same  way. 

d.  Inflect  the  pluperfect  and  future  perfect  of  tolero,  bear;  obsideo, 
besiege  J  gero,  tnanage  j  venio,  come. 

e.  Review  Vocabularies  180,  184,  189. 

1  Translate  the  second  and  third  persons  will  have,  etc. 


PLUPERFECT  AND   FUTL/RE   PERFECT  77 

193.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Amaverat,  monuerat,  rexerat.  2.  Ceperat,  audiverat, 
audiverant.  3.  Audiverit,  audiverint,  ceperit.  4.  Amaverant, 
monuerant,  rexerant.  5.  Cepero,  rexero,  audivero.  6.  Gesseras, 
veneras,  obsederas.  7.  Gesseram,  toleraveram,  obsederam. 
8.   Fuerat,  fuerant,  fueris.     9.   Fuerimus,  fueramus,  fuero. 

10.  Dux  filium  virtute  laudaverat.  11.  Forti  homini 
fuerint  multi  et  acres  amici  (115).  12.  Caesar  multa  bella  in 
Gallia  decern  annis  gesserat.  13.  Galli  oppida  magna  cum 
virtute  defenderant.      14.  Quo  tempore  noctis  arma  ceperis  ? 

15.  Inopia    cibi    populo    forti    magnos    praebuerit    labores. 

16.  Inter  tela  acrium  hostium  venerant  ad  muros. 

II.  I.  We  shall  have  come.  2.  You  had  found.  3.  He 
will  have  held  in  check.  4.  They  had  caused.  5.  They  had 
come.  6.  They  will  have  defended.  7.  Whom  had  he  cared 
for? 

8.  Horatius  had  long  held  the  enemy  in  check.  9.  Soon 
he  had  dismissed  (his)  comrades.  10.  Then  he  jumped  down 
(desiluit)  into  the  Tiber.  11.  Alone  he  swam  across  to  (his) 
comrades.  12.  The  common  danger  had  not  frightened  the 
Gauls. 

194.  REVIEW 

I.  What  word  must  always  be  used  in  translating  the  pluperfect? 
Ans.  had.  2.  Recall  the  three  ways  of  translating  the  perfect,  as 
amavit.  3.  Compare  the  pluperfect  of  sum  with  the  imperfect  of  the 
same  verb.  4.  Compare  the  future  of  sum  with  the  future  perfect  of 
the  same  verb.  5.  How  can  you  tell  whether  an  -15  verb  is  of  the 
third  or  the  fourth  conjugation?  6.  What  is  the  Latin  way  of  saying 
'•  the  Roman  people  "  ? 


78 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


LESSON    XXX 

Syntax  of  Names  of  Towns  :    Locative  Case 

195.  Names  of  towns  and  a  few  other  words  have  a 
form  called  the  locative  case,  which  expresses  the  idea  of 
at,  ift,  on. 

a.  The  locative  has  the  following  endings  for  names  of  towns  : 

Sing.    Plur. 

JRomae,  at  or  in  Rome  ; 


1st  Declension     -ae        -Is  : 
2d    Declension      -i  -Is  : 


LAthenis,  at  or  in  Athens. 
r  Corinthi,  at  or  /;/  Corinth  ; 
1  Delphis,  at  or  /;/  Delphi. 


,    r^     ,       .  _  ^   ^      .,  r  Carthagini,  at  or  z«  Carthap-ey 

3d   Declension     -i(e)    -ibus  :   <^    ,,.,  .     ^     ,,     "^ 

^  ^  ^  I  Tralhbus,  at  or  tn  Tral/es. 

b.  Other  locative  forms  are  domi,  at  home;  humi,  on  the  ground ; 
militiae,  in  the  field  (of  war)  ;  ruri,  in  the  country. 


196.  Models 


f  in  oppido,  in  the  town. 
L  in  Italia,  ift  Italy. 


{ad  fl&men,  to  the  river. 
in  urbem,  into  the  city. 
in  Italiam,  to  or  into  Italy. 


ab,  de,  ex  agris,/rtfw  the  fields. 
ab,  de,  ex  Italia,  fro7n  Italy. 


r  Capuae,  at  or  in  Capua. 
Delphis,  at  or  in  Delphi. 
I  domi,  at  ho7ne. 
[  riiri,  /;/  the  country. 

(Athenas,  to  Athens. 
R5mam,  to  Rome. 
I  domum,  home. 
y  rus,  to  or  into  the  country. 

r  Athenis, />7?w  Athens 
I  Roma,  from  Rome. 
1  diOva.0,  frof>i  ho?ne. 
(^  riire,  frofn  the  country. 


NAMES   OF    rOlVXS:   LOCATIVE    CASE  79 

a.  For  the  syntax  of  expressions  of  place  where,  place  whither, 
and  place  whence  other  than  names  of  towns,  illustrated  in  the  first 
column  of  models,  refer  to  8i,  i6o,  159. 

b.  Observe  that  the  foregoing  expressions  of  place  denoted  by 
names  of  towns,  together  with  domus,  rus,  etc.,  have  no  preposition. 

197.         Rules  for  names  of  towns  and  domus  and  rus 

1.  Place  where  is  expressed  by  the  locative. 

2.  Place  whither  is  expressed  by  the  accusative  without  a 
preposition. 

3.  Place  whence  is  expressed  by  the  ablative  without  a  prepo- 
sition. 

198  VOCABULARY 

Athenae,  -arum,  f.  plur.  Athens.  Delphi,  -orum,  f.  plur.  Delphi. 

Capua,  -ae,  f.  Capua.  f rater,  fratris,  m.  brother. 

Carthago,  -inis,  f.  Carthage.  Hannibal,  -alls,  m.  Hannibal. 

Corinthus,  -i,  f.  Corinth  (47,  2).  Poenus.  -i,  m.  a  Carthaginian. 

iaceo,  iacere,  iacui,  iacitunis,  lie  down,  lie. 

199_  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Prima  luce,  hieme,  aestate.  2.  Secunda  noctis  hora, 
decern  horis,  anno  secundo.     3.   Riire  Romam  venire. 

4.  Meus  frater  domi  rijri  manebat.  5.  Romani  domi 
militiaeque  erant  clari.  6.  Corinthi  et  Delphis  templa  pulchra 
videbamus.  7.  Hannibal  equites  peditesque  Capuam  misit. 
8.  Tandem  ex  Italia  Carthaginem  communi  periculo  ^  prope- 
ravit.     9.  COr,  pigri  pueri,  hum!  iacetis  ? 

II.  I.  From  Delphi  you  came  to  Athens.  2.  From  Athens 
you  hastened  to  Corinth.  3.  From  Corinth  you  came  home  to 
Rome.  4.  From  home  we  will  send  you  (te)  into  the  country. 
5.  The  boys  were  lying  on  the  ground  because  they  were  tired, 

1  See  165. 


8o 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


LESSON    XXXI 
The  Demonstratives  Hic  and  lUe:    Reading  Lesson 


200. 


Paradigms 


hic,  this;  plur.  these 


ille,  that;  plur.  those 


Singular 

Nom. 

hic 

haec 

hoc 

ille 

ilia 

illud 

Gen. 

huius 

huius 

huius 

illius 

illius 

illius 

Dat. 

huic 

huic 

huic 

illi 

illi 

illi 

Ace. 

hunc 

hanc 

hoc 

ilium 

illam 

illud 

AM. 

hoc 

hac 

hoc 

Plural 

illo 

ilia 

illo 

Nofn. 

hi 

hae 

haec 

illi 

illae 

ilia 

Gen. 

horum 

harum 

horum 

illorum 

illarum 

illorum 

Dat. 

his 

his 

his 

illis 

illis 

illis 

Ace. 

hos 

has 

haec 

illos 

illas 

ilia 

Abl. 

his 

his 

his 

illis 

illis 

illis 

a.  Compare  the  declension  of  ille  with  that  of  is  (138). 


20L 


Model  Sentences 


1 .  Hic  puer  est  laetus,  ilia  puella  est  tristis,  this  boy  is  merry,  that  girl 

is  sad. 

2.  Brutus  et  Marcus  sunt  amici  ;  ille  est  impiger,  hic  est  piger,  Brutns 

a}id  Marcus  are  friends;  t  lie  former  is  active,  the  latter  is  lazy. 

3.  H5c  donum  deae  est  gratum,  illud  de5,  this  gift  is  pleasing  to  the 

goddess,  that  {one)  to  the  god. 

a.  Observe  in  the  model  sentences  two  different  uses  of  hic  and 
ille  :  in  i  and  the  first  part  of  3  they  are  used  as  demonstrative 
adjectives  in  agreement  with  nouns  ;  in  2  and  the  last  part  of  3  they 
are  used  alone  as  demonstrative  pronouns. 


THE   DEMONSTRATIVES    HIC    AND    ILLE  8 1 

b.  Hie  and  ille  are  sometimes  used  as  personal  pronouns,  like  is, 
but  less  frequently,  meaning  //<?,  she,  it ;  often  in  contrast  hie  means 
the  latter,  ille  the  former,  as  in  the  second  model  sentence. 

c.  Observe  that  is  has  been  used  in  the  exercises  indifferently  for 
this  or  that  without  emphasis,  in  agreement  with  a  noun  ;  while  Mc 
means  this  and  ille  that  with  a  certain  emphasis.  Hie  is  applied  to 
what  is  near  the  speaker  in  place,  time,  or  thought.  Ille  is  applied 
to  what  is  remote  from  the  speaker  in  place,  time,  or  thought. 

d.  Ille  agreeing  with  a  noun  and  commonly  placed  after  it  some- 
times m.eans  that  well-known,  that  fatnous. 

202.  BRITAIN    INVADED    (B.C.    55    AND    54) 

In  insula  ilia  Britannia  olim  habitabant  Britanni.  Hanc 
terram  Roman!  bis  invaserunt.  111!  Britanni  magna  cum  vir- 
tute  pro  patria  pugnabant ;  Roman!  imperium  aurumque  capere 
tentabant.  lUos  Cassivelaunus,  dux  impiger  et  audax,  hos 
Caesar  ducebat.  111!  (dat.)  erant  milites  mult!  et  fortes,  sed  h!c 
bellum  cum  eo  feliciter  gerebat.  Caesar  illius  agros  vastavit 
oppidaque  cepit.  Tandem  Britannus  legatos  ad  Caesarem 
misit.  Hie  obsides  imperavit  {demanded).  Hos  obsides  tristis 
ex  Britannia  Romam  duxit. 

203.  VOCABULARY 

bis,  adv.  twice.  impiger,  -gra,  -grum,  active. 

Britannus,  -i,  m.  a  Briton.  laetus,  -a,  -um,  merry,  joyful. 

feliciter,  adv.  successfully.  obses,  obsidis,  m.  hostage. 

imperium,  imperi,  n.  power,  rule.  tristis,  -e,  sad,  gloomy. 

invado,  invadere,  invasi.  invasus,  invade. 

204.  EXERCISES 

I.  Caesar  gave  his  soldiers  that  (well-known)  example  of 
steadfastness.  2.  Caesar  had  found  a  brave  people  in  Britain. 
3.  They  carried  on  war  with  him.  4.  Great  was  the  power  of 
those  tribes.  5.  The  hostages  were  not  joyful,  for  Caesar  had 
led  them  from  (their)  home. 


82 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


LESSON    XXXII 
Passive  Voice  :    Ablative  of  Agent 

Active  and  Passive  Indicative  Present 


205. 

Paradigms 

Active 

Pers. 

Passive 

Pers. 

Singular 

End. 

Singular 

End. 

I. 

amo,  /  love. 

-o 

amor,  /  am  loved. 

-r 

2. 

a.msis,  you  love. 

-s 

amaris,  -re,  you  are  loved. 

-ris,  -re 

3- 

amat,  he  loves. 
Plural 

-t 

amatur,  he  is  loved. 
Plural 

-tur 

I. 

amamus,  we  love. 

-mua 

\         amamur,  we  are  loved. 

-mur 

2. 

amatis,  _>/(??/  love. 

-tis 

amamini,  yon  are  loved. 

-mini 

3- 

amant,  they  love. 

-nt 

amantur,  they  are  loved. 

-ntur 

a.  Observe  that  the  passive  forms  above  differ  from  the  active 
only  in  the  personal  endings.  To  the  stem  ama-  (final  a  dropped  in 
the  first  person)  the  passive  endings  are  added,  instead  of  the  active. 

b.  Compare  in  the  same  way  the  imperfect  and  future  active  and 
passive  (497).  The  passive  endings  are  added  to  the  tense-stems 
amaba-  and  amabi-,  except  in  the  second  person  singular  of  the  future, 
where  -bi-  is  changed  to  -be-.  What  is  true  of  amo  in  the  present, 
imperfect,  and  future  holds  true  of  moneo. 

c.  Review  the  active  and  learn  the  present,  imperfect,  and  future 
of  amo  (497)  and  moneo  (498)  in  the  passive.  Like  amo  inflect  in 
the  same  tenses  laudo,  praise;  and  like  moneo  inflect  doceo,  teach. 


206. 


EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Amat,  amatur.  2.  Amabat,  amabatur.  3.  Amabit, 
amabitur.  4.  Amant,  amantur.  5.  Amabant,  amabantur. 
6.  Amabuntne  ?  amabunturne  ?   7.  Amabo,  amabor.   8.  Amamus, 


PASSIVE    VOICE  83 

amamur.  9.  Moned,  moneor.  10.  Monebam,  monebar. 
II.  Monebo,  monebor.  12.  Mones,  moneris.  13.  Monebitis, 
nionebimini.      14.   Monetis,  monemini. 

II.  I.  Vou  praise,  you  are  praised.  2.  Tiiey  were  praising, 
they  were  praised.     3.  You  will  praise,  you  will  be  praised. 

4.  I  teach,  I  am  taught.  5.  We  teach,  we  are  taught.  6.  We 
shall  teach,  we  shall  be  taught.  7.  They  teach,  they  are 
taught.     8.  You  will  teach,  you  will  be  taught. 

207.  Model  Sente?ices 

1.  Agricola  agrum  arat,  the  farmer  ploughs  the  field. 

2.  Ager  ab  agricola  aratur,  the  field  is  ploughed  by  the  farmer. 

a.  Observe  the  changes  in  turning  the  active  into  the  passive  : 
(i)  the  object  in  the  active  becomes  the  subject  in  the  passive; 
(2)  the  subject,  that  is,  the  doer  or  agent,  in  the  active  is  expressed 
in  the  passive  by  the  ablative  with  a  or  ab. 

208.  Rule.  —  The  personal  agent  with  a  passive  verb 
is  expressed  by  the  ablative  with  a  or  ah. 

Note.  —  When  the  doer  is  not  a  person,  the  preposition  is  omitted. 

209.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Meus  frater  hunc  puerum  impigrum  laudabat.  2.  Hie 
puer  a  meo  fratre  laudabatur.  3.  Illi  homines  hos  omnis 
sustinebunt    Britannos.      4.   A    quo    non    amatur    imperium  ? 

5.  Haec  puella  laeta  docet ;  ilia  tristis  a  nostro  magistro  doce- 
tur.  6.  Insulam  Britanniam  bis  feliciter  invaserunt  Romani. 
7.  Hi  obsides  Romam  a  Caesare  portabuntur ;  eorum  patria 
vastabitur.     8.   Marcus  domi  iacet  aeger. 

II.  I.  Who  does  not  love  power?  2.  All  these  Britons 
will  be  held  in  check  by  those  men.  3.  This  merry  girl  was 
taught  by  the  master.  4.  My  brothers  were  praised  by  this 
boy. 


84  FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 

LESSON    XXXIII 
The  Relative  Qui 

210.  Paradigm 

qui,  ivho,  which,  what,  tliat 
Singular  Plural 


Norn. 

qui 

quae 

quod 

qui 

quae 

quae 

Gen. 

cuius 

cuius 

cuius 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 

Dat. 

cui 

cui 

cui 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Ace. 

quem 

quam 

quod 

quos 

quas 

quae 

Abl. 

quo 

qua 

quo 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

211.  Table  of  Mcatiitigs  for  Reference 

Note.  —  The  meanings  are  not  tabulated  with  reference  to  gender. 

Nom.  who,  which,  what,  that. 

Gen.  of  whom,  of  which,  whose,  of  what. 

Dat.  to  ox  for  whom,  to  or  for  which,  to  ox  for  what. 

Ace.  whom,  which,  what,  that. 

Abl.  by,  etc.,  whom,  which,  what. 

a.  Compare  the  declension  of  qui  with  that  of  quis  (142).     In  what 
does  the  difference  consist  ? 

212.  Model  Sentences 

1 .  Puellae  quas  laudavimus  bonae  erant,  the  girls  whom  we  praised 

were  good. 

2.  Consilium  quod  ille  homo  dat  laudatur,  the  advice  which  that  man 

gives  is  praised. 

3.  Homo  cui  sunt  multi  rem!  est  nauta,  the  man  who  has  {to  whom 

there  are')  many  oars  is  a  sailor. 

4.  Is  qui  est  f  ortis  laudatur,  he  who  is  brave  is  praised. 


THE   RELATIVE   QUI  85 

a.  Observe  that  the  relative  has  the  same  gender  and  number  as 
its  antecedent,  but  the  case  may  be  different.  In  the  model  sentences 
the  antecedents  are  in  the  nominative,  while  the  relatives  are  (i  and  2) 
in  the  accusative,  (3)  in  the  dative,  (4)  in  the  nominative. 

b.  Observe  that  is  in  the  fourth  sentence  does  not  refer  to  any 
particular  person,  but  means  otie,  a  man  ;  this  is  a  common  use  of  is 
as  the  antecedent  of  qui. 

213.  Rule.  —  A  relative  pronoun  agrees  with  its  ante- 
eedent  in  gender  and  Jiumber,  but  its  case  depends 
upon  its  relation  to  some  word  in  its  own  clause. 

214.  VOCABULARY 

captivus.  -i,  m.  prisoner,  captive.  gaudium,  gaudi,  n.  Joy. 

consilium,  consili,  n.  advice,  plan.  ingens,  ingentis,  Jiuge,  great. 

friistra,  adv.  in  vain.  mater,  matris,  f.  mother. 

servo,  servare.  servavi,  servatus,  save. 


215.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Hostes  impigri  a  quibus  patria  nostra  vastatur  sunt 
Romani.  2.  Hostes  qui  patriam  nostram  invaserunt  sunt 
Romani.  3.  li  homines  quorum  virtute  urbs  tenebatur  et 
servabatur  domum  e  bello  venient.  4.  Frustra,  mater  misera, 
doles  volnere  quod  filius  tuus  habet.  5.  Ingens  fuit  feminarum 
gaudium  quarum  viri  {Jiusbands)  e  bellis  venerunt.  6.  Laetus 
est  ille  obses  qui  non  tenetur  sed  liberatur.  7.  Consilia  quae 
illi  homines  dabant  urbem  servaverunt  ingentem. 

II.  I.  That  poor  mother  whose  son  is  lying  on  the  ground 
is  grieving  bitterly  (maxime).  2.  This  (man)  was  a  soldier  at 
Zama.  3.  He  was  wounded  by  the  sword  that  you  see. 
4.  The  man  to  whom  the  sword  belonged  (fuit)  at  that  time 
is  a  prisoner  at  Capua,  5.  The  prisoner  by  whom  this  soldier 
was  wounded  will  be  led  (ducetur)  to  Rome. 


86  FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 

LESSON    XXXIV 

Active  and  Passive  of  Reg5  and  Capio 

216.  a.  Review  the  active  voice  of  rego  and  capio,  present,  imper- 
fect, and  future,  and  learn  the  passive  of  the  same  tenses  (499,  500). 

b.  Observe  that  to  form  the  passive  you  have  only  to  substitute 
the  passive  personal  endings  (205)  for  the  active  except  in  one  form. 
Which  one  is  that,  and  what  is  the  change  ? 

217.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Regit,  regitur.  2.  Regebat,  regebatur.  3.  Reget,  rege- 
tur.  4.  Regunt,  reguntur.  5.  Regent,  regentur.  6.  Regis, 
regeris.  7.  Regebas,  regebaris.  8.  Reges,  regeris.  9.  Regi- 
mus,  regimur.  10.  Regitis,  regimini.  11.  Regam,  regar. 
12.  Capiunt,  capiuntur.  13.  Capiebat,  capiebatur.  14.  Capiet, 
capietur.  15.  Capient,  capientur.  16.  Capies,  capieris. 
17.  Capis,  caperis.  18.  Capiebas,  capiebaris.  19.  Capimus, 
capimur.     20.   Capitis,  capimini. 

a.  Like  rego  inflect  in  both  voices  the  same  tenses  of  duco,  lead; 
mitto,  send;  scribo,  write. 

b.  Like  capio  inflect  in  both  voices  the  same  tenses  of  iacio,  throw  j 
recipi5,  receive. 

II.  I.  He  leads,  he  is  led.  2.  They  will  lead,  they  will  be 
led.  3.  They  lead,  they  are  led.  4.  You  lead,  you  are  led. 
5.  We  shall  lead,  we  shall  be  led.  6.  We  send,  we  are  sent. 
7.  Is  he  sent  ?  Are  they  sent  ?  8.  He  will  send,  he  will  be 
sent.  9.  You  are  sent,  you  will  be  sent.  10.  They  were 
writing,  I  was  writing.  11.  We  write,  we  shall  write.  12.  We 
throw,  we  are  thrown.  13.  We  threw,  we  were  thrown. 
14.  He  will  throw,  they  will  be  thrown.  15.  Who  receives? 
Who  was  received?  16.  Who  will  receive?  They  will  be 
received.      17.  We  shall  receive,  you  will  be  received. 


REGO    AND   CAPIO 


87 


218. 


VOCABULARY 


castra,  -orum,  n.  plur.  camp. 
c5nsul,  consulis,  m.  consul. 
exsul,  exsulis,  m.  exile. 


iam,  adv.  already,  fiow. 
ira,  -ae,  f.  anger,  wrath. 
pax,  pacts,  f .  peace. 

abduco,  abducere,  abduxi,  abductus,  lead  away. 
recipio,  recipere,  recepi,  receptus,  receive. 
scribo,  scribere,  scripsi,  scriptus,  write. 
vinc5,  vincere,  vici,  victus,  defeat,  conquer. 


219. 


EXERCISES 


I.  Militem  gladio  volneratum  {wounded)  videbamus.  2.  Ex- 
sul matrem  ingenti  cum  gaudio  vidit.  3.  Tristes  erunt  matres 
quae  cum  captivis  capientur.  4.  Iam  ad  consulem  mitten- 
tur  legati.  5.  Legati  de  pace  in  castra  consulis  venerunt. 
6.  Bene  a  consule  recipiebantur.  7.  Non  iam '  fuit  imperator 
irae  plenus.  8.  Ira  consulis  vincitur,  hostes  ab  eo  abducuntur. 
9.   Frustra  epistulas  quas  repperi  scripsisti. 

1  Non  iam,  no  longer. 


Ancient  Plough 
Nudus  ara,  sere  nudus. —  V^ergil 


88  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XXXV 
Personal  and  Reflexive  Pronouns 

220.  a.  Learn  the  personal  and  reflexive  pronouns  with  their 
meanings  (492). 

b.  The  personal  pronoun  of  the  third  person,  when  not  reflexive, 
is  supplied  by  the  demonstrative  is,  and  sometimes  by  hie  or  ille. 

221.  Model  Sentences 

1.  Ego  te  laudo  ;  tu  me  culpas,  I  praise  you  ;  you  blame  me. 

2.  Omnes  homines  se  (pr  sese)  amant,  all  men  love  themselves. 

3.  Tu  te  amas  ;  omnes  nos  amamus,  you  love  yourself;  we  all  love 

ourselves. 

4.  Filius  mecum  domi  manet,  my  son  stays  at  home  with  me. 

a.  Observe  that  verbs  have  been  used  already  many  times  in  the 
first  and  second  persons  without  the  subjects  ego,  tu,  nos,  vos  being 
expressed  (61,  a).     They  are  used  only  for  emphasis  or  contrast. 

b.  The  reflexive  pronoun  refers  back  to  the  subject  of  the  clause 
in  which  it  stands,  as  in  2  above  :  se  refers  to  homines. 

c.  The  personal  pronouns  of  the  first  and  second  persons  are  often 
used  with  reflexive  sense,  as  in  3  above :  te  and  nos. 

d.  The  preposition  cum  with  the  ablative  of  personal  and  reflexive 
pronouns  is  appended  to  them  :  mecum,  instead  of  cum  me  :  vobiscum, 
instead  of  cum  vobis,  etc.  So  also  usually  with  relative  and  interroga- 
tive pronouns  :  quibuscum,  with  whom. 

222.  Model  Sentcfices 

1 .  Ego  qui  scribo  sum  tuus  amicus,  /  who  write  am  your  friend. 

2.  Tu  qui  scribis  es  meus  amicus,  you  who  write  are  my  friend. 

a.  Observe  that  the  relative  does  not  change  to  conform  to  the 
person  of  the  antecedent,  but  that  the  verb  of  the  relative  clause  is 
in  the  same  person  as  the  antecedent. 


PERSONAL    AND    REFLEXIVE   PRONOUNS 


223. 


VOCABULARY 


culpa,  -ae,  f.  blame,  fault. 
epistula,  -ae,  f.  letter. 
galea,  -ae,  f.  helmet. 


numquam,  adv.  never. 

sine,  prep,  with  abl.  without. 

vita,  -ae,  f.  life. 

culpo,  culpare,  culpavi,  culpatus,  blame. 


224. 


EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Ad  castra  consulis  veniam.  2.  Quis  exsulis  iram 
vicit  ?  3.  Frustra  de  culpa  tua  scribitur.  4.  Captivi  recipiuntur 
et  abducuntur.  5.  Puella  se  culpat.  6.  Liberos  nostros 
amamus  nos  omnes.  7.  Nos  sumus  miseri,  laeti  estis  vos. 
8.  Tua  vita  tibi,  mea  mihi  est  cara.  9.  Sine  vobis  et  vobiscum 
sumus  miseri.  10.  Omnia  vestra  consilia  n5bls  sunt  grata. 
1 1.  Vos  qui  estis  laeti  ad  nos  epistulas  scribitis. 

II.  I.  We  who  praise  you  blame  them.  2.  I  shall  walk  in 
the  garden  with  you.  3.  Never  shall  I  be  miserable  with  you. 
4.  I  who  write  this  letter  to  you  am  at  Carthage.  5.  We 
praise  ourselves  ;  you  blame  yourselves.  6.  What  helmets  do 
you  see  ?     Roman  helmets. 


Helmets 


90  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XXXVI 

Active  and  Passive  of  Audio :    Reading  Lesson 

225.  a.  Review  the  active  voice  of  audio,  present,  imperfect,  and 
future,  and  learn  the  passive  of  the  same  tenses  (501). 

b.  Observe  that  to  form  the  passive  you  have  only  to  add  to 
the  stem  the  passive  personal  endings  (205)  in  place  of  the  active. 
Compare  216,  b. 

226.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Audit,  auditur.  2.  Audiebat,  audiebatur.  3.  Audiet, 
audietur.  4.  Audimus,  audimur. .  5.  Audiemus,  audiemur. 
6.  Audiam,  audiar.  7.  Auditis,  audimini.  8.  Audietis,  audie- 
mini.  g.  Audis,  audiris.  10.  Audiebam,  audiebar.  11.  Audi- 
unt,  audiuntur.      12.  Audiebant,  audiebantur. 

a.  Like  audio  inflect  in  the  same  tenses  punio,  punish;  reperio, 
Jind. 

II.  I.  I  punish,  am  punished.  2.  I  was  punishing,  was 
punished.  3.  I  shall  punish,  shall  be  punished.  4.  They 
punish,  are  punished.  5.  They  will  punish,  will  be  punished. 
6.  He  finds,  is  found.  7.  He  found,  was  found.  8.  He  will 
find,  will  be  found.  9.  You  will  find,  will  be  found.  10.  You 
find,  are  found. 

a.  Review  Vocabularies  218,  223. 

227.  CORIOLANUS    AND    HIS    MOTHER 

Olim  ingens  terror  urbi  Romae  a  Volscis,  qui  erant  populi 
Romani  hostes  audaces,  praebebatur.  Nam  Volsci  a  Corio- 
lano,  exsule  Romano,  concitabantur  et  ducebantur.  lam 
aedificia  multa  in  agris  ab  hostibus  delentur.  Gives  a  consule 
armantur,    urbs    cibo    completur.       Friastra.       Turn    terrore 


ACTIVE   AXD   PASSIVE    OE  AUDIO 


91 


ingenti  Romani  matrem  Coriolani  ad  eum  miserunt  de  pace, 
quia  ilia  a  filio  maxime  amabatur.  Veturia,  mater,  in  castra 
ad  filium  venit.  Earn  videns  {seeing),  "O  mea  patria," 
clamavit  Coriolanus,  "  vicisti  iram  meam  !  "  et  statim  hostis 
abduxit.     Sic  Roma  servabatur. 


228. 


VOCABULARY 


aedlficium,  -i,  n.  building. 
Coriolanus,  -i,  m.  Coriolanus. 
sic,  adv.  thus. 


statim,  adv.  at  once. 

Veturia,  -ae,  f.  Veturia. 

Volsci,  -5rum,  m.  plur.  Volscians. 


armo,  armare,  armavi,  armatus,  arm. 

clamo,  clamare,  clamavi.  clamatus,  cry  out,  exclaim. 

compleo,  complere,  complevi.  completus,  y?//. 

concito,  concitare,  concitavi.  concitatus,  stir  up,  rouse. 

deleo,  delere,  delevi,  deletus,  destroy,  wipe  out. 


Patriae,  fili,  bellum  Infers  i 


92  FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 

LESSON    XXXVII 
Possessive  Adjectives  :  Ablative  of  Separation 

229.  The  possessive  adjectives  are  formed  from  the 
stems  of  the  personal  pronouns  (492).  They  are  also 
used  without  a  noun  as  possessive  pronouns. 

meus,  -a,  -um  (voc.  sing.  masc.  (own),  its  (own'),  their  (own)  ; 

mi),  wy,  mine.  his,  hers,  its,  theirs. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  our,  ours.  tuus,  -a,  -um,  your,  yours. 

suus,  sua,  suum,  his  (own),  her  vester,  -tra,  -trum,  your,  yours. 

Note.  —  When  your,  yours  refers  to  one  person,  tuus  is  used  ;  when  to 
more  than  one,  vester. 

230.  Model  Sentences 

I.  Marcum  eius  cura  laudamus,  we  praise  Marcus  for  his  care. 
1.  Puer  amico  librum  suum  dat,  the  boy  gives  his  book  to  a  friend. 

a.  Observe  that  in  i  eius  does  not  refer  to  the  subject  of  the  sen- 
tence, but  to  the  object;  while  in  2  suum  does  refer  to  the  subject  puer, 
as  suis  to  German!  in  231,  3.  Suus  is  reflexive,  that  is,  refers  back 
to  the  subject  ;  the  genitives  of  is  are  not  reflexive.  This  distinction 
is  important,  because  forms  of  suus  may  very  often  be  translated  like 
the  genitives  of  is,  —  his,  her,  its,  their. 

b.  Suus  is  emphatic  also  ;  hence  it  is  often  omitted  in  Latin  where 
the  meaning  is  clear  without  it  and  where  its  use  would  give  too  much 
emphasis.     See,  for  example,  144,  i  and  2  ;  also  234,  II.  5. 

231.  Model  Sentences 

1.  Hic  homo  cibo  caret,  this  man  lacks  food. 

2.  II16  me  liberat  periculo,  he  frees  jne  from  that  danger. 

3.  German!  Roman5s  a  finibus  suis  arcebant,  the  Germans  kept  the 

Romans  off  from  their  ^  lands. 

1  That  is,  the  Germans'. 


ABLATIVE    OF  SEPARATION  93 

a.  Observe  the  use  of  the  ablative  to  denote  that  from  which 
there  is  freedom,  removal,  or  separation,  or  that  which  is  lacking. 
The  ablative  so  used  answers  the  questions />■(?;«  what?  of  what? 
and  is  called  the  ablative  of  separation.  The  ablative  of  place 
whence,  with  or  without  a  preposition  (i  58,  1 59)  is  of  the  same  nature. 

232.  Rule.  —  Words  signifying  privation,  removal, 
or  separation  are  followed  hy  the  ablative,  without  a 
preposition,  or  with  the  prepositions  a  (ab),  de,  e  (ex). 

233.  VOCABULARY 

aeger,  -gra.  -gram,  sick.  Germanus,  -i,  m.  a  German. 

avaras,  -a,  -um,  greedy.  pecunia,  -ae,  f.  money. 

defensor,  -oris,  m.  defender.  vacuus,  -a,  -um,  empty,  destitute  of. 

arceo,  arcere,  arcui,  ,  keep  off. 

careo,  carere,  carui,  cariturus,  be  in  want  of  lack. 
demigro,  demigrare,  demigravi,  demigratus,  remove,  go  away. 
privo,  privare,  privavi,  privatus,  deprive. 
spolio,  spoliare,  spoliavi,  spoliatus,  rob,  plunder. 
KoTE.  — A  preposition  is  used  with  the  ablative  after  arceo  and  demigrd. 

234.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Germani  galeis,  hastis  scutisque  arinabantur.  2.  Aedi- 
ficiorum  defensores  culpabantur.  3.  Quis  non  dolet  culpis 
suis  ?  4.  Statim  clamabant  feminae.  5.  Sic  urbs  complebatur 
terrore.  6.  Statim  hostes  concitabantur.  7.  Avari  milites 
aras  spoliaverunt  donis.  8.  Urbem  defens5ribus  vacuam 
reppererunt.  9.  Vos,  piratae,  arcebit  deus  a  sua  ara.  10.  Ille 
vir  aeger  aqua  privabatur. 

II.  I.  Our  friends  lacked  money.  2.  My  boy,  that  horse 
lacks  grain  and  water.  3.  We  shall  remove  from  the  city  into 
the  country.  4.  The  goddess  kept  off  the  enemy  from  her 
own  temple.  5.  Those  women  were  robbed  of  (their)  children. 
6.  You  will  free  us  from  care. 


94  FIRST   YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XXXVIII 

PASSIVE  VOICE  — ALL  CONJUGATIONS 

Indicative  Perfect,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect 

235.  a.  Recall  the  principal  parts  of  am5  and  examine  the  forma- 
tion of  the  passive  indicative  perfect  (497).  Observe  that  it  is 
formed  by  adding  the  present  tense  of  sum  to  the  perfect  participle 
amatus. 

Note.  —  The  participle  is  declined  like  bonus  in  the  nominative  singular 
and  plural  to  agree  with  the  subject  of  the  verb  in  gender  and  number. 

b.  Now  examine  the  pluperfect  and  future  perfect.  How  are 
these  tenses  formed } 

c.  The  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect  passive  of  all  verbs 
are  formed  in  the  same  way. 

d.  Recall  the  principal  parts  of  moneo,  rego,  capio,  and  audio, 
and  examine  the  formation  of  the  three  tenses  in  the  same  way 
(498-501).     What  do  you  discover?      Learn  these  three  tenses. 

236.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Vir  amatus  est,  femina  amata  est,  bellum  amatum  est. 

2.  Viri  amati  sunt,  feminae  amatae  sunt,  bella  amata   sunt. 

3.  Milites  moniti  erant,  puer  monitus  erit,  animal  monitum 
est.  4.  Agricola  rectus  est,  urbs  recta  est,  oppidum  rectum  est. 
5.  Captus  sum,  captus  eram,  captus  ero.  6.  Audit!  sumus, 
audit!  eramus,  auditi  erimus.  7.  Rectus  es,  rectus  eras,  rectus 
eris.     8.  Templa  spoliata  sunt.     9.  A^olsci  Roma  abducti  sunt. 

II.  I.  The  greedy  soldier  was  warned,  had  been  warned, 
will  have  been  warned.  2.  The  buildings  have  been  taken, 
had  been  taken,  will  have  been  taken.  3.  The  territories  had 
been  ruled.  4.  The  cities  will  have  been  defended.  5.  You 
had  not  been  loved.  6.  Thus  we  (fem.)  shall  have  been  heard. 
7.  Germans  had  been  defenders  of  their  country. 


PASSIVE    VOICE— ALL    CONJUGATIONS 


95 


237. 


VOCABULARY 


antiquus,  -a,  -um,  ancient,  old. 
arx,  arcis  (arci-),  f.  citadel. 
copia,  -ae,  f.  plenty,  plur.  troops. 
crudelis,  -e,  cruel. 


ingens,  -ntis,  great,  huge. 
mora,  -ae,  f.  delay. 
sine,  prep,  with  abl.  without. 
verbum,  -i,  n.  word. 


238. 


EXERCISES 


I.  Multa  in  Italia  oppida  a  Romanis  aedificata  sunt. 
2.  Omnes  puellae  rosis  ornatae  erant.  3.  Tua  verba  a  me 
audita  erunt.  4.  Eo  tempore  urbs  cibo  militibusque  fuit  vacua. 
5.  Bellum  quod  a  Caesare  gestum  est  crudelefuit.  6.  Copiae 
quae  ab  .eo  in  Galliam  missae  sunt  friimento  caruerunt. 
7.  Aurum  quod  a  Caesare  ex  Gallia  portatum  erat  in  tempio 
habitum  est  antiquo.  8.  Ad  te  sine  mora  scrlbam.  9.  In  arce 
quae  ab  hominibus  antiquis  aedilicata  erat  ignis  fuit  ingens. 
10.  Omnia  templa  auro  spoliata  erant. 


96  FIRST    YEAR  LATIN 


LESSON    XXXIX 

239.  REVIEW:    READING    LESSON 

I .  Give  four  locative  forms,  not  names  of  towns,  with  their  mean- 
ings. 2.  Give  the  table  of  locative  endings,  singular  and  plural,  of 
the  first  three  declensions.  3.  How  do  you  say  in  Latin  :  (i)  in  the 
town,  to  the  town,  from  the  town  ?  (2)  in  Rome,  to  Rome,  from 
Rome?  Give  the  four  rules  that  apply.  4.  What  is  the  Latin  for 
the  former,  the  latter?  5.  Write  side  by  side  the  tables  of  active 
and  passive  personal  endings  for  the  first  three  tenses.  6.  Give  the 
passive  future  second  person  singular  of  amo  and  moneo.  7.  Point 
out  five  examples  of  the  ablative  of  agent  in  227.  8.  In  what  respects 
must  the  relative  agree  with  its  antecedent?  9.  In  215,  I.  point 
out  a  relative  in  the  accusative  with  its  antecedent  in  the  ablative. 
ID.  Express  in  Latin  /  who,  you  who,  he  who.  11.  What  do  the 
foregoing  examples  show  about  the  Latin  relative  as  to  \}(\t  person  of 
the  antecedent?  12.  When  do  you  express  jt??/;-  by  tuus,  and  when 
by  vester?  13.  Point  out  a  sentence  in  234,  I.  where  suus  is  both 
reflexive  and  emphatic.  14.  What  two  cases  are  used  with  spolio 
and  privo?  (See  234,  I.  7.)  15.  In  we  blame  the  mati  for  his  fault 
should  you  translate  his  by  suus  or  eius  ? 

240.  SCIPIO    AND    HANNIBAL 

See  179,  note. 
Scipio  et  Hannibal  erant  clari  imperatores.  Ille  erat 
Romanus  qui  victorias  magnas  reportavit ;  hie  Poenus  qui 
Romanos  multis  pugnis  vicit.  Hannibal  puer  ^  ad  aras  a 
patre  adductus  ^  odium  iuravit  in ''  Romanos.  Adulescens 
oppida  in  Hispania  multa  expugnavit,  tum  Alpis  montis 
superavit*  Romanesque  saepe  vicit  in  Italia.  Scipio  ad  ^ 
Ticinum  flumen  vitam  patris  virtute  servavit  posteaque  ad 
Cannas  contra  Hannibalem  se  fortem  praebuit. 

1  when  a  boy-  "  led.  ^  against.  *  passed  over.  ^  near. 


h'I-:i7Eir:    READING    LESSON 


97 


Bellum  ill  Africam  est  transportatuin  Ibique  Scipio  Hanni- 
haleni  ad  Zaniam  superavit.  Magnificum  triumphum  Romae 
habuit  et  a  populo  Romano  appellatus  est  Africanus. 


241. 


VOCABULARY 


adulescens,  -ntis,  m.  a  youth. 
flumen,  fluminis,  n.  ri7<er. 
ibi,  adv.  there. 
magnificus,  -a,  -um,  splendid. 


mons,  -tis  (monti-),  m.  iiiountain. 
odium,  odi,  n.  hatred. 
postea,  adv.  afterwards. 
pugna,  -ae,  i.Jight,  battle. 


adduce,  adducere,  adduxi,  adductus,  lead  to. 

appello,  appellare,  appellavi.  appellatus,  call. 

expugnS,  expugnare,  expugnavi,  expugnatus,  take  by  storm. 

iur5,  iurare,  iuravi,  iuratus,  swear,  take  ati  oath. 


5  FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 

LESSON    XL 

FOURTH   DECLENSION 
The  Stem  ends  in  u 

242.  Paradigms 

gradus,  rri.  step     cornu,  n.  horn 


Stems 

i:  gradu- 

cornu- 

Terminations 

SlNGULAR 

Masc. 

Neut. 

Norn. 

gradus 

cornu 

-us 

-a 

Gen. 

gradus 

cornus 

-us 

-us 

Dat. 

gradui  (-u) 

cornu 

-ui(-ii) 

-u 

Ace. 

gradum 

cornu 

-um 

-u 

Abl. 

gradu 

cornu 

Plural 

-u 

-ii 

Norn. 

gradus 

cornua 

-us 

-ua 

Gen. 

graduum 

cornuum 

-uum 

-uum 

Dat. 

gradibus 

cornibus 

-ibus  (-ubus) 

-ibus  (-ubus) 

Ace. 

gradus 

cornua 

-us 

-ua 

Abl. 

gradibus 

cornibus 

-ibus  (-ubus) 

-ibus  (-ubus) 

a.   Dissyllables  in-cus,  a.rtus,joi/i/,  portus,  harbor,  and  a  few  other 
nouns  have  the  dative  and  ablative  plural  in  -ubus. 

243.     Rule  of  Gender.  —  Mouns  of  the  fourth  declen- 
sion in  -us  are  masculine ;  those  in  -u  are  neuter. 

Note.  —  For  general  rules  of  gender,  see  47,  2. 

a.  Domus,  house,  Idiis,  the  Ides,  manus,  hand,  and  a  few  others 
are  feminine. 

b.  For  the  declension  of  domus,  see  482.     Domi  is  used  only  as  a 
locative  (195,  b). 


FOURTH  DECLENSION  99 

c.   Decline  exercitus  magnus,  large  army ;  mea  manus,  my  hand ; 
cornu  longum,  long  liorn. 

244.  VOCABULARY 

adventus,  -us.  m.  coming.  frons,  frondis,  f.  leaf,  foliage. 

altus,  -a,  -um,  Jiigh,  tall,  deep.  gradus,  -us,  m.  step,  degree. 

cantus.  -us,  m.  song,  singing.  lacus,  -us,  m.  lake. 

civitas,  civitatis,  f.  the  state.  manus,  -us,  f.  hand. 
cornu,  -us,  n.  horn,  -wing  (oi  an  army),     ornamentum,  -i,  n.  ornament. 

domus,  -us,  f.  house,  home.  palus,  paludis,  f.  marsh. 

exercitus,  -us,  m.  army.  quercus,  -us,  f.  oak  tree. 

congrego,  congregare,  congregavi,  congregatus,  gather,  assemble. 
facio,  facere,  feci,  factus,  do,  make. 


245.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Inter  scholam  et  domum  multos  facimus  gradus. 
2.  Adventus  avium  nos  delectat.  3.  Earum  cantus  cum 
gaudio  audimus.  4.  Hieme  cantus  non  iam'  audiuntur. 
5.  Aves  in  lacubus  paliidibusque  se  congregant.  6.  Pueri 
avium  domos  altis  in  quercubus  reperiunt.  7.  Quercus  frons 
antiquis  temporibus  erat  victoris  ornamentum.  8.  Salus 
civitatis  in  manibus  consulum  erat.  9.  Consules  erant  exer- 
cituum  imperatores. 

II.  I.  Many  animals  fight  with  their-  horns.  2.  Many 
lakes  are  seen  among  the  mountains.  3.  The  songs  of  birds 
were  heard  among  the  oaks.  4.  We  had  been  delighted  by 
the  coming  of  the  birds.  5.  Their''  songs  were  gladly  heard 
by  us,  by  you,  by  all.  6.  Our  house  lacks  children.  7.  The 
state  will  not  lack  brave  citizens. 

1  See  foot-note,  p.  87. 

2  Is  this  word  to  be  translated  into  Latin .''     See  230,  i. 
8  Is  this  word  to  be  omitted  in  translation  or  not .' 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XLI 
COMPARISON   OF  ADJECTIVES 

Ablative  of  Comparison 


246.    Latin  adjectives  have  three  degrees  of  comparison, 
the  positive,  the  comparative,  and  the  superlative. 


247.  Models 

Positive  Comparative 

altus  (alto-),  high,  deep  altior,  altius 

brevis  (brevi-),  short  brevior,  brevius 

audax  (audaci-),  bold  audacior,  audacius    aud 


Superlative 
altissimus,  -a,  -um 
brevissimus,  -a,  -um 


acissimus, 


a.  Observe  that  the  comparative  is  formed  from  the  stem  of  the 
positive  by  dropping  the  stem  vowel  and  adding  -lor  for  the  masculine 
and  feminine  and  -ius  for  the  neuter  ;  the  superlative  by  adding 
-issimus,  -issima,  -issimum. 

248.  Decle7ision  of  a   Comparative 

Singular  Plural 

M.  &  F.  N.  M.  &  F.  N. 

altius  altiores  altiora 

altioris  '    altiorum  altiorum 

altiorl  altioribus  altioribus 

altius  altiores,  -Is  altiora 

altiore,  -i  altioribus  altioribus 

a.  Compare  carus  (caro-),  dear ;  levis  (levi-),  light;  prudens  (prii- 
denti-),  wise;  and  decline  the  comparative  of  each  like  altior. 


Notn. 

altior 

Gen. 

altioris 

Dat. 

altiori 

Ace. 

altiorem 

Abl. 

altiore,  -i 

249.  Model  Sentefices 

.  Pinus  altior  est  quam  quercus,  ] 


2.  Pinus  altior  est  quercu, 


the  pine  is  taller  than  the  oak. 


COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTVllS  IDI 

a.  Observe  that  you  can  say  in  Latin,  withn-it  ditftienc;  oi  mean- 
ing, altior  quam  quercus  and  altior  quercu. 

250.  Rule.  —  The  comparative  is  followed  by  the 
ablatire   jcheii   quam    (than)    is    omitted. 

251.  VOCABULARY 

albus,  -a,  -um,  white.  leo,  leonis,  m.  lion. 

brevis,  -e,  short,  brief.  nix,  nivis,  f.  snow. 

canis,  canis,  m.  and  f.  dog.  pinus,  -i  (abl.  pinu),  i.  pine  tree. 

elephantus,  -i,  m.  elephant.  prudens,  prudentis,  wise,  sagacious. 

fidelis.  -Q.  faithful,  trusty.  quam,  loa].  than. 

iter,  itineris,  n.  way,  march  (4S2).  vita,  -ae,  f.  life. 

252.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Quod  iter  brevius  est  quam  illud  ?  2.  Quod  iter 
brevius  est  illo  ?  3.  Copiae  ad  {/war)  paludem  magnam  se 
congregaverunt.  4.  Inter  exercitus  iacet  lacus.  5.  Patria 
ndbis  est  carior  vita.  6.  Mare  est  altius  fluminibus  altissimis. 
7.  Fortiorem  exercitum  quam  tuum  non  vidi.  8.  Mihi  gratior 
est  amici  adventus  cantu  avium.  9.  Ciiius  canis  nostro  est 
fidclior  ?  10.  Montes  altissimi  aestate  nive  sunt  albi. 
1 1.   Gives  sapientes  sunt  civitatis  ornamentum  pulcherrimum. 

II.  I.  My  hand  is  broader  than  yours.  2.  The  elephant 
is  bolder  than  the  horse.  3.  Elephants  are  more  sagacious 
than  lions.  4.  I  have  seen  a  white  oak  taller  than  your  house. 
5.  Lions  are  the  boldest  animals.  6.  Oaks  are  broader  than 
pines.  7.  That  man  took^  steps  longer  than  mine.-  8.  Why 
was  I  deprived  of  my  money  ?  9.  The  foliage  of  the  oak  is 
most  dear  to  me. 


.-^IRST    YEAR  LATIN 

LESSON    XLII 

COMPARISON    OF   ADJECTIVES  —  Continued 

Partitive  Genitive 


253. 

Positive 
miser  (misero-),  wretched 
acer  (acri-),  keen 


Models 

Comparative 
miserior,  miserius 
acrior,  acrius 


Superlative 
miserrimus,  -a,  -um 
acerrimus,  -a,  -um 


a.  Observe  that  the  comparative  of  adjectives  in  -er  is  formed 
regularly  (247,  a),  but  the  superlative  is  formed  by  adding  -rimus, 
-a,  -um  to  the  positive. 

254.  The  following  six  adjectives  in  -lis  form  the  comparative 
regularly,  but  the  superlative  is  formed  by  dropping  the  final  vowel 
of  the  stem  and  adding  -limus,  -a,  -um.  Commit  these  to  memory 
with  their  meanings  and  comparison. 


Positive 
facilis,  -e,  easy 
difficilis,  -e,  hard 
similis,  -e,  like 
dissimilis,  -e,  tinlike 
humilis,  -e,  low 
gracilis,  -e,  slender 


Comparative 
facilior,  -ius 
difficilior,  -ius 
similior,  -ius 
dissimilior.  -ius 
humilior,  -ius 
gracilior,  -ius 


Superlative 
facillimus,  -a,  -um 
difficillimus,  -a,  -um 
simillimus,  -a,  -um 
dissimillimus,  -a,  -um 
humillimus,  -a,  -um 
gracillimus,  -a,  -um 


255.  Model  Setitetices 

1 .  Via  est  asperior,  the  road  is  rather  (or  too')  rough. 

2.  Via  est  asperrima,  the  road  is  very  rough. 

a.  Sometimes  the  comparative  and  superlative  are  used  without 
making  comparison  between  two  objects  ;  then  the  comparative  means 
rather  or  too  and  the  superlative  very  or  exceedittgly . 


PARTITIVE   GEMTIVE  1 03 

256.  Model  Sentences 

1 .  Ille  vir  plus  pecuniae  habet  quam  tu,  iliat  inan  has  more  {of) 

in  amy  tliaii  yon. 

2.  Multi  militum  volnerati  sunt,  many  of  the  soldiers  were  wounded. 

3.  Nihil  novi  audivi,  I  have  heard  nothing  {pf^  new. 

a.  Observe  that  each  genitive  denotes  a  whole,  and  the  word  on 
which  it  depends  denotes  a  part  of  that  whole.  Such  a  genitive,  of 
which  a  part  is  taken,  is  called  2i  partitive  genitive. 

b.  Sometimes  e  (ex)  with  the  ablative  is  used  instead  of  the  parti- 
tive genitive ;  regularly  so  with  cardinal  numerals  :  quinque  ex  mili- 
tibus,  five  of  the  soldiers. 

257.  Rule. —  The  partitive  genitive  is  used  to  denote 
a  whole  of  ichich  a  part  is  taJcen. 

258.  VOCABULARY 

aer.  aeris  (ace,  aera),  m.  air.  lenis,  -e,  gentle,  soft. 

angustus,  -a,  -um,  narrow.  lingua,  -ae,  f.  tongue,  language. 

frigidus,  -a,  -um,  cold.  litus,  litoris,  n.  shore. 

Latinus,  -a,  -um,  Latin.  pars,  partis  (parti-),  f.  part. 

259.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Multum  itineris  est  angustum  sed  facillimum.  2.  Prima 
luce  partem  hostium  vidimus  in  monte.  3.  Omnium  urbis 
viarum  ilia  fuit  brevissima.  4.  Homines  Africae  hominibus 
Europae  sunt  dissimillimi  (117).  5.  Aer  hoc  in  litore  est 
Lenior ;  non  saepe  est  frigidissimus.  6.  Linguam  Latinam 
repperi  difficiliorem.  7.  Hannibal  in  {against)  Romanos 
ingens  odium  iuravit.     8.   Eius  finis  vitae  non  fuit  felix. 

II.  I.  Your  faithful  dog  is  very  like  mine.  2.  Snow  lies 
white  and  very  deep  on  these  shores  in  winter.  3.  My  sword 
is  rather  long.  4.  You  have  plenty  of  courage,  but  not  much 
money.     5.   Have  you  a  friend  more  sagacious  than  you  (are)  .' 


I04 


FIRST   YEAR   LATIN 


LESSON    XLIII 

COMPARISON   OF  ADJECTIVES  —  C<7«^/««^a' 
Ablative  of  Degree  of  Difference 


260.  Both  the  comparative  and  the  superlative  of  several  common 
adjectives  are  irregular.  Commit  to  memory  the  following  with  their 
meanings  and  comparison  :  — 


Positive 
bonus,  -a,  -um,  good 
magnus,  -a,  -um,  great 
malus,  -a,  -um,  bad 
multus,  -a,  -um,  diucIi 
multi,  -ae,  -a,  many 
parvus,  -a,  -um,  small 
iuvenis,  -&,  young 
senex,  senis,  old  (4S2) 
vetus,  veteris,  old 


Comparative 
melior,  melius 
maior,  maius 
peior,  peius 

,  plus 

plures,  plura 
mmor,  minus 
iunior  (minor  natu) 
senior  (maior  natia) 
vetustior,  -ius 


Superlative 
optimus,  -a,  -um 
maximus,  -a,  -um 
pessimus,  -a,  -um 
plurimus,  -a,  -um 
plurimi,  -ae,  -a 
minimus,  -a,  -um 
minimus  natii 
maximus  natu 
veteirimus,  -a,  -um 


261.      Declension  of  plus,  tnore ;  plural,  fnore,  many,  several. 


S 

INGULAR 

Plural 

M.  &  F. 

N. 

M.  &.  F. 

N. 

Nam. 

plus 

plures 

plura 

Gen. 

pluris 

pluiium 

plurium 

Dat. 

pluribus 

pluribus 

Ace. 

plus 

pluris,  -es 

plura 

Abl. 

pliire 

.    pluribus 

pluribus 

262.  Certain  adjectives  form  their  comparative  and  superlative 
from  prepositions  or  adverbs,  and  certain  others  have  two  forms  in 
the  superlative.  See  489.  These  should  be  learned  as  they  occur 
in  the  vocabularies. 


ABLATIVE   OF  DEGREE  105 

263.  Model  Sentences 

1.  Luna  est  multo  minor  quam  terra,  the  moon  is  /nuch  smaller  than 

the  earth. 

2.  Pater  pede  altior  est  filio,  the  father  Is  a  foot  taller  than  his  son. 

a.  Observe  that  the  ablatives  multo  and  pede  answer  the  question 
{by)  how  much  ?  They  denote  the  degree  of  difference  between  the 
objects  compared. 

264.  Rule. — Degree  of  difference  is  expressed  hy  the 
(thJatii-e. 

265.  VOCABULARY 

centum,  num.  adj.  indecl.  a  hundred.  orator,  -oris,  m.  orator. 

Cicero,  -onis,  m.  Cicero.  pigritia,  -ae,  f.  laziness. 

civis,  -is  (civi-),  m.  citizen.  pliis,  pluris,  more. 

inferus,  -a,  -um,  low,  below  (489).  Pompeius,  -1.  m.  Potnpey. 

interdum,  adv.  sometimes.  sapiens,  sapientis,  wise. 

mendacium,  -1,  n.  lying,  falsehood.  sex,  num.  adj.  indecl.  six. 

natii  (abl.),  m.  by  birth,  in  age.  superus,  -a,  -um,  high,  above 
opera,  -ae,  f.  work.  (489)- 

266.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Aliquid  {sotnet/iing)  novi  saepe  audio.  2.  Caesar  sex 
annis  minor  natu  erat  quam  Pompeius.  3.  Aer  urbis  nostrae 
est  asperrimus.  4.  Hieme  centum  gradibus  frigidior  est  quam 
aestate.  5.  Rurl  sunt  viae  pedibus  multis  angustiores  quam 
in  urbe.  6.  Optimos  civis  amamus,  timemus  pessimos.  7.  Tua 
operae  pars  est  maior  mea.  8.  Summum  montem  imamque 
paliidem  video. 

II.  I.  Pompey  was  six  years  older  than  Caesar.  2.  Cicero 
was  the  most  famous  of  Roman  orators.  3.  The  greatest 
orators  are  sometimes  the  worst  citizens.  4.  But  Cicero  saved 
Rome  by  the  wisest  plans.  5.  What  is  worse  than  laziness  .' 
6.   Lying  is  much  worse  than  laziness. 


[o6 


FIRST  YEAR   LATIN 


LESSON    XLIV 


COMPARISON   OF  ADVERBS 


267. 


Models 


Positive 


care  (from  carus),  dearly 
misere  (from  miser),  wretchedly 
acriter  (from  acer),  eagerly 
facile  (from  facilis),  easily 
bene  (from  bonus),  well 
male  (from  malus),  badly 
multum  (from  mixltus),  7nuch 


Comparative 

Superlative 

carius 

carissime 

miserius 

miserrime 

acrius 

acerrime 

facilius 

facillime 

melius 

optime 

peius 

pessime 

plus 

plurimum 

a.  Review  the  comparison  of  the  adjectives  from  which  the  above 
adverbs  are  derived  and  learn  the  comparison  of  the  adverbs  and 
their  meanings. 

b.  Observe  that  the  comparative  of  the  adverb  is  the  same  as  the 
neuter  comparative  of  the  adjective ;  and  that  the  superlative,  with 
one  exception,  is  formed  from  the  superlative  of  the  adjective  by 
changing  final  -us  to  -e. 

c.  Compare  the  adjectives  brevis,  short;  felix,  lucky  j  liber,  freej 
similis,  like;  then  compare  the  adverbs  formed  from  them  :  breviter, 
briefly  J  feliciter,  successfully ;  libere,  freely;  similiter,  similarly. 
Commit  to  memory  the  meaning  of  these  adverbs. 


268. 


EXERCISES 


I.  I.  Parentes  liberos  maxime  amant.  2.  Eis  consilia 
dant  optima.  3.  Pro  eis  laborant  diligentissime.  4.  Mox 
gramen  arboresque  virebunt.  5.  Turn  in  illam  silvam  amplam 
quam  hinc  videmus  errabimus.  6.  Cur  linguae  Latinae  plus 
operae  non  das?  7.  Earn  multo  facilius  disces  quam  f rater 
maior  natu  tuus.  8.  Ex  hoc  summo  monte  facile  video  sex 
urbes  centumqae  vias.     9.  In  imis  terrae  partibus  sunt  flumina 


COMPAR/SOX  OF  ADVERBS  107 

parva.  10.  Sapientissime  dixit  pater  meus:  "  Mendacium  est 
peius  pigritia."  11.  Sed  sine  dubio  est  pigritia  pessimum 
vitiuin. 

11.  I.  A  very  famous  orator  was  six  years  older  than 
Caesar.  2.  Sometimes  Caesar's  enemies  fought  more  bravely 
than  his  soldiers.  3.  But  his  soldiers  fought  very  bravely. 
4.  Often  he  suddenly  changed  his  camp.  5.  He  carried  on 
many  wars  successfully.  6.  He  ruled  Rome  wisely  and  well. 
7.    He  was  killed  there  by  his  enemies. 

269.  VOCABULARY 

amplus,  -a,  -um,  large,  Jionorable.  hinc,  adv.  /lence,  from  here. 

arbor,  -oris,  f.  tree.  parens,  parentis,  m.  and  f.  parent. 

dnigenter,  adv.  diligently.  pro,  prep,  with  abl./<7r,  07i  behalf  of. 

diu(diutius.diutissime),adv. /^«^.  sapienter,  adv.  wisely. 

dubium,  dubi,  n.  doubt.  subito,  adv.  suddenly. 

gramen.  -inis,  r\..  grass.  vitium,  vitT,  w.  fault. 

disco,  discere,  didici,  disciturus,  learn. 
do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  give. 
erro,  errare,  erravi,  erratus,  wander.,  err. 
muto,  mutare,  mutavi,  mutatus,  change. 
neco,  necare,  necavi,  necatus,  kill. 
vireo,  virere,  virui,  ,  be  green. 

270,  CONVERSATION 

1.  Cur  in  hoc  litore  manes  .'  QfTia  hic  {Jierc)  aera  lenissi- 
mum  repperi ;  hic  mare  est  pulcherrimum. 

2.  Dii:me  manebis  hoc  in  loco  angusto  ?  Non  diu  ;  mox  in 
urbem  ambulabo,  ibique  diutissime  manebo. 

3.  Viane  in  urbem  est  asperrima  .'  Pars  viae  est  asperior, 
pars  facillima. 

4.  Quando  (^vhen')  in  banc  terram  venisti  ?  Proximo  (fast') 
anno  de  Germania  demigravi  cum  parentibus. 

5.  Quanto  (fiow  miicK)  altior  es  fratre }     Capite  altior. 


io8 


FIRST   YEAR   LATIN 


View  of  Napl 


LESSON    XLV 
Reading  Lesson  :   Review 


271. 


A    LETTER    FROM    POMPEII 


Si  tu  vales,  bene  est ;  ego  quoque  valeo.  Hanc  epistulam 
ad  te  laetus  scribo.  Medici  consilio  cum  parentibus  in  Italia 
hiemavi.  Dum  apud  vos  nives  omnia  implent,  nos  hie  nivem 
raro  videmus ;  aer  est  lenissimus ;  ridet,  ut  (as)  est  apud 
poetas,  caelum.  Interdum  in  litore  ambulo  vel  in  hortis 
amplis  erro,  nam  gramen  arboresque  iam  virent.  Hinc  video 
Vesuvium  montem,  hinc  totam  fere  urbem,  hinc  pulchras 
insulas  in  mari  sitas.  Linguae  Latinae  cotidie  multum  do 
operae.  Eam  linguam  facilius  Graeca  disco.  Sed  iam  finem 
faciam  epistulae ;  mox  coram  omnia  tibi  narrabo.  Vale, 
mi  amice. 


READING   LESSON:    REVIEW  IO9 

272.  CONVERSATION 

1.  Nam  Italia  hieme  impletur  nive?  Monies  altissim! 
nive  implentur. 

2.  Nonne  semper  ridet  caelum  ?     Fere  semper  caelum  ridet. 

3.  Ubi  est  terra  pulchrior  Italia  ?  Pulchrior  terra  non  est 
quam  Italia. 

4.  Num  Italiae  sunt  flumina  longissima  ?  Tiberis  et  Padus 
sunt  longiores. 

5.  Suntne  eius  urbes  pulcherrimae  ?  Pulcherrimae  Europae 
sunt  urbes. 

273.  VOCABULARY 

apud,  prep,  with  ace.  at,  -with.  num,    interrog.   adv.    Suggests 
coram,  7\.di'^.face  to  face.  the  answer  710. 

cotidie,  adv.  daily.  quoque,  adv.  also,  too. 

fere,  adv.  almost.  raro,  adv.  seldom. 

hie,  adv.  here.  si,  conj.  if. 

medicus,  -i,  m.  doctor,  physician.  situs,  -a,  -um,  situated. 
nonne,  interrog.  adv.  7iot  ?    Suggests    totus,  -a,  -um,  whole  (312). 

the  answer  jfj-.  vel,  conj.  or. 

hiemo.  hiemare,  hiemavi.  hiematurus,  spend  the  winter. 

impleo,  implere,  implevi,  impletus.y?//,  cover. 

rideo,  ridere,  risi,  risus.  smile,  laitgh. 

valeo,  valere,  valui,  valiturus,  be  well ;  vale,  farewell. 

274.  REVIEW 

I .  Give  the  endings  of  the  comparative  in  the  nominative.  2.  Give 
the  six  adjectives  that  form  the  superlative  in  -limus.  3.  How  do 
adjectives  in  -er  form  the  superlative  ?  Compare  acer  and  asper  ;  also 
iuvenis  and  senex.  4.  Give  the  genitive  plural  of  melior  and  plus ; 
give  the  masculine  and  feminine  accusative  plural.  5.  How  do  you 
make  the  comparative  and  superlative  of  most  adverbs  derived  from 
adjectives?  6.  Compare  pulchre,  beautifully,  and  acriter,  eagerly. 
7.   Express  in  Latin  six  of  the  oak  trees  j  I  am  a  head  taller  than  you. 


FIRST  YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XLVI 

FIFTH   DECLENSION :   The  Stem  ends  in  e 
Accusative  of  Extent 


275.  Paradigms 

dies,  m.  day  res,  f.  ihvtg 


Stems 

:die- 

re- 

Terminations 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Nom. 

dies 

dies 

res 

res 

-es 

-es 

Gen. 

diel 

dierum 

rei 

rerum 

-li 

-erum 

Dat. 

diei 

diebus 

rei 

rebus 

-ll 

-ebus 

Ace. 

diem 

dies 

rem 

res 

-em 

-es 

Abl 

die 

diebus 

re 

rebus 

-e 

-ebus 

a.  Only  dies  and  res  are  complete  in  the  plural.  A  few  other 
nouns  have  the  nominative  and  accusative  plural. 

276.  Rule  of  Gender.  —  Mouns  of  the  fifth  declension 
are  feminine,  except  dies,  which  is  commonly  mascu- 
line in  the  singular  and  always  in  the  plural. 


277. 


Model  Sentences 


1.  Decern   annos  Troia    oppiignabatur,    Troy   was   besieged  for   ten 

years. 

2.  Turris  alta  est  centum  pedes,  tJie  tower  is  a  hundred  feet  high. 

a.  The  accusative  annos  denotes  duration  or  extent  of  time;  pedes, 
extent  of  space.  Such  accusatives  answer  the  questions  how  long? 
how  far?  in  time  or  space,  and  may  be  called  accusatives  of  extent. 

278.  Rule.  —  Extent  of  time  or  space  is  expressed 
hy  the  accusative. 


FIFTH  DECLENSION  III 


279.  VOCABULARY 

acies,  -ei,  f.  line  of  battle.  mille    passuum,    thousand   (of) 
castra,  -5rum,  n.  plur.  cainp.  paces,  mile  (305,  e). 

decern,  indecl.  ten.  passus,  -us,  m.  pace,  step. 

dies,  -ei,  m.  day.  planities,  -ei,  f.  plain. 

fides,  -ei,  f.  trust,  confidence.  posterus,  -a,  -um,  next  (489). 

Gallus,  -i,  m.  a  Gaul.  quinque,  indecl. yf?'^. 

impetus,  -us,  m.  attack.  res,  -€i,  f.  thi7tg,  event,  fact. 

mille,  thousand  (304).  spes,  -ei,  f.  hope. 

discedo.  discedere,  discessi,  discessurus,  go  off,  depart. 
exspecto,  exspectare,  exspectavi,  exspectatus,  await,  expect. 
instruo,  instruere,  instriixi,  instructus,  draw  up,  tnarshall. 
p6n5,  p5nere,  posui,  positus,  put,  place,  pitch  {camp). 


280.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Caesar  castra  summo  in  monte  posuit.  2.  Castra 
summo  in  monte  a  Caesare  posita  sunt.  3.  Hinc  hostes  magna 
in  planitie  visi  sunt.  4.  Inter  hunc  montem  et  illam  plani- 
tiem  erat  flumen  quod  centum  pedes  erat  latum.  5.  Caesar 
aciem  instruxit  impetumque  hostium  exspectabat.  6.  Eius 
equites  maiorem  diei  partem  in  cornibus  manebant.  7.  Sed 
hostes  impetum  non  fecerunt.  8.  Nam  parvam  victoriae  spem 
habuerunt.  9.  Postero  die  quinque  milia  ^  passuum  ex  illo 
loco  discesserunt.      10.  Tum  friimento  pluris  dies  caruerunt. 

II.  I.  Caesar  heard  about  this  fact  from  several  mes- 
sengers. 2.  His  soldiers,  too,  saw  the  camp  of  the  enemy 
not  many  miles  away  from  (ab)  their  own  ^  camp.  3.  Caesar 
had  the  greatest  confidence  in  his  soldiers.^  4.  But  the  river 
was  much  too  deep.  5.  This  fact  deprived  the  soldiers  of  all 
hope.  6.  His  soldiers  were  deprived  of  all  hope  by  this 
event. 

1  See  305,  e.       ^  See  229.       ^  in  his  soldiers  :  expressed  by  the  dative. 


112 


FIRST  YEAR   LATIN 


LESSON    XLVII 

THE   SUBJUNCTIVE   MOOD 
Purpose  Clauses  with  ut  and  ne 


281. 

Act.  Subjv.  Pres. 

1.  amem  am  emus 

2.  ames  ametis 

3.  amet  ament 


Paradigms 


Pass.  Subjv.  Pres. 

1.  amer  amemur 

2.  ameris,  -re        amemini 

3.  ametur  amentur 


282. 


Subjunctive  Pi-esent 


}- 


reg 
capi      I 

^"^i    J    -ar, 


-as. 


Active 
-at. 


-amus. 


-ant 


Passive 
-aris  (-re),     -atur,  -amur.     -amini,     -antur 

a.   Learn  the  present  subjunctive  of  sum  (502). 


283. 


Model  Sentences 


1 .  Gives  se  armant  ut  pugnent,  the  citizens  arm  themselves  that  they 

may  fight,  in  order  that  they  may  fight,  in  order  to  fight, 
for  the  purpose  of  fighting,  to  fight. 

2.  Pueri  laborant  ne  culpentur,  the  boys  ivork  that  they  j/iay  not  be 

blamed,  so  that  they  may  not  be  blamed,  in  order  not  to  be 
blamed,  lest  they  be  blamed. 

a.  Observe  that  the  dependent  clauses  express  \\-\t.  purpose  of  the 
action  in  the  principal  clauses,  ut  introducing  affirmative  and  ne 
negative  clauses. 

b.  Observe  the  various  ways  of  translating  ut  {that,  etc.)  and  ne 
{that  .  .  .  not,  etc.)  and  the  subjunctive.  Purpose  clauses  may  be 
translated  by  the  English  infinitive,  but  the  Latin  infinitive  must  not 
be  used  to  express  purpose. 


THE   SUBJUNCTIVE   MOOD  II3 

284.  Rule.  —  The   subjunctive    is    used   with  ut  and 
lie  to  cxpi-css  purpose. 

285.  VOCABULARY  ^REVIEW) 

deleo,  delere,  delevi,  deletus,  destroy. 
duc5,  ducere,  duxi,  ductus,  lead. 
facid,  facere,  feci,  f actus,  make,  do. 
mitto.  mittere,  misi,  missus,  send. 
moveo,  movere,  m5vi.  motus,  move. 
punio,  piinire,  punivi,  piinitus,  punish. 
recipio,  recipere,  recepi,  receptus,  receive. 
reperio.  reperire,  repperi,  repertus,  yf «^. 
scribo,  scribere,  scripsi,  scriptus,  write. 
video,  videre,  vidi,  visus,  see. 

286.  EXERCISES 


J 


ornet,       moneat,       regat,       capiat, 
I.  Mittitur  ut -^  5rnetur,    moneatur,    regatur,    capiatur, 
\  audiat,  audiatur. 

(jrnent,     moneant,      regant,      capiant, 
Eos  mittimus  ut-^  ornentur,  moneantur,  regantur,  capiantur, 
audiant,  audiantur. 

^  f  ames,     moneas,     regas,     capias,     audias, 

3.  Te  moneo  ut  .  !         ^     .         ^.     .  ,.     . 

[  ameris,  monearis,  regaris,  capiaris,  audiaris. 

4.  Eum  monemus  ne  miles  sit,  5.  Eos  monemus  ne  milites 
sint.  6.  Vos  moneo  ut  prudentes  sitis.  7.  Nos  monet  ut 
simus  acres  diem  noctemque. 

II.  I.  He  is  sent  in  order  that  he  may  fight,  destroy,  write, 
do,  find.  2.  He  will  send  them  that  they  may  destroy,  write, 
do,  find.  3.  You  (sing.)  are  sent  to  destroy,  write,  do,  find. 
4.  They  are  sent  that  the  city  may  not  be  destroyed,  ruled, 
taken,  punished.  5.  He  advises  us  not  to  be  called,  moved, 
led,  taken,  found.  6.  We  advise  them  not  to  move,  see,  write, 
do,  find.     7.   I  advise  him  to  be  active. 


114  FIRST  YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XLVIII 

THE    SUBJUNCTIVE   ^OOH  —  Continued 

Purpose  Clauses  —  Conthmed :   Result  Clauses 

287.  Paradigm 

Subjunctive  Imperfect 


'Active 
-m,  -s.  -t 


am  are 

monere 

regere 

capere      I  Passive 

-ris  (-re),  -tur  -mur,  -mini,  -ntur 


\ 


audire 
esse         J 

a.  Observe  that  the  subjunctive  imperfect  can  alwaj^s  be  formed 
by  adding  the  personal  endings  (205)  to  the  active  infinitive  present. 
For  the  quantity  of  e  before  -mus,  etc.,  see  497-502. 

288.  Alodel  Sentences 

1 .  Gives  se  armabant  ut  pugnarent,  citizens  armed thevisehies  that  they 

might  fight,  to  fight,  etc.  (283). 

2.  Gives   piignabant  ne  oppidum  deleretur,  citizens  fought  that  the 

t02un  might  not  be  destroyed. 

a.  Compare  the  above  sentences  with  those  of  2S3.  The  sub- 
junctive present  follows  the  indicative  present,  the  subjunctive  imper- 
fect follows  the  indicative  imperfect  or  perfect.     So  also  in  289. 

289.  Model  Sentences 

1.  Iter  tam  longum  est  ut  puer  sit  defessus,  the  Jo  urn  ty  is  so  long  that 

the  boy  is  tired  out. 

2.  Puer  tam  malus  fuit  ut  a  magistro  non  laudaretur,  the  boy  was  so 

bad  that  he  was  Jiot  praised  by  his  master. 

a.  Observe  that  the  above  dependent  clauses  express  result,  ut 
introducing-  affirmative  and  ut  non  negative  clauses. 


77/ A"    SL'BJUXCriVE   MOOD  II5 

290.  Rule.  —  The    mibjitnctire   is  used   with   at  and 
lit  n~>n  til  c.v })!'(' ss  result. 

291.  VOCABULARY 

c5nsul.  consulis,  m.  consul.  pauci,  paucae,  pauca  (plur.)./t«'. 

epistula,  -ae,  f.  letter.  semper,  adv.  aliuays. 

ita,  adv.  so.  in  such  a  way.  tam,  adv.  so,  so  very. 

accido,  accidere,  accidi,  ,  Z'?^/  upon.,  happen. 

ago,  agere,  egi,  actus,  act,  do. 

c5gn6sco.  cognoscere,  cogn5vi,  cognitus,  learn,  know. 

vivo,  vivere,  vixi,  ,  lii'e. 


292.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Accidit  (pres.)  ut  —  vocem,  ducatur,  recipias,  mittan- 
tur.  2.  Accidit  (perf.)  ut  non  —  vocares,  deleretur,  mitterem, 
reciperet.  3.  Accidit  ut  luna  plena  esset.  4.  Puer  ita  egit 
ut  ab  omnibus  amaretur.  5.  Urbs  deleta  est  ne  ab  hostibus 
caperetur.  6.  Urbs  tarn  fortiter  defensa  est  ut  decern  dies 
non  caperetur.  7.  Hoste§  ,in  silvas  fugerunt  ne  a  nostris 
militibus  viderentur.  8.  Hostes  in  silvas  fugerunt  ut  a  nostris 
militibus  non  viderentur.  9.  lUi  parentes  ita  vixerunt  ut  liberis 
essent  carissimi.  10.  Caesar  tantam  {so  great)  fidem  militibus^ 
habuit  ut  impetum  postero  die  faceret. 

II.  r.  It  happened  that  —  I  seat,  he  was  sent,  they  were 
led,  they  wrote.  2.  It  happens  that  he  does  not  —  punish, 
call,  receive,  find.  3.  They  were  so  few  that  they  fled.  4.  They 
were  so  brave  that  they  did  not  flee.  5.  I  was  sent  to  carry 
a  letter  to  Rome.  6.  Who  of  us  is  so  wise  as  to  know  all 
things  (omnia)  ?  7.  The  lieutenant  led  the  soldiers  out  of  the 
camp  in  order  to  draw  up  a  line  of  battle.  8.  It  happened 
that  the  enemy  did  not  draw  up  a  line  of  battle  for  six  hours. 

1  Compare  2S0,  II.  3,  and  note. 


Il6  FIRST  YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    XLIX 
Indirect  Question  :  Sequence  of  Tenses 

293.  Paradigm 

amav  Active  Subjunctive  Perfect 

monu 

I   -erim,    -eris,    -erit  -erimus,    -eritis,     -erint 

rex        I 

*^^P        j  Active  Subjunctive  Pluperfect 

-issem,  -isses,  -isset  -issemus,  -issetis,  -issent 

fu  J 

a.  Make  similar  tables  to  illustrate  the  passive  subjunctive  perfect 
and  pluperfect  in  all  conjugations  (497-502). 

294.  Model  Sentences 

Direct  Question  Indirect  Question 

I.  Ubisunt?  where  are  they  ?        2.  Audit  ubi  sint,  he  hears  where 

they  are. 

a.  Observe  that  the  dependent  clause  in  2  begins  with  an  inter- 
rogative word  (ubi)  and  contains  the  substance  of  the  direct  question  i. 
Such  a  dependent  clause  is  called  an  indirect  question. 

295.  Rule. —  The  verb  of  an  indirect  question  is  in 
the  subjunctive. 

296.  Model  of  Sequence 

Principat  Tenses 

1 .  Audit,  he  hears  1    ubi  sint,  ruhere  they  are, 

2.  Audiet,  he  will  hear  V  ubi  fueriat,  where  they  were  or 

3.  Audiverit,  he  will  have  heard  J        have  been. 

Historical  Tenses 

1.  Audiebat,  he  was  hearing  ^    ^^^.  ^^^^^^^  ^^j^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^^ 

2.  Audivit,  he  heard  )-  ^^.  ^^.^^^^^^  ^j^^^^  ^,^^^  had  been. 
I.  A.}x^\yQX3ii,  he  had  heard           J 


SEQUENCE    OE    TENSES  I  17 

a.  Observe  what  tenses  of  the  subjunctive  follow  the  present, 
future,  and  future  perfect  {principal  tenses),  and  what  tenses  follow 
•the  imperfect,  perfect,  and  pluperfect  (Jiistorical  tenses). 

297.  Rule.  —  vi  principal  tense  is  followed  by  the 
subjunctive  present  or  perfect;  an  historical  tense  by 
the  subjunctive  imperfect  or  pluperfect. 

a.  Occasionally  the  perfect  (classed  as  an  historical  tense)  mean- 
ing have,  has  .  .  .  ,  is  followed  by  the  subjunctive  present  or  perfect. 

298.  VOCABULARY 

cur,  adv.  why?  qu5,  adv.  whither? 

die  (imperative),  say,  tell.  quot,  adv.  how  many? 

num,  adv.  whether  (in  indirect  ubi,  adv.  where  ? 

questions).     See  273.  unde,  adv.  whence? 

rog5,  rogare.  rogavi,  rogatus,  ask. 
sold,  scire,  scivi,  scitus,  know. 

299.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Scit  quid  agant,  quid  egerint.  2.  Sciebat  quid  agerent, 
quid  egissent.  3.  Die  mihi  cur  rideant,  cur  riserint.  4.  Audi- 
verant  unde  milites  venirent,  unde  milites  venissent.  5.  Roga- 
verunt  cur  laudaretur,  cur  laudatus  asset.  6.  Rogat  cur 
laudentur,  cur  laudati  sint.  7.  Num  in  manibus  ambulas  ? 
8.  Quid  illi  pueri  fecerunt  ?  9.  Die  nobis  quid  illi  pueri 
fecerint.  10.  Qu5  volant  eae  columbae  ?  11.  Bene  scimus  quo 
volent ;  domum  volant.     12.  Rogavi  num  saepe  Romae  fuisset. 

II.  I.  Tell  me  where  you  were,  what  you  did.  2.  Some 
came  to  see,  others  to  be  seen.  3.  They  are  so  lazy  that 
they  do  not  work.  4.  He  asked  me  why  I  had  come.  5.  I 
had  heard  where  he  had  been.  6.  The  general  asked  whether 
they  had  all  come  from  home.  7.  How  many  soldiers  are 
coming  ?     8.   Do  you  know  how  many  soldiers  are  coming  ? 


Il8  FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 

LESSON    L 

READING    LESSON  :  '  REVIEW 

300.  CAESAR    WINS    A    VICTORY 

Postero  die  Caesar  ex  castris  exercitum  eduxit  et  iter^  ad 
flumen  fecit. ^  Quae  res  hostibus  nota  est,  quorum  peditatus  a 
nostris  summo  in  colle  videbatur. 

Turn  Caesar  equites  in  cornibus  conlocavit  ut  peditatum 
iuvarent,  et  militum  suorum  animos  ad  pugnam  ita  concitavit. 
"  Milites,  omnis  rei  publicae  spes  in  nostra  virtute  posita  est. 
Audaces  fortuna  iuvat.  Fortibus  erit  victoria."  Hostes  tarn 
acriter  in  nostram  aciem  impetum  fecerunt  ut  hi  paululum 
{a  little)  cederent.  Brevi  autem  tempore  hostes  ita  superati 
simt  ut  ex  omnibus  pugnae  partibus  trans  flumen  fugerent. 
Eorum  dux  captus  -  et  Romam  missus  est. 

301.  VOCABULARY 

acriter,  adv.  spiritedly.  peditatus,  -us,  m.  infantry. 

animus,  -i,  m.  Jtiind.,  spirit.  ^vLgna.,-&e,i.  battle, Jield {of  battle). 

autem, 3  conj.  bjit.  res  publica,  rei  publicae,  f.  republic, 

coUis,  -is  (colli-),  m.  hill.  commonwealth,  state. 

equitatus,  -iis,  m.  cavalry.  trans,  prep,  with  ace.  across. 

cedo,  cedere,  cessi,  cessurus,  give  way,  retire. 
conloco,  conlocare,  conlocavi,  conlocatus,  set,  station,  place. 
educo,  educere,  eduxi,  eductus,  lead  out,  draw  out,  draw. 
iuvo,  iuvare,  iuvi,  iutus,  aid,  help. 

302.  EXERCISES 

I.  Caesar  drew  up  his  line  of  battle  on  a  hill.  2.  'I'here 
the  soldiers  remained  a  part  of  the  day.      3-   In  order  to  rouse 

1  iter  fecit,  tnarched.  ^  Never  first  in  a  sentence. 

2  Supply  est. 


READING  LESSON:   REVIEW  II9 

the  spirits  of  the  soldiers,  he  said  :  "  Wo.  (^este;  bold,  soldiers, 
and  the  victory  will  be  yours."  4.  "The  cavalry  will  aid  the 
infantry;  the  enemy  will  not  withstand  (sustineo)  your  attack." 
5.  "They  are  brave  men,  but  you  are  much  braver."  6.  Then 
the  Romans  fought  very  spiritedly.  7.  Soon  the  enemy  fled. 
8.   We  do  not  know  whither  thev  Hed. 


303.  REVIEW 

I.  (live  the  rule  for  the  gender  of  nouns  of  the  fifth  declension. 
2.  Wliat  case  is  used  in  Latin  in  sucli  expressions  as  during  three 
t/ijj's  he  walked  ten  miles?  3.  Find  two  similar  examples  in  280,  I. 
4.  Complete  the  English  sentence,  "The  farmer  bought  a  plough," 
so  as  to  illustrate  purpose.  5.  In  turning  your  sentence  into  Latin, 
with  what  word  would  the  purpose  clause  begin  ?  6.  What  mood 
must  you  use?  7.  In  English  we  often  express  purpose  by  the  infini- 
tive. Can  you  do  so  in  Latin?  8.  How  does  a  negative  purpose 
clause  begin  in  Latin?  9.  In  the  sentence  venit  ut  audiat,  translate 
ut  audiat  in  as  many  ways  as  you  can.  10.  If  venit  were  changed  to 
venit.  what  would  audiat  be  changed  to?  11.  What  tenses  of  the 
indicative  are  classed  as  principal?  What  tenses  as  historical? 
12.  Give  an  example  in  English  of  a  direct  question  and  change  it 
into  an  indirect  question.  13.  Give  the  rule  for  the  mood  of  an 
indirect  question  in  Latin.  14.  Show  from  the  model  sentences  in 
289  and  294  how  the  subjunctive  in  a  result  clause  and  in  an  indirect 
question  is  translated. 


.\  KoiMAN  Coin 


I20 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


LESSON    LI 

NUMERALS 
Descriptive  Ablative  and  Genitive 


304 

Pi 

iradigms 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

M.  &  F. 

NEUT. 

Nom. 

unus 

una 

unum 

tres 

tria 

Gen. 

unius 

unius 

unius 

trium 

trium 

Dat. 

uni 

uni 

uni 

tribus 

tribus 

Ace. 

unum 

unam 

unum 

tris,  tres 

tria 

Abl. 

uno 

una 

uno 

tribus 

tribus 

MASC. 

FEM. 

NEUT. 

SING. 

PLUR. 

Nom. 

duo 

duae 

duo 

mllle 

milia 

Gen. 

duorum 

duarum 

duorum 

mille 

milium 

Dat. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

mlUe 

milibus 

Ace. 

duos,  duo 

duas 

duo 

mllle 

mllia 

Abl. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

mllle 

milibus 

305.  Learn  the  cardinals  as  far  as  eighty  (491)  and  the  declension 
of  unus,  duo,  tres,  and  mille. 

a.  Compare  the  declension  of  unus  with  that  of  ille  (200). 

b.  Observe  that  tres  is  declined  like  the  plural  of  brevis  (182). 

e.  The  cardinals  from  quattuor  to  centum  inclusive  are  indeclinable  : 
quattuor  "hovamts,  four  men;  quattuor  hominum,  of  four  men. 

d.  The  hundreds,  except  centum,  are  declined  like  the  plural  of  bonus. 

e.  Mille  in  the  singular  is  indeclinable  and  is  used  as  an  adjective 
or  as  a  neuter  noun  :  mille  (adj.)  homines,  a  thousand  ?nen,  or  mQle 
(noun)  hominum,  a  thousand  {of)  fnen.  In  the  plural  it  is  a  noun 
only.  As  a  noun  it  is  followed  by  the  partitive  genitive  in  both 
numbers  :  quattuor  milia  hominum,  y(??^r  thousand  {of)  meti. 

f.  In  viginti  iinus,  viginti  duo,  centum  Snus,  and  similar  cases,  the 
declinable  numeral  retains  its  inflection  :  centum  trium  pugnarum,  of 
a  hundred  {and)  three  battles. 


NUMERALS 


306.  Model  Sentences 

1 .  Brutus  fuit  puer  anim5  tardo, "]  ,  .     , 
,.,                 ...      ,.^  Brutus  was  a  boy  of  slow  mind. 

2.  Brutus  luit  puer  animi  tardi,  J  -^ 

a.  Observe  that  in  each  sentence  an  adjective  is  used  with  an 
ablative  or  a  genitive  for  the  purpose  of  description.  These  sentences, 
then,  illustrate  the  descriptive  ablative  and  the  descriptive  genitive. 

307.  Rule.  —  The  ablative  or  the  genitive  of  a  noun 
may  he  used  with  an  adjective  to  desci^ibe  a  person  or 
thing. 

308.  EXERCISES 

I.  -I.  Viri  summa  virtute.  2,  Urbs  duobus  portubus. 
3.  Pilum  sex  pedum.  4.  Viginti  duae  domus.  5.  Duodetri- 
ginta  epistulae.  6.  Tria  flumina  septuaginta  pedes  lata. 
7.  Gives  unius  rei  publicae.  8.  Cum  duabus  manibus.  9.  A 
tribus  agricolis.      10.   Decem  milia  passuum. 

II.  Omnis  Gallia  tris  partis  habuit.  12.  Frater  meus 
hodie  duodeviginti  annos  natus^  est.  13.  In  urbe  nostra  sunt 
quinque  oratores,  novem  poetae,  quinquaginta  milia  civium. 
14.  Pilum  Romanum  fuit  sex  pedes  longum.  15.  Trium 
fratrum  Marcus  fuit  maximus  natu.  16.  Mea  filia  tribus  annis 
est  minor  natu  quam  filius  tuus.  17.  Die  mihi  quot  milites 
sint  in  illis  castrls.  18.  Caesar  quinquaginta  sex  ann5s  vixit ; 
fuit  animo  prudentissimo. 

II.  I.  These  are  children  of  one  mother.  2.  In  that  camp 
were  ten  thousand  soldiers.  3.  Your  daughter  is  eleven 
years  old.     4.  The   oak   is   a  tree   of   very  beautiful  foliage. 

5.  The    sailors    see    a    thousand    horsemen    on    the    shore. 

6.  Have   you   a  son   who    is   twenty-one   years   old  ?     7.   We 
have  come  to  aid  you. 

'  natus,  having  been  horn,  hence  old. 


122  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    Lli 

NUMERALS  —  Continued 

309.  Learn  the  cardinals  from  eighty  and  the  first  twenty-one 
ordinals  ;  read  the  others. 

310.  VOCABULARY 

ann5  Domini,  in  the  year  of  our  legio,  -onis,  f.  legion. 

Lord  =  A.D.  Martius,  -i,  m.  March. 

ante  Christum  natum,  before  the  mensis,  -is  (mensi-),  m.  tnonth. 

birth  of  Christ  =  B.C.  nobilis,  -€,  of  high  birth,  noble. 

dexter,  dextra,  dextrum,  right.  October,  -bris,  m.  October. 

Februarius,  -i,  m.  February.  September,  -bris,  m.  September. 

gens,  gentis  (genti-),  i.  family.  sinister,  sinistra,  sinistrum,  left. 

ingenium,  -i,  n.  genius.  soror,  -oris,  f.  sister. 

decedo,  decedere,  decessi,  decessQrus,  depart,  die. 

311.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Primus  consul,  secundus  impetus,  tertia  legio. 
2.  Quinta  diei  hora,  quarta  noctis  hora,  noni  passus.  3.  Ter- 
tium  decimum  fiiimen,  undevicesimus  puer,  vicesima  puella. 
4.  Duodecimae  legioni,  in  colle  sexto,  ad  urbem  octavam. 

5.  Roman!  anni  fuit  September  mensis  septimus,  October 
octavus.  6.  Quo  nomine  nos  appellamus  mensem  nonum  .? 
7.  Legio  Romana  quinque  milia  peditum,  trecentos  equites 
habuit.  8.  Caesar  in  dextro  cornu  decimam,  in  sinistro 
sextam  legionem  conlocavit.  9.  Scisne  quot  annos  Romani 
Britanniam  insulamtenuerint  ?  10.  Romani  Britanniam  Insulam 
annos  trecentos  quinquaginta  tenebant.  11.  Augustus  anno 
Domini  quarto  decimo  decessit.  12.  Fuit  gentis  nobilis  et 
ingeni  maximi.  13.  Caesar  quadragesimo  quarto  anno  ante 
Christum  natum  decessit. 


NUMERAJ.S 


123 


II.  I.  On  the  fifteenth  day  they  removed  without  delay 
from  the  country  into  the  city.  2.  Brutus  is  older  than  his 
sister  by  five  years.  3.  The  king  has  ruled  so  well  that  he  is 
loved  by  all.  4.  The  king  ruled  so  well  that  he  was  loved 
by  all.  5.  An  hour  is  the  twenty-fourth  part  of  a  day.  6.  In 
February  there  are  twenty-eight  days.  7.  How  many  days 
has  the  month  (of)  March  ?  8.  It  happened  that  we  were  not 
at  home  (for)  two  days. 


I.    SUNGER  2,  2.     LiGHT-ArMKU  SOLDIERS  3,  3.    LeGIONARY  SoLDIERS 


124  FiJiST    YEAR  LATIN 


LESSON    LIII 
Ten  Irregular  Adjectives  :   Reading  Lesson 

V 

312.  The  following  adjectives  end  in  -ius  in  the  genitive  singular 
and  in  -i  in  the  dative  singular  of  all  genders  (except  that  the  genitive 
of  alter  ends  in  -ius).  See  the  declension  of  unus  (304).  The  plural 
is  regular.     Commit  them  to  memory  with  their  meanings. 

alius,  alia,  aliud,  other,  another  (486).  nuUus,  -a,  -um,  no,  none,  no  one. 

alter,  altera,   altefum,  the  other  solus,  -a,  -um,  alotie,  sole,  only. 

{of  two).  totus,  -a,  -um,  whole,  all. 

neuter,  neutra,  neutrum,  neither  iillus,  -a,  -um,  any. 

{of  two).  iinus,  iina,  unum,  one. 

uter,  utra,  utrum,  which  {of  two)  ? 

uterque,  utraque,  utrumque,  each  (of  two),  both. 

313.  Commit  to  memory  the  following  idioms  : 

alter  .  .  .  alter,  the  one  .  .   .  the  other  {of  two  only). 

alius  .  .  .  alius,  one  .   .  .  another. 

alii  .   .  .  alii,  some  .   .  .  others. 

alius  .  .  .  aliud  (ace),  one  one  thing  .  .  .  another  another. 


314.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  In  altera  fluminis  ripa  {bank)  urbs,  in  altera  erat 
nions.  2.  Alii  alia  (ace.)  dixerunt.  3.  Duorum  hominum  alter 
imperator,  alter  poeta  fuit.  4.  Decimae  legionis  solius  virtute 
totus  exercitus  servatus  est.  5.  Nomen  Caesaris  toti  urbi  carum 
fuit.  6.  Altera  legio  in  dextro,  altera  in  sinistro  cornu  a 
Caesare  conlocata  est.     7.  Uter  puer  est  filius  tuus?  ' 

II.  I.  Caesar  praises  the  bravery  of  the  whole  legion. 
2.  Which  of  the  (two)  boys  has  (115)  the  greater  courage.' 


READING   LESSON 


125 


3.  One  does  one  thing,  another  another.  Do  you  blame  both 
(sing.) .'  4.  Caesar  will  march  without  any  delay  with  the 
tenth  legion  alone.  5.  Which  of  the  (two)  sisters  is  the 
more  beautiful .' 


315. 


CAESAR    AND    VERGIL 


Roma  duos  homines  summo  ingenio  habuit,  alterum  impera- 
torem,  alterum  poetam.  Alterius  gens  nobilis,  alterius  rustica 
fait.  Ille  victor  fuit  Britanniae  et  totius  Galliae ;  hie  toti 
orbi  terrarum  gaudium  dedit.  Nulli  imperatori  plus  laudis 
quam  Caesari,  nulli  poetae  plus  quam  Vergilio  datum  est. 
Natus  est  {was  born)  Caesar  centesimo  anno  ante  Christum 
natum ;  Vergilius  anno  undevicesimo  ante  Christum  natum 
decessit.  Neutrius  fuit  vita  longissima,  sed  utriusque  erit  laus 
sempiterna.  Utri  fuit  melior  fortijna .''  De  illis  hominibus 
alius  aliud  dicit ;  nos  utrumque  laudamus. 


126 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


316. 


LESSON    LIV 


The  Infinitive  used  as  in  English 


Infijiitive  Paradigms 


Act.  Pres. 

Pass.  Pres. 

Act.  Perf. 

Pass.  Perf. 

to  love, 

to  be 

to  have 

to  have  been 

'  etc. 

loved,  etc. 

loved,  etc. 

loved,  etc. 

I. 

amare 

a  marl 

amavisse 

amatus  esse 

II. 

monere 

moneri 

monuisse 

monitus  esse 

III. 

regere 

regi 

rexisse 

rectus  esse 

III. 

capere 

capi 

cepisse 

captus  esse 

IV. 

audire 

audiri 

audlvisse 

audltus  esse 

Irreg.     esse 

fuisse 

a.  Write  out  similarly  in  two  columns  the  active  and  passive  intini 
tives  future  (497-502). 

b.  Commit  to  memory  all  these  infinitives  with  their  meanings. 


317.  Model  Sentences 

I.  Laudari  est  gratum,  to  be  praised  is  pleasant. 

1.  Vincere  potest,  he  can  {is  able  to)  conquer. 

3.  Puer  primus  esse  cupit,  the  boy  wishes  to  be  first. 

4.  Urbs  capta  esse  dicitur,  the  city  is  said  to  have  been  taken. 

5.  Nos  esse  bonos  cupiunt,  they  wish  us  to  be  good. 

a.  Observe  that  in  i  the  infinitive  is  the  subject ;  in  2,  3,  and  4  it 
completes  the  meaning  of  the  main  verb  and  is  called  the  comple- 
mentary infinitive;  in  5  it  takes  the  accusative  as  its  subject. 

b.  Observe  that  in  3  the  predicate  adjective  after  esse  agrees  with 
the  subject  of  the  main  verb  ;  so  also  in  4  the  participle  capta. 

318.  Rule  I.  —  The  subject  of  the  infinitive  is  in  the 
accivsative. 


THE    l.XFlXirn  E    USED    AS   AV   EAUIJSH       12/ 

Rule  2. — ,/  iu'ediciitc  adjective  a/'ler  a  coniiAenien- 
ttivij    iiijiiiitlre   agrees   irith   the  subject  of  the  main 

rrrh. 

319.  VOCABULARY 

dives,  divitis,  rich.  potest,  is  able,  can. 

pensum,  -i,  n.  task.  possunt,  a/e  able,  can. 

periculum,  -i,  n.  danger.  praemium,  -i,  n.  reward. 

c5nserv6.  c5nservare.  conservavl,  conservatus,  save,  preserve. 
debe5,  debere,  debui.  debitus,  owe,  ought. 
iubeS.  iubere,  iussi,  iussus,  bid,  order. 
lego,  legere,  legi,  lectus,  read. 
puto.  putare.  putavi.  putatus,  think. 

320.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Potest  legere,  iubere,  iuvare.  2.  Possunt  iuberi, 
iuvari,  rogari.  3.  Puer  discere,  rogare,  educi  debet.  4.  Dicun- 
tur  cessisse,  conlocavisse,  rexisse.  5.  Putatur  scripturus  esse, 
punitum  iri.     6.   Epistula  scripta  esse  putatur. 

7.  Me  ornari  iussit.  8.  Dicitur  ornatus  esse.  9.  Qui  pater 
filium  fortem  esse  non  cupit  ?  10.  Alii  alia  pensafacere  debent. 
II.  Quis  totius  exercitus  tarn  fortis  fuit  ut  impetum  hostium 
sustineret  ?  12.  Vergilius  et  Caesar  summo  ingenio  fuisse 
putantur.  13.  Omnes  homines  divites  esse  cupiunt.  14.  Pensum 
tuum  scriptum  esse  debuit.  15.  liter  maior  natii  fuisse  dictus 
est?     16.  Agricolae  venerunt  ut  iuvarent. 

II.  I.  We  ought  to  be  brave  and  good.  2.  Who  is  said 
to  have  received  a  greater  reward  ?  3.  Do  you  bid  me  to  be 
prudent  ?  4.  Your  task  is  greater  than  mine,  but  my  brother 
can  do  both  (sing.).  5.  The  safety  of  the  commonwealth 
ought  to  be  preserved.  6.  They  were  thought  to  have  worked 
diligently.  7.  The  danger  ought  to  have  been  seen.  S.Augustus 
is  said  to  have  died  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  14. 


128  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LV 

ACCUSATIVE   AND   INFINITIVE 

Indirect  Statement 

321.  Direct  Statement  Indirect  Statement 

Tu  scribis,  Dicunt  te  scribere, 

yoii  write,  {they  say  you  to  write') 

yott  are  writing.  they  say  that  you  are  writing, 

they  say  you  are  writing. 

a.  Observe  the  changes  made  in  Latin  in  turning  direct  into  indirect 
statement :  the  nominative  tu  becomes  the  accusative,  and  the  indicative 
scribis  becomes  the  infinitive. 

b.  Observe  how  the  Latin  and  EngUsh  idioms  differ  in  indirect 
statement,  the  metaphrase  exactly  representing  the  Latin. 

322.  Rule. — Indirect  statements  follow  verbs  and 
other  expressions  of  saying,  thinking,  knowing,  and 
perceiving,  and  are  expressed  hy  the  infinitive  with 
subject  accusative. 

323.  Tenses  of  the  Injitiitive  in  Indirect  Statet?ient 

Dicit  se  scribere,  he  says  he  is  writing. 
Dixit  se  scribere,  he  said  he  was  writing. 

324.  Rule.  — 'The  present  infinitive  denotes  the  same 
time  as  that  of  the  verb  on  which  it  depends. 

Dicit  se  scripsisse,  he  says  he  has  written. 
Dixit  se  scripsisse,  he  said  he  had  written. 

325.  Rule.  —  The  perfect  infinitive  denotes  time 
before  that  of  the  verb  on  which  it  depends. 

Dicit  se  scriptiirum  esse,  he  says  he  will  write. 
Dixit  se  scripturum  esse,  he  said  he  would  write. 


ACCUSATIVE   AND   hXFINITIVE  1 29 

326.  Rule.  —  The  future  infinitive  denotes  time 
(tftci'  that  of  the  verb  on  which  it  depends. 

327.  VOCABULARY 

arbor,  arboris,  f.  tree.  non  iam,  no  longer. 

divitiae,  -arum,  f.  plur.  riches,  wealth.  post,  prep,  with  ace.  after. 

frigus,  -oris,  n.  cold,  frost.  rQrsus,  adv.  again. 

iam,  adv.  already,  now,  at  last.  ver,  veris,  n.  spring. 

adsum,  adesse,  adfui,  adfutQrus,  be  here,  be  present. 

scio,  scire,  scivi,  scitus,  know. 

solvo,  solvere,  solvi.  solQtus,  loose,  break  up. 

sper5,  sperare,  speravi,  speratus,  hope. 

tego,  tegere,  texi,  tectus,  cover. 

328.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Ver  adest ;  vere  frigus  solvitur.  2.  Videmus  ver 
adesse  et  vere  frigus  solvi.  3.  Terra  nive  non  iam  tegitur. 
4.  Omnes  vident  terram  nive  non  iam  tegi.  5.  Mox  in  arbo- 
ribus  cantabunt  multae  aves.  6.  Scimus  mox  in  arboribus 
cantaturas  esse  multas  avis.  7.  Agricolae  agros  iam  arant. 
8.  Quis  non  videt  agricolas  agros  arare  ?  9.  Quis  non  videt 
agros  ab  agricolis  aratos  esse?  10.  Quis  non  putat  agros  ab 
agricolis  mox  aratum  iri .''  11.  Agricolae  sperant  divitias  sibi 
futuras  esse.  12.  Nos  quoque  speramus  deos  iis  benign5s 
futijros  esse. 

II.  I.  At  last  cold  winter  is  here  again.  2.  Who  does 
not  know  that  cold  winter  is  here  at  last  ?  3.  All  the  trees 
are  covered  with  snow.  4.  You  can  (poles)  see  that  all  the 
trees  are  covered  with  snow.  5.  Soon  no  birds  will  be  singing. 
6.  Who  knows  that  no  birds  will  soon  be  singing .''  7.  Many 
of  them  have  been  killed  by  winter's  cold.  8.  We  think  many 
of  them  have  been  killed  by  winter's  cold.  9.  The  farmers 
hope  the  gods  will  be  kind  to  them. 


30 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


329. 


LESSON    LVI 
The  Demonstratives  Idem,  Ipse,  Iste 

Paradigms 


idem,  same 

ipse,  -selj 

"" 

Singular 

Nom . 

Idem 

e'adem 

idem 

ipse 

ipsa 

ipsum 

Gen. 

eiusdem 

eiusdem 

eiusdem 

ipslus 

ipsius 

ipslus 

Dat. 

eidem 

eldem 

eldem 

ipsi 

ipsI 

ipsI 

Ace. 

eundem 

eandem 

idem 

ipsum 

ipsam 

ipsum 

Abl. 

e5dem 

eadem 

eodem 
Plural 

ipso 

ipsa 

ipso 

Nom. 

'  ildem 
^eldem 

eaedem 

e'adem 

ipsI 

ipsae 

ipsa 

Gen. 

eorundeir 

1  earundem  eorundem 

ipsorum  ipsarum  ipsorum 

Dat. 

f  iisdem 
L  eisdem 

iisdem 
eisdem 

iisdem 
eisdem 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsIs 

Ace. 

eosdem 

easdem 

e'adem 

ipsos 

ipsas 

ipsa 

Abl. 

C  iisdem 
1  eisdem 

iisdem 
eisdem 

iisdem 
eisdem 

ipsIs 

ipsIs 

ipsis 

330.    a.   Review  the  declension  of  is  (138),  hie  and  ille  (200). 

b.  Observe  that  idem  is  declined  like  is  with  dem  added,  except 
that  in  the  accusative  singular  and  genitive  plural  m  is  changed  to  n. 

c.  Learn  the  declension  of  iste,  tJiat  (493). 

d.  Decline  together  idem  dies,  res  ipsa,  istud  animal. 


331. 


Model  Sentences 


1 .  Eodem  die  amicum  vidi,  /  saw  my  friend  the  same  day. 

2.  Istam  epistulam  legi,  /  /lave  read  that  letter  {of  yours). 

3.  Amicus  ipse  ad  me  venit,  j}iy  friend  himself  came  to  me. 

4..  Homo  se  culpavit  nimium,  the  man  blamed  himself  too  much. 


THE   DEMONSTRAril'ES    IDIOM,    I1\SK,    ISIK      131 

a.  Observe  in  i  and  2  that  idem  and  iste  are  used  as  demonstra- 
tive adjectives.  They  may  also  be  used  without  a  noun  ;  that  is,  as 
demonstrative  pronouns.     Compare  the  uses  of  is  (140,  a  and  b). 

b.  Iste  is  used  of  that  which  has  some  relation  to  the  second 
person,  and  may  often  be  translated  this  of  yours  or  that  of  yours. 

c.  Ipse  means  -self  {himself  itself  etc.)  ;  it  may  sometimes  be 
translated  even  or  very.  It  is  the  intensive  pronoun,  used  to  empha- 
size a  noun  or  pronoun  expressed  or  understood,  with  which  it  agrees 
like  an  adjective.  It  must  be  sharply  distin,<::;uished  from  se,  -self 
which  is  reflexive,  not  emi^hatic  (221.  b).     Compare  331,  3  and  4. 

332.  VOCABULARY 

difficultas.  -atis,  i.  difficulty.  oratio,  -onis,  f.  speech,  plea. 

idem  .   .   .  qui,  same  .  .  .  as.  stadium,  studi,  n.  desire,  study. 

malus,  -a.  -um,  bad  (260).  varius,  -a,  -um,  rtarious. 

numquam,  adv.  never.  voltus,  -iis,  m.  face,  looks. 

praedico.  praedicare,  praedicavi,  praedicatus,  proclaim,  boast. 

333,  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  In  eodem  periculo.  2.  Pensum  eiusdem  difficultatis. 
3.  Ipsius  hominis  divitis.  4.  Divitiae  ipsae  civium.  5.  Divi- 
tiae  civium  ipsorum.     6.   Post  eandem  orationem. 

7.  Non  iam  eandem  arborem  video.  8.  Hie  est  cibus 
istius  canis,  ille  mei.  9.  Quis  est  semper  eodem  voltu  ? 
10.  Hie  orator  se  suasque  orationes  laudat.  11.  Is  qui  de  se 
ipso  praedicat  non  sapiens  esse  dieitur.  12.  Hodie  eadem 
putasne  quae  heri  {yesterday)'!  13.  De  istis  rebus  me  ad  te 
scribere  iubet.      14.  Sciunt  ipsos  vestros  amieos  eulpare  vos. 

II.  I.  The  very  trees  are  covered  with  snow.  2.  Do  you 
know,  my  father,  where  those  servants  of  yours  are  ?  They 
are  never  at  home.  3.  That  song  of  yours  does  not  delight 
us ;  it  is  the  worst  of  all.  4.  You  have  the  same  task  as  I. 
5.  Various  birds  are  singing  in  yonder  (ille)  trees.  6.  I  love 
and  praise  those  studies  of  yours. 


132  FIRST    YEAR    LATIN 

LESSON    LVII 

INDEFINITE   PRONOUNS 

334.  READING    LESSON:    REVIEW 

a.  Review  the  interrogative  quis  (142)  and  the  relative  qui  (210) 
and  learn  the  declension  of  the  following  indefinite  pronouns,  care- 
fully distinguishing  the  meanings. 

335.  Indefinite  Pronouns 
Masc.                  Fem.  Neut. 

aliquis  aliqua  aliquid,  aliquod,  so7ne  one,  any  one  (496). 

quidam  quaedam         quoddam,  quiddam,  a  certain  one  (496). 

quisquam  quidquam  (no  plur.),  any  one  {at  all). 

quivis  quaevis  quodvis,  quidvis,  any  one  {you  please'). 

quisque  quaeque  quidque,  quodque,  each  one,  every  one. 

Note.  —  The  meanings  of  the  neuters,  something,  etc.,  are  easily  inferred. 

a.  Observe  how  aliqua,  which  is  both  the  feminine  nominative 
singular  and  the  neuter  nominative  plural  of  aliquis,  differs  from  the 
corresponding  forms  of  quis. 

b.  Observe  that  quidam  (qui  +  dam)  is  declined  like  qui,  except 
that  in  the  accusative  singular  and  genitive  plural  m  of  qui  becomes 
n  :  quendam,  quandam,  quorundam,  quarundam ;  also  that  the  neuter 
has  quiddam  and  quoddam  in  the  nominative  and  accusative  singular. 

c.  Quisquam  and  quisque  are  declined  like  quis  ;   quivis  like  qui. 

d.  In  the  neuter  of  all  the  indefinites  quid-forms  are  used  as  pro- 
nouns, quod-forms  as  adjectives. 

336.  AFRICA 

Note.  —  Hereafter  in  the  reading  lessons  consult  the  general  vocabulary 
for  new  words. 

In  Africa,  terra  maxima,  sunt  multae  gentes  plurium  lin- 
guarum,   urbes    autem   sunt   paucae.     Scriptor   quidam   vetus 


INDEFINITE   PRONOUNS  133 

scripsit  Africam  insulae  esse  similem.  Cuivis,  qui  Africae 
figCiram  spectabit,  hoc  esse  verum  videbitur.^  lam  re  vera'' 
est  Africa  insula  ingens,  nam  isthmus  angustissimus  fossa 
transitur.^  De  Nili  fontibus  nemo  antiquis  temporibus  quid- 
quam  certi  ^  cognoverat  ^ ;  nunc  eidem  fontes  cuique  noti  sunt, 
nam  a  quibusdam  viris  audacibus  sunt  reperti.*^  Cotidie  ali- 
quid  novl  "^  ex  Africa  audimus.  Alius  aliud  ^  scribit ;  quae  sint 
vera  iudicabit  quisque.  Crudelia  olim  bella  in  Africa  gesta 
sunt  et  hodie  fortes  gentes  de  imperio  dimicant.  Eheu  !  Agri 
vastantur,  privata  aedificia  incenduntur,  profunditur  sanguis. 

1  videbitur,  will  seem.  -  re  vera,  in  fact.  ^  transitur,  is  crossed.  ^  quid- 
quam  certi,  anything  at  all  (of)  certain.  ^  cognoverat,  had  learned.  ^  reperti, 
from  reperio.     '  aliquid  novi,  something  (of)  new.     *  See  313. 

337.  EXERCISES 

I.  He  does  that  which  every  one  says.  2.  I  have  read  a 
certain  writer.  3.  Nobody  relates  anything  at  all  new. 
4.  That  girl  has  something  in  her  right  hand.  5.  A  part  of 
each  summer  we  live  in  the  country.  6.  To-day  a  story  was 
read  to  us  by  somebody.  7.  At  the  same  time  certain  (men) 
come  to  Caesar. 

338.  .  REVIEW 

I.  Give  with  their  meanings  the  nine  adjectives  that  have  the  geni- 
tive singular  in  -ius  and  the  dative  in  -i.  2.  Give  five  pronouns  that 
make  the  genitive  and  dative  singular  in  the  same  way.  3.  What 
case  is  the  neuter  accusative  always  like  ?  4.  Give  the  meanings 
ot  is,  idem,  hie.  ille,  iste,  ipse.  5.  What  is  idem  compounded  of? 
6.  WHiat  part  of  idem  remains  unchanged  in  declension  ?  7.  How  is 
tlie  accusative  masculine  singular  written  ?  8.  Pronounce  the  neuter 
nomi.ij.tive  singular.  9.  What  does  ipse  do  in  a  sentence  .''  10.  Give 
the  oro.nals  corresponding  to  6,  9,  11,  17.  ir.  Express  in  Latin  in 
two  ways  a  thousand  vien.  12.  Give  the  rule  for  the  descriptive 
ablative.  13.  Tell  what  tune  is  denoted  in  respect  to  the  main  verb 
by  the  infinitive  in  328,  I.  2,  9,  11. 


134 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


LESSON     LVIII 
IMPERATIVE  AND   SUBJUNCTIVE 

Commands  and  Appeals 


339. 


Imperative  Paradigms 


Act.  Imv.  Pres.  2d  Pers. 


Pass.  Imv.  Pres.  2d  Pers. 


Sing. 

Plur. 

ama,  love 

am  ate 

mone,  advise 

monete 

rege,  rule 

regite 

cape,  take 

capite 

audi,  hear 

audite 

es,  be 

este 

Sing. 

am  are,  be  loved 
monere,  be  advised 
regere,  be  ruled 
capere,  be  taken 
audire,  be  heard 


Plur. 

amaminl 

monemini 

regimini 

capimini 

audimini 


a.  Read  the  future  imperatives  (497-502)  and  form  the  present 
imperative  of  rogo,  deleS,  lego,  recipi5,  punio.  Review  the  subjunc- 
tive present  (281,  282). 


340.  Subjunctive  and  Imperative  Paradigms 

Negative 


Affirmative 

amem,  let  me  love. 

ama,  love. 

amet,  let  him  love. 

amemus,  let  us  love. 

amate,  love. 

ament,  let  them  love. 


ne  amem,  let  me  not  love. 
noli  amare,  do  not  love. 
ne  amet,  let  him  not  love. 

ne  amemus,  let  us  not  love. 
n51ite  amare,  do  not  love. 
ne  ament,  let  them  not  love. 


a.  Observe  in  the  above  paradigm  (i)  that  the  subjunctive  is 
used  in  affirmative  commands  and  appeals  in  the  first  and  third 
persons,  the  simple  imperative  in  the  second  person ;  (2)  that  the 
subjunctive  with  ne  {not)  is  used  in  negative  commands  and  appeals 
jn   the  first  and   third   persons ;    (3)  that  ne  is  not  used  with  the 


IMPERATIVE   AND    SUBJUNCTIVE  I  35 

imperative  in  the  second  person,  but  instead  tlie  imperatives  noli, 
nolite  {be  univilling)  with  the  infinitive. 

b.   Write  out  a  paradigm  like  340,  using  tango,  touch. 

341.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Librum  lege.  2.  Ilium  librum  legant.  3.  Es  bonus 
imperator.  4.  Este  fortes  milites.  5.  Noli  castra  movere. 
6.  Ne  regamus.  7.  Ne  audiantur.  8.  Legite  eundem  librum. 
9.   Nolite  delete.      10.   Rogemus,  recipiatur.      11.   Id  sciatur. 

II.  I.  Be  merry,  girls.  2.  Do  not  laugh,  boys.  3.  Bid 
him  come,  friend.     4.   Be  warned.      5.   Do  not  destroy  birds. 

6.  Let  not  birds  be  destroyed.      7.    Rule  your  minds. 

342.  VOCABULARY 

memoria,  -ae,  f.  memory.  mors,  mortis  (morti-),  f.  death. 

memoria  tene5,  reffiember.  vinum,  -i,  n.  wine. 

decipio,  decipere,  decepi,  deceptus,  deceive. 
tangd,  tangere,  tetigi,  tactus,  touch. 
timeo,  timere,  timui, ,fear. 

343.  EXERCISES 

I,  I.  Ne  miles  mortis  periculum  timeat.  2,  Nuntium  ad 
Caesarem  mittamus.  3.  Eum  moneamus  ne  domo  discedat. 
4.  Nolite  consilia  malorum  audire.  5.  Scribite,  puellae,  cotidie 
ad    parentes    quae    facialis.       6.  Scripserunt    quae    facerent. 

7.  Istos  tuosvoltus,  non  orationes,  memoria  teneo.  8.  Quisque 
suam  domum  fortiter  defendat.  9.  Ne  te  quisquam  decipiat 
de  istis  rebus. 

II.  I.  A  certain  man  told  me  something  new.^  2.  Touch 
not  wine,  boys.  3.  Men,  let  us  not  touch  it.  4.  Let  not  the 
same  difficulty  scare  us.  5.  I  will  read  that  book  of  yours  to 
any  one  you  please.  6.  We  hear  that  even  -  the  women  in 
Africa  are'  brave.      7.   Do  you  remember  your  task? 

1  See  336,  note  7.  2  gee  331,  c  ^  See  322. 


136  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LIX 
COMPOUNDS   OF   SUM:   READING  LESSON 

Dative  with  Compounds  :  Dative  of  Service 

344.  a.   Learn  the  inflection  of  possum  (503)  and  prosum  (504). 

b.  Possum,  be  able,  can,  is  compounded  of  potis,  able,  and  sum,  be. 

c.  Prosum,  benefit,  is  compounded  of  prod  (old  form  of  pro,  for) 
and  sum.     In  inflection  the  d  of  prod  is  retained  before  e. 

345.  Compounds  of  sum 

absum,  abesse,  afui,  afutiirus,  be  away,  be  absent. 
adsum,  adesse,  adfui,  adfuturus,  be  present,  aid. 
desum,  deesse,  defui,  defuturus,  be  lacking,  fail. 

insum,  inesse,  infui,  ,  be  in,  be  ajnong. 

intersum,  interesse,  interfui,  interfutiirus,  be  avjong,  be  present. 

obsum,  obesse,  obfui,  ,  be  agaiiist,  hinder,  injure. 

possum,  posse,  potui,  ,  be  able,  can. 

praesum,  praeesse,  praeful,  ,  be  at  the  head,  command. 

prosum,  prodesse,  prof  ui,  profutiirus,  be  of  advantage  to,  benefit. 
supersum,  superesse,  superfui,  ,  be  over,  survive. 

346.  Model  Sentences 

1.  Verus  amicus  amico  prodest,  a  true  friend  benefits  a  friend. 

2.  Quis  equitibus  praefuit .?  ivho  commanded  the  horsemen  ? 

a.  Observe  that  prosum  and  praesum  are  intransitive  and  govern 
the  dative,  wliile  the  corresponding  English  verbs,  benefit  and  com- 
mand,  are  transitive. 

347.  Rule. — Many  verbs  compounded  ivitJi  ad,  ante, 
con,  in,  inter,  oh,  j^ost,  2>rae,  ])rd,  sub,  and  super  often 
govern  the  dative. 


COMPOUNDS    Oi^   SUM  137 

a.  Some  of  these  compounds  are  transitive  and  take  both  an  accusa- 
tive and  a  dative.  Insum  is  often  followed  by  in  with  the  ablative, 
and  intersum  by  inter  with  the  accusative;  see  350,  lines  i  and  5. 

348.  Model  Sentetices 

1 .  Milites  ibi  erant  praesidio.  soldiers  were  there  as  {for)  a  defence. 

2.  Auxilio  eis  mittuntur  copiae.  /roops  are  sent  as  (for)  a  help  to  them. 

a.  Observe  that  the  datives  praesidio  in  i  and  auxilio  in  2  are  used 
to  denote  the  end  or  purpose,  that  for  which  a  thing  serves ;  hence 
called  the  dative  of  service.  This  dative  may  be  accompanied  by 
another,  as  nobis,  in  2,  the  ordinary  indirect  object.     See  78  and  79. 

349.  Rule.  —  The  dative  is  used  with  sum  and  a  few 
other  verbs  to  show  that  for  which  a  thing  serves. 

350.  FRIENDSHIP 

In  vera  amicitia  magnum  inest  praesidium.  Amicus  verus 
adest  amico  neque  deerit  in  difficultatibus.  Amico  prodesse 
dulce  est,  amico  deesse  turpe  est.  Amicus  fidus  non  aberit 
ab  amico  in  mala  fortuna.  Mores  mali  amicitiae  obsunt. 
Inter  homines  malos  vera  amicitia  non  interest.  Cicero 
consul  rei  publicae  praefuit  et  amicis  profuit.  Multae  Cice- 
ronis  epistulae  eiusque  amicorum  supersunt.  Prodeste,  pueri 
puellaeque,  amicis.  Amicis  (dat.)  in  periculo  este  auxilio  et 
praesidio.     Infelix  est  is  qui  amicis  superfuit  omnibus. 

351.  EXERCISES 

I.  Caesar  had  (in  Caesar  ioas)  a  very  good  memory.  2.  He 
never  lacked  courage  (courage  was  never  lacking  to  him). 
3.  He  commanded  brave  men,  and  was  present  at  many 
battles.  4.  He  benefited  and  injured  his  country.  5.  He 
was  a  terror  (dat.)  to  his  foes.  6.  He  did  not  survive  his 
last  (proximus)  wars  many  years. 


138  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LX 
Participles  :   Reading  Lesson 

352.  a.   Learn  the  participles  of  the  model  verbs  (497-501). 

b.  Participles  in  -ns  are  declined  like  amans  (485)  ;  those  in  -us, 
like  bonus  (483). 

c.  Participles  agree  with  nouns  and  pronouns  like  adjectives. 

353.  Model  Sentences 

1 .  Te  in  urbe  manentem  vidi,  /  saw  you   while  you  were  staying 

{you  staying)  in  the  city. 

2.  Urbs  diu  oppugnata  non  capta  est,  the  city,  though  it  was  besieged 

{having  been  besieged)  for  a  long  time,  was  not  taken. 

3.  Caesar  ea  re  commotus  in  Galliam  properavit,  Caesar,  because  he 

7C'as  alarmed  {having  been  alarmed)  by  this  circumstance, 
hastened  into  Gaul. 

4.  Dux  victus  se  recipiet,  if  the  general  is   defeated  {the  general 

defeated),  he  will  retreat. 

5.  Dona  missa  recepit,  he  received  the  gifts  which  had  been  sent 

{gifts  sent). 

6.  Caesar  prlncipem  captum  Romam  misit,  Caesar  took  a  chieftain 

and  sent  him  to  Ro?ne  {sent  a  taken  chieftain). 

a.  Observe  that  in  each  of  the  first  five  sentences  the  Latin  parti- 
ciple is  equivalent  to  a  clause  in  English.  In  6  the  participle  is  best 
rendered  by  a  verb  coordinate  with  the  main  verb.  The  tenses  of 
the  participle  denote  time  relatively  to  the  time  of  the  main  verb,  like 
the  tenses  of  the  infinitive  (324-326). 


354.  VOCABULARY 

contra,  prep,  with  ace.  against.  venenum,  -i,  r\.  poison. 

historia,  -ae,  f.  history.  yicinus,  -a,  -um,  neighboring. 


PARTICIPLES :    READIXC    LESSOX  I  39 

commoveo,  commovere,  commovi,  commotus,  viove,  rouse. 

reduco,  reducere,  reduxi,  reductus,  lead  back. 

inquit  (defective,  used  after  one  or  more  quoted  words),  sauf. 

interficio,  interficere,  interfeci,  interfectus,  kill,  put  to  death. 

munio,  munire,  munivi,  mvLnit\xs,  fortify. 

vincio,  vincire,  vinxl,  vinctus,  hind. 

355.  FABRICIUS    AND    THE    PHYSICIAN 

Fabricius  consul  factus  contra  Pyrrhum,  regem  quendam, 
missus  est.  Accidit  ut  consul  ipse  et  Pyrrhus  castra  haberent 
vicina.  Ne  rex  impetum  faceret,  castra  munivit  Fabricius. 
De  ^  nocte  Pyrrhl  medicus  ad  Fabricium  venit.  "Ego," 
inquit,  "si  mihi  praemium  dederis,  dominum  meuni  veneno 
interticiam."  "Tu,  pessime,"  -  inquit  Fabricius  ira  commo- 
tus, "ad  tuum  dominum  statim  vinctus  mitteris."  Tum  medi- 
cum  vinctum  ad  Pyrrhum  regem  rediici  iussit.  Nonne  ilium 
pessimum  hominem  morte  punivit  Pyrrhus?  Historia  non 
narrat  num  medicus  a  Pyrrho  interfectus  sit. 

356.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Aliquis  fabulam  quandam  narrabat.  2.  Quoque 
anno  disco  aliquid  novi.  3.  Numquam  quemquam  vidi 
peiorem  illo  homine.  4.  Haec  mihi  ridens  dixit.  5.  Pugnae 
interfuit.  6.  Medicum  Pyrrhi  in  Fabric!  castris  manentem 
vidimus.     7.   Verba  pessima  eius  dicentis^  audiebamus. 

II.  I.  Do  not,  Roman,  put  the  doctor  to  death.  2.  Order 
him  to  be  bound  "*  and  led  back  to  the  king.  3.  Let  him  pun- 
ish him  with  death.  4.  Let  him  be  led  back  that  he  may  be 
punished.  5.  Fabricius,  though^  moved  with  anger,  did  this. 
6.  If"  the  physician  is  set  free,  he  will  be  glad.  7.  They  say 
the  physician  was  glad  because  ''  he  was  set  free. 

1  in.  2  miscreant.  ^  of  him  speaking  =  as  he  spoke.  *  J53,  6. 

'  353.  2-       "  353.  4-       '  353.  3- 


140  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LXI 
PARTICIPLES  —  Cojitinued 
Ablative  Absolute 
357.  Model  Sentences 


2. 


the    camp    having   been   fortified,  "1 
Consul,    castris     when  the  camp  had  been  fortified,     the  constil 
V[ium\x&,'Roma.m.i  'whe}t  he  had  fortified  the  camp,  Y      came  to 

venit,  having  fortified  the  camp,  Rome, 

after  fortifying  the  camp, 
r  this  having  been  done,  ^ 

Hoc  facto  J  since  this  has  been  done,  I  we     shall 

vincemus,  i  if  this  is  done,  I      conquer. 

[  by  doing  this,  j 

a.  Observe  in  i  that  the  noun  castris  and  the  participle  miinitis 
agreeing  with  it  are  in  the  ablative,  and  denote  the  time  of  the  action 
expressed  by  venit ;  in  2  that  hoc  and  facto  are  in  the  ablative  and 
denote  the  cause  (since),  or  condition  (if),  or  some  other  circum- 
stance of  the  action  expressed  by  vincemus.  An  ablative  so  used  is 
called  the  ablative  absolute. 

b.  Two  nouns,  or  a  noun  and  an  adjective,  without  a  participle  are 
sometimes  used  in  the  same  way :  Caesare  duce,  vincemus,  under  the 
leadership  of  Caesar,  if  Caesar  is  our  leader,  we  shall  conquer. 

c.  The  Latin  perfect  participle  is  passive,  not  active.  Accordingly 
such  a  sentence  as  "  Caesar,  having  defeated  the  Gauls,  returned  to 
Rome  "  has  to  be  cast  into  the  form  "  Caesar,  the  Gauls  having  been 
defeated,  returned  to  Rome,"  Caesar,  Gallis  victis,  Romam  rediit. 

358.  Rule.  —  The  ablative  ahsohtte  is  used  to  express 
the  time,  cause,  conditioti,  or  some  other  circinnstance 
of  the  action  of  the  main  verb. 

a.^The  ablative  absolute  should  seldom  be  translated  literally. 
Various  ways  of  translating  it  are  shown  in  the  model  sentences. 


ABLATIVE   ABSOLUTE  I41 

The  best  way  in  any  particular  case  must  be  determined  by  con- 
sidering what  idea  the  ablative  absolute  seems  to  convey  with 
reference  to  the  main  clause. 

359.  VOCABULARY 

Amulius,  -i,  m.  Amulius.  pecus,  -oris,  n.  Jlock,  cattle. 

auxilium,  auxili,  n.  help.,  aid.  ripa,  -ae,  f.  bank. 

geminus,  -a,  -um,  twin-born,  twin-,  super,  prep,  with  ace.  above.,  over. 

latro,  -onis,  m.  robber.  Tiberis,  -is  (ace. -im),  v^.the  Tiber. 

condo,  condere.  condidi,  conditus,  establish,  build,  found. 
effundo,  effundere.  effudl,  effusus,  pour  out,  spread  abroad. 


360. 

I.  I.  Hostibus  victis.  2.  Cicerone  consule.  3.  Oppido 
quodam  expCignato.     4.   H5c  viso.     5.   His  rebus  repertis. 

6.  Romulus,  urbe  condita,  rex  vocatus  est.  7.  Amulio 
rege  Tiberis  super  ripas  effusiis  est.  8.  Gemini  fratres  ipsi 
a  pecoribus  latrones  arcebant.  9.  Hoc  oppidum,  paucis  * 
defendentibus,  Caesar  expiignare  non  potuit.  10.  Tum  impera- 
tor,  "Milites,"  inquit,  "reducite  captivos."  11.  Hi  captivi 
eidem  fortissime  pugnantes  capti  sunt.  12.  Quis  praefuit 
equitibus  qui  imperatori  auxilio  missi  sunt?  13.  Mijnite 
urbem,  cives,  ne  ab  hostibus  capiatur.  14.  Urbe  munita, 
cives  non  iam  terrebantur. 

II.  I.  When  he  had  heard  these  words,  he  was  much 
moved.  2.  The  physician  was  led  back"^  and  put  to  death. 
3.  Romulus,  having  freed'' his  brother,  killed  Amulius.  4.  Hav- 
ing taken''  the  city,  the  soldiers  set  free  the  prisoners.  5.  Let 
us  rouse  the  citizens.  6.  Boys,  aid  your  friends.  7.  Those 
girls  were  a  help  ■*  to  their  teacher. 

1  Though,  etc.         "-Compare  353.  6,         ^  See  357,  c.      "  *  See  348. 


14^  FIRST   YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LXII 

PARTICIPLES  —  Continued 

The  Gerundive 

361.  The  gerundive  is  a  verbal  adjective  and  agrees 
with  the  noun  it  modifies. 

362.  Model  Sentences 

1.  EI  homini  aurum  servandum  dedit,  he  gave  the  gold  to  that  man  to 

keep  {the gold  to  be  kept). 

2.  Caesar  erat  cupidus  urbis  delendae,  Caesar  was  desirous  of  destroy- 

ing the  city  {of  the  city  to  be  destroyed). 

3.  Ad  pacem  petendam  venerant,  they  came  to  seek  peace,  for  the 

purpose  of  seeking  peace  {for  peace  to  be  sought). 

a.  Observe  in  each  of  the  above  sentences  that  the  gerundive 
agrees  with  a  noun.  Notice  also  the  way  in  which  the  noun  and 
gerundive  are  translated. 

b.  Observe  that  in  i  servandum  and  in  3  ad  pacem  petendam  express 
purpose,  and  are  equivalent  to  ut  servaret  and  ut  pacem  peterent  (288,  i ). 

363.  VOCABULARY 

coniunx,  coniugis,  f.  wife.  summus,  -a,  -um,  highest,  greatest 

cupidus,  -a,  -um,  desirous,  fond.  (489). 

pastor,  -oris,  m.  shepherd.  vis,  vis,  f.  force,  strength,  power, 

signum,  -i,  n.  sign,  signal.  might  (482). 

augeS,  augere,  auxi,  auctus,  increase,  enlarge. 

convenio,  convenire,  conveni,  conventus,  cotne  together,  assemble. 

educo,  educare,  educavi,  educatus,  bring  up,  train. 

induo,  induere,  indui,  indutus,  put  on. 

paro,  parare,  paravi,  paratus,  make  ready,  prepare. 

peto,  petere,  petivi  (petii),  petitus,  seek,  ask  for,  ask. 

saluto,  salutare,  saliitavi,  salutatus,  greet,  salute. 


THE   GERUNDIVE  143 

364.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Pontis  faciendi.  2.  Epistulis  scribendis.  3.  Ad 
epistulas  scribendas.  4.  Epistula  scribenda.  5.  Viribus 
augendis.     6.   In  petenda  pace. 

7.  Pastor  geminos  coniugi  educandos  dedit.  8.  Legati  de 
pace  facienda  venerunt.  9.  Caesar  pontem  faciendum  curat.' 
10.  Multi  convenerunt  studio  videndae  urbis.  11.  Multi 
reges  bellorum  gerendorum  sunt  cupidi.  12.  Legio  ad  bellum 
gerendum  paratissima- erat.  13.  Ad  galeas  induendas  tenipus 
defuit.  14.  Nos  morituri  ■'  te  salutamus.  15.  Signodato  milites 
impetum  in  hostis  summa  vi  fecerunt. 

II.  I.  Of  seeing  the  town.  2.  For  (ad)  drawing  up  a  line 
of  battle.  3.  By  founding  a  city.  4.  By  carrying  on  war. 
5.   In  (in)  laying  waste  the  fields. 

6.  Everything  was  made  ready  for  (ad)  training  the  boys. 
7.  Having  killed*  Amulius,  the  brothers  founded  a  city.  8.  By 
keeping  off  the  robbers  they  are  a  help*  to  the  shepherds. 
9.  We  are  ready  **  to  help  (iuvo)^  the  shepherds. 

1  has  a  bridge  built  {takes  care  a  bridge  to  be  built).  2  2>ery  well  prepared. 
^ about  to  die.  ■•  See  357,  f.  6566348.  «  ready  =  prepared. 

^  Compare  I.  12. 


Roman  Sandals 


144  J^/RST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LXIII 

THE   GERUND 

365.  The  gerund  is  a  verbal  noun  used  in  the  genitive, 
dative,  accusative,  and  ablative  singular. 

366.  Learn  the  gerunds  of  the  model  verbs  (497-501). 

367.  Model  Sentences 

1.  Dux   erat   cupidus    urbem    delendi,    the  general  was  desirous  of 

destroying  the  city. 

2.  Ad  pugnandum  venerunt,  they  came  for  fighting,  for  the  ptirpose 

of  fighting,  to  fight. 

3.  Mens  discendS  alitur,  the  mind  is  strengthened  by  leanmig. 

a.  Observe  in  each  sentence  that  the  gerund  is  used  like  any  other 
noun,  and  that  in  i  it  has  an  object  (urbem)  like  a  verb. 

b.  Observe  in  2  that  the  gerund  with  ad  denotes  purpose,  and  com- 
pare it  with  ad  pacem  petendam  (362,  3). 

c.  Compare  urbem  delendi  (i)  with  urbis  delendae  (362,  2),  and 
note  that  the  two  phrases  have  the  same  meaning. 

368.  VOCABULARY 

amor,  -oris,  m.  love.  industria,  -ae,  f.  industry. 

ars,  artis  (arti-),  f.  art.  nomen,  -inis,  n.  name. 

causa,  -ae,  f.  cause,  reason ;  abl.  propius,  adv.  nearer. 

for  the  sake  (after  a  genitive).  spatium,   spati,    n.   room,  space, 
deus,  -i,  m.  god  (482).  time,  opportunity. 

idoneus,  -a,  -um,_/f/,  suitable.  iitilis,  -e,  useful. 

accedo,  accedere,  accessi,  accessiirus,  come  near,  approacJi. 
conicio,  conicere,  conieci,  coniectus,  throw,  hurl. 
contemno,  contemnere,  contempsi,  contemptus,  despise. 
navig5,  navigare,  navigavi,  navigatus,  sail,  cruise. 
oro,  orare,  oravi,  oratus,  speak,  beg,  plead. 


THE    GERUND  1 45 


369.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Ars  Vivendi.  2.  Amor  pugnandi.  3.  Industria  in 
agendo.  4.  Inter  ^  pugnandum.  5.  Uicendo.  6.  Difficultas 
navigandi.     7.  Causa  mittendi.     8.   Mittendi  causa. 

9.  Orator  fineni  orandi  fecit.  10.  Libri  sunt  utiles  legendo. 
II.  Ars  pueros  educandi  est  difificilis.  12.  Adsumus  discendi 
causa.  13.  Milites  erant  cupidi  oppidum  expugnandi. 
14.  Naves  ad  navigandum  paratae  erant.  15.  Spatium  pila  in 
hostis  coniciendi'-  non  datum  est.  16.  lUi  libri  ad  legendum 
non  sunt  idonei.  17.  Homines  ad  deos  propius  accedunt 
nulla  re  quam  saliitem  hominibus  dando.  18.  Cicero  librum 
de  conteninenda  morte  scripsit.  19.  Nox  finem  oppOgnandi 
fecit. 

II.  I.  By  fortifying.  2.  While  writing.^  3.  In  (in)  say- 
ing. 4.  For  the  sake  of  assembling.  5.  For  the  purpose  of 
killing.  6.  For  the  sake  of  seeking  peace.'*  7.  The  difficulty 
of  approaching. 

8.  The  same  physician  was  desirous  of  killing''  the  king. 
9.  Time  was  not  given  for  (of)  pleading.  10.  The  master 
teaches  us  (ace.)  the  art  of  living  well.-  11.  Brothers,  let  us 
rouse  the  citizens  and  set  free  the  prisoners.  12.  Having 
roused  the  citizens,^  we  shall  set  free  the  prisoners. 

1  during,  while.  ^  for  hurling.         ^  Compare  I.  4.  *  Express  in 

two  ways.  ^  See  357,  ^. 


#>: 


A  Roman  Coin 


146  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LXIV 

THE   SUPINE:   ABLATIVE   OF   SPECIFICATION 

Reading  Lesson  :   Review 

370.  The  supine  is  a  verbal  noun  used  only  in  the  accusa- 
tive and  ablative  singular,  and  is  wanting  in  most  verbs. 

371.  Learn  the  supines  of  the  model  verbs  (497-501).  These 
are  given  in  the  paradigms  merely  to  illustrate  the  forms. 

372.  Model  Sentences 

1.  Legati  Romam  veniunt  pacem  petitum,  ambassadors  come  to  Rome 

to  seek  peace. 

2.  Id  facile  est  factii,  thai  is  easy  to  do,  to  be  done  {^in  the  doing). 

3.  Gallos  virtute  superant,  they  surpass  the  Gauls  in  courage. 

a.  Observe  in  i  that  the  supine  petitum  expresses  purpose,  like  ut 
pacem  petant  and  ad  pacem  petendam. 

b.  Observe  in  2  and  3  that  the  ablatives  factu  and  virtute  answer 
the  question  z«  what  respect?  Such  ablatives  are  called  ablatives 
of  specification. 

373.  Rule.  —  The  supine  in  -um  is  used  after  verbs 
of  motion  to  express  purpose. 

374.  Rule.  —  The  ablative  is  used  to  denote  in  tvhat 
respect  a  thing  is  true. 

375.  EXERCISES 

1.  I.  Galli  legates  ad  Caesarem  miserunt  rogatum  auxilium. 
2.  Dixerunt  se  auxilium  petitum  venisse.     3.  Veni  te  laudatum. 

4.  Eos  tu  ad  me  salutatum  miseras.  5.  Quid  optimum  est  factu  .'' 
6.  Quidam  sunt  homines  non  re  sed  nomine.  7.  Hannibal 
patri  virtute  similis  erat.  8.  Num  puer  virum  vi  superat  .'^ 
9.  Oppid5  expugnato,  Caesar  copias  in  castra  reduxit. 


ABLATH'E    OF  SPECIFICATION  1 47 

II.  I.  The  poor  soldiers  are  tired  in  mind  and  body. 
2.  Are  you  like  your  brother  in  daring?  3.  That  is  easier  to 
say  than  to  do.  4.  Deputies  came  to  ask  for  aid.  5.  Many 
girls  are  fond  of  reading  books.  6.  Who  formed  (capio)  a 
design  of  killing  Cicero  the  consul  ? 

376.  ROMAN    CONSULS 

Romani,  regibus  expulsis/  duos  consules  quotannis  habe- 
bant.  Consulatus  erat  apud  Romanos  magistratus  amplissi- 
mus.  Dictator  magni  periculi  temporibus  munera  omnium 
magistratuum  praestabat.  Consules  togam  praetextam  gere- 
bant,^  et  in  sella  curuli  sedebant.  Nisi  in  urbe  Roma  vitae 
necisque  potestas  in  manibus  consulum  erat.  Duodecim 
lictores  ibant  {went)  ante  consulem  cum  fascibus,  insignibus ' 
illis  huius  imperi,  atque  poenae  instrumentis.^  Munus  erat 
consulum  senatui  *  praesidere  et  rem  ^  publicam  administrare. 
Consulibus  quoque  erat  munus  exercituum  diicendorum  in 
hostis  populi   Romani. 

1  From  expello.  -  wore.  ^  An  appositive  with  fascibus.  *  See  347. 
^  rem  publicam,  the  public  business. 

377.  REVIEW 

I .  What  two  moods  are  used  in  commands  and  appeals.?  2.  What 
active  form  is  the  same  as  the  passive  imperative  present,  second 
singular.''  3.  Translate  into  Latin  do  not  send.,  let  us  send,  let  them 
not  send.  4.  Give  the  rule  for  the  dative  with  compounds.  5.  Point 
out  in  360,  I,  an  instance  of  the  dadve  of  service.  6.  Give  five  pos- 
sible translations  of  rege  interfecto.  7.  Give  the  rule  for  the  ablative 
absolute.  8.  In  364,  I.  7,  what  idea  is  implied  in  the  gerundive  educan- 
dos?  9.  Express  in  Latin  of  taking  the  town,  first  using  the  gerun- 
dive, then  the  gerund.  10.  What  idea  is  expressed  by  the  gerundive 
or  gerund  with  ad  ?  11.  What  is  a  verbal  noun?  12.  Give  in  English 
some  new  examples  of  a  verbal  noun  with  an  object. 


148  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LXV 

REVIEW   OF   VERB-FORMS 

Reading  Lesson 

Note.  —  For  some  classes  it  may  be  well  to  divide  this  lesson  into  two. 

378.  Review  the  complete  inflection  of  amo  (497)  and  moneo 
(498). 

379.  VOCABULARY  (REVIEW) 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  gij'e. 

imple5,  implere,  implevi,  impletus,  y?//,  cover. 

iubeo,  iubere,  iussi,  iiissus,  bid,  order,  co7nmand. 

iuvo,  iuvare,  iiivi,  iQtus,  lielp,  aid. 

maneo,  raanere,  mansi,  mansus,  stay,  remain. 

monstro,  monstrare,  monstravi,  monstratus,  sliow,  point  ottt. 

muto,  miitare,  mQtavi,  mutatus,  change. 

oro,  orare,  oravi,  oratus,  speak,  beg,  plead. 

teneo,  tenere,  tenui,  ,  hold,  keep. 

video,  videre.  vidi,  visus,  see;  pass.,  be  seen,  seem. 

380.  EXERCISES 

I.  I-  Dant,  iuvant,  implent,  manent.  2.  Monstramus, 
mutamus,  iubemus,  videmus.  3.  Orate,  monstrate,  tenete, 
implete.  4.  liivisti,  miitavisti,  mansisti,  tenuisti.  5.  Dabat, 
orabat,  implebat,  iubebat.  6.  Monstraverunt,  mutaverunt, 
iusserunt,  tenuerunt.  7.  Mutabitur,  iuvabitur,  videbitur,  tene- 
bitur.  8.  lata  est,  monstrata  est,  impletum  est,  visum  est. 
9.  Orari,  mutarl,  tenerl,  implerl.  10.  Monstraturus,  oratura, 
impleturus,  mansura.  11.  MCitandi,  monstrandum,  iubendo, 
videndum.  12.  Datum,  oratum,  visii.  13.  Dedisse,  oravisse, 
implevisse,  vidisse.  14.  Ut  iuvarera,  ne  mutaret,  ut  teneren- 
tur,  ne  iuberetur. 


RE  17 E IV   OF    VERB-FORMS 


149 


II.  I.  He  gives,  she  aids,  it  remains,  he  sees.  2.  I  shall 
aid,  we  shall  give,  you  will  order,  they  will  hold.  3.  To  have 
aided,  to  have  changed,  to  have  filled,  to  have  remained. 
4.  Give,  show,  stay,  keep.  5.  Let  me  help,  let  him  show, 
let  us  stay,  let  them  fill.  6.  I  was  (being)  aided,  you  were 
(being)  changed,  he  was  (being)  commanded,  they  were  (being) 
held.  7.  To  have  been  shown,  to  be  changed,  to  have  been 
bidden,  to  seem.  8.  Of  showing,  by  praying,  for  keeping, 
while  filling:.  . 


381. 


ROMULUS    AND    REMUS 


Romulus  et  Remus  erant  gemini  fratres,  filii  Martis  del  et 
Rheae  Silviae,  Vestae  sacerdotis.  Hac  re  cognita,  Amulius, 
rex  Albanurum,  matrem  ipsam  in  vincula  coniecit.  Parvulos 
alveo  imposuit  et  abiecit  in  Tiberim,  qui  tunc  forte  super  ripas 
eflfusus  erat ;  sed  flumine  relabente  (siibsidi?tg),  eos  aqua  in 
sicco  reliquit.  Lupa  ad  vagitum  occurrit,  infantis  lingua 
lambit,  matremque  se  gessit.  Hanc  rem  Faustulus,  pastor 
regius,  animadvertit,  et  eos  portavit  in  casam,  et  coniugi 
dedit  educandos. 


The  Twins  discovered  by  Faustulus 


150  FIRST   YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LXVI 

REVIEW   OF   VERB-FORMS  —  (::^«//««<?fl' 

Reading  Lesson 

Note.  —  For  some  classes  it  may  be  well  to  divide  this  lesson  into  two. 

382.  Review  the  complete  inflection  of  rego  (499),  capio  (500), 
and  audio  (501). 

383.  VOCABULARY    (REVIEW) 

emo,  emere,  emi,  emptus,  b2ty. 

iacio,  iacere,  ieci,  iactus,  throw,  hurl,  cast. 

munio,  munire,  mOnivi,  miinitus, /■(?r///y. 

pono,  ponere,  posui,  positus,  ptit,  place,  set. 

recipio,  recipere,  recepi,  receptus,  take  back,  receive. 

scio,  scire,  scivi,  scitus,  know. 

tango,  tangere,  tetigi,  tactus,  touch. 

teg5,  tegere,  texl,  tectus,  cover,  co?iceal. 

venio,  venire,  veni,  ventiirus,  couie. 

vinco,  vincere,  vici,  victus,  conquer,  defeat. 

384.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Emit,  munit,  tangit,  vincit.  2.  lecerunt,  posuerunt, 
tetigerunt,  venerunt.  3.  Ponebatis,  recipiebatis,  tegebatis, 
vincebatis.  4.  Emerit,  muniverit,  sciverit,  tetigerit.  5.  lace, 
recipe,  tege,  veni.  6.  Posuerant,  texerant,  vicerant,  miiniverant. 
7.  Emisse,  iactum  esse,  posuisse,  miinitum  esse.  8.  Ponimur, 
tangimur,  tegimini,  vincuntur.  9.  Emptum  est,  iacta  sunt, 
recepta  est,  tecti  estis.  10.  MCmiens,  ponens,  scientes,  veni- 
entes.  11.  Ement,  iacientur,  recipient,  vincentur.  12.  Ut 
muniant,  ut  recipiantur,  ne  ponant.  ne  tegantur.  13.  Ponendi, 
tegendo,  emendo,  vincendo.  14.  Empturus  esse,  recipi,  tangi, 
venturam  esse. 


REVIEW   OF    VERB-FORMS  151 

II.  I.  They  are  throwing,  they  touch,  they  come,  they  are 
buying;.  2.  He  was  covering,  he  knew,  he  was  placing,  he 
received.  3.  I  shall  come,  you  will  conquer,  he  will  put,  we 
shall  fortify.  4.  That  he  may  know,  let  us  throw,  that  you 
may  not  touch,  let  them  not  place.  5.  It  has  been  covered, 
she  has  been  received,  we  have  been  defeated,  they  have  been 
touched.  6.  To  have  fortified,  to  have  been  bought,  to  have 
hurled,  to  have  been  touched.  7.  Come,  throw,  buy,  conquer. 
8.  Of  throwing,  for  receiving,  to  place,  by  covering.  9.  It 
will  be  bought,  I  shall  be  received,  they  will  be  covered,  he 
will  be  touched. 


385.  ROMULUS    AND    U^yiX}^  —  Continued 

Pueri  adultl '  (ja/ien  grown  up)  inter  pastores  primo  ludicris 
certaminibus  viris^  auxerunt,''  deinde  venando  saltus  peragrare 
et  latrones  a  rapina  pecorum  arcere  coeperunt.*  Remus  a 
latronibus  captus  est ;  Romulus  vi  se  defendit.  Tunc  Faustu- 
lus  necessitate  compulsus^  indicavit  Romulo  quis  esset.®  Hie 
statim,  pastoribus  armatis,"  Albam  properavit.  Fratrem  libera- 
vit,  Amiilium  interfecit.  Postea  Romulus  et  Remus  urbem  in 
iisdem  locis  ubi  expositi  **  educatique  erant  condiderunt.  Hanc 
urbem  Romulus  Romam  vocavit. 

1  From  adolesco.  2  ,^(-c.  plur.  from  vis.  ^  From  augeo.  *  From  coepi. 
*  From  compello.      ^  See  295.      '  See  358.      *  From  expono. 


Roman  Coins 


152  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LXVII 

DEPONENT   VERBS 

Ablative  with  Certain  Deponents 

386.  Deponent  verbs  have  passive  forms  with  active 
meanings.  They  occur  in  each  of  the  regular  conjuga- 
tions, and  are  distinguished  by  the  ending  of  the  infinitive 
present,  as  follows  : 

First  conj.  -ari  Third  conj.         -i 

Second  conj.      -eri  Fourth  conj.      -iri 

a.  Learn  the  principal  parts,  the  meanings,  and  the  synopses  of 
the  deponents  in  509. 

b.  Observe  that  the  following  are  active  forms  : 

Inf.  future       hortatiirus  esse  Gerund      hortandi, 

Act.  supine     hortatum  hortando,  etc. 

c.  Observe  that  there  are  participles  of  both  voices  : 

Pres.    hortans,  urging.  Perf.  \iorid±us,  having  urged. 

Fut.     hortatiirus,  about  to  urge.      Gerundive  hortandus,  to  be  urged. 

d.  Observe  that  the  perfect  participle  of  deponents  is  active  in 
meaning  ;    the  gerundive  is  passive. 

387.  Model  Sentences 

1 .  Auro  utuntur,  they  use  gold. 

2.  Luce  soils  frulmur,  we  enjoy  the  light  of  the  sun. 

a.  Observe  that  auro  and  liice  are  in  the  ablative,  while  the  corre- 
sponding words  in  English  are  direct  objects  of  their  verbs. 

388.  Rule.  —  The  five  deponents  utor,  fruor,  fiingor, 
potior,  vescor,  and  their  compounds  govern  the  ablative. 


DEPONENT    VERBS  I  53 

389.  VOCABULARY 

llbertas,  -atis,  f.  liberty,  freedom.  sapientia,  -ae,  f.  ivisdom. 

nemo,  dat.  -ini  (nuliius  for  gen.,  nuUo  scriptor,  -oris,  m.  writer. 

for  abl.),  m.  no  one,  nobody.  sol,  solis,  m.  sufi. 

nunc,  adv.  now.  usus,  -us,  m.  use,  advantage. 

cre5,  creare,  creavi,  creatus,  create,  choose,  elect. 
expello,  expellere,  expuli,  expulsus,  drive  out,  expel. 
fruor,  frui,  fructus  sum,  enjoy. 
imitor,  imitarl,  imitatus  sum,  imitate,  copy. 
proficlscor,  proficlscl,  profectus  sum,  set  out,  tnarch. 
reficio,  reficere,  refeci,  refectus,  7nake  over,  repair. 
utor,  uti,  usus  sum.  tise,  make  nse  of,  employ. 

390.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Hortatur,  verebantur,  sequetur.  2.  Potit!  sunt,  iitiminl, 
uteris.  3.  Hortans,  verentes,  secutiirus.  4.  Veritus,  potiendi,  se- 
quendo,  verendo.    5.  Ad  utendum,  hortatum,  vererl,  usus  esse. 

6.  VereminI  deos.  7.  Caesar  hortatus  est  milites  ut  duces 
sequerentur.  8.  Scriptor  quidam  vetus  scripsit :  **  Nunc  puerl 
omnia  sciunt,  neminem  verentur,  imitantur  neminem."  9.  Illo 
die  exercitus  proficlscebatur.  10.  Ipse  cum  omnibus  copiis 
eos     sequebatur.       11.    Tempore     litamur  ^    cum     sapientia. 

12.  Regibus-    Roma^   expulsis,   duo      consules    creati    sunt. 

13.  Omnia  deerant   quae    ad    reficiendas    navis    erant    usui.^ 

14.  Semper  bona  exempla  imitari  possumus. 

II.  T.  They  urge,  he  fears,  they  will  follow.  2.  We  use, 
you  reverence,  he  has  used.  3.  Having  got  possession  of, 
imitating,  for  (ad)  setting  out. 

4.  Caesar  ordered  the  same  two  legions  to  set  out.  5.  Let ' 
us  always  imitate  the  good.  6.  Do  not  follow  bad  men.  7.  We 
have  enjoyed  the  love  of  our  mother.  8.  (Being)  about  to 
fight,  let  ^  us  put  on  our  helmets. 

1  See  340.  2  See  35S.  ^  See  197,  3.  *  See  349. 


154  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LXVIII 

THE   IRREGULAR  VERBS  V0L5,    NOLO,    MALO 

Dative  with  Intransitive  Verbs 

391.  Learn  the  principal  parts  and  the  conjugation  of  volo,  nolo, 
malo  (505).  Note  the  irregularities  in  the  present  of  the  infinitive, 
indicative,  and  subjunctive.     For  the  imperfect  subjunctive,  see  287,  a. 

392.  Model  Sentences 

1.  Hic  liber  mihi  placet,  this  book  pleases  me. 

2.  Amico  persuadet  ut  hoc  faciat,  he  persuades  his  friend  to  do  this. 

a.  Observe  that  mihi  and  amico  are  in  the  dative,  while  the  Eng- 
lish equivalents  are  the  direct  objects  of  transitive  verbs. 

393.  Rule.  —  Most  verbs  meaning  to  believe,  favor, 
help,  please,  trust,  and  their  opposites,  also  to  com- 
mand, obey,  pardon,  persuade,  resist,  serve,  and  spare, 
and  the  like,  govern  the  dative. 

394.  VOCABULARY 

enim,i  conj./^^r.  neque  .  .  .  neque,  neither  .  .  .  nor. 

mulier,  -eris,  f.  woman.  occasus,  -lis,  m.  setting. 

arbitror,  arbitrari,  arbitratus  sum,  think,  suppose. 
experior,  experiri,  expertus  sum,  try,  test. 
faveo,  favere,  favi,  fauturus,/«7/^r. 

malo,  malle,  malui, ,  be  more  ■willing,  prefer. 

noceo,  nocere,  nocui,  nociturus,  harm,  injure. 

nolo,  n511e,  nolui,  ,  be  unwilling,  will  not. 

parco,  parcere,  peperci,  parsus,  spare. 

persuades,  persuadere,  persuasi,  persuasus,  persuade. 

placeo.  placere,  placul,  placitus,  please,  be  pleasing  to. 

volo,  velle,  volui,  ,  be  willing,  wish,  will. 

'  Never  the  first  word  in  a  sentence. 


THE   IRREGULAR    VERBS   \OLU,    NuLO,    MALO     155 

395.  EXERCISES 

r.  I.  Voltis,  nolumus,  mavis.  2.  Ut  velimus,  ut  nolit,  ut 
malit.     3.   Noli,  nolle,  maluisse.     4.  Vobis  persuadendi  causa. 

5.  Volt  mihi  favere.  6.  Nolunt  tibi  nocere.  7.  Tibi  pro- 
desse  quam  ^  nocere  malumus.  8.  Malebat  esse  quam  videri 
bonus.  9.  Nonne  vis  matri  tuae  esse  auxilio  ?  10.  Arbitra- 
mur  eum  voluisse  equitatui  praeesse.  1 1.  Nolite,  pueri  puellae- 
que,  avibus  nocere.  12.  Solis  occasu  milites  castris  hostium 
potientur.  13.  Sua^  cuique  placent.  14.  Dicere  non  possu- 
mus  cur  puer  esse  scriptor  velit.  15.  Captivi,  cognito  Caesaris 
adventij,  eum  rogabant  ut  sibi  parceret. 

II.  I.  They  were  wishing,  I  shall  be  unwilling,  she  will 
prefer.  2.  That  you  may  be  willing,  that  he  might  prefer,  lest 
he  should  be  unwilling.  3.  For  the  sake''  of  pleasing  your 
friends. 

4.  The  soldiers,  having  got  possession  of  the  city,  spared 
neither  women  nor  children.  5.  Why  are  you  unwilling  to 
imitate  good  men  ?  6.  Let  us  send  a  messenger  to  the  leader 
to  ask  (supine)  that  he  spare  the  soldiers.  7.  He  had  per- 
suaded (them)  both  {sing.)  to  try  *  the  same  fortune  of  war. 

1  (rather)  than.  -  his  own  (things).         =*  See  368.  *  See  284. 


156  FIJ^ST    YEAR   LA  my 

LESSON    LXIX 

CUM   TEMPORAL,   CAUSAL,   AND   CONCESSIVE 

Reading  Lesson 

396.  Model  Sentences 

1 .  Libros,  cum  mihi  est  otium,  lego,  /  read  books  when  I  have  leisure. 

2.  Caesar,  cum  id  nuntiatum  asset,  in  Galliam  contendit,  Caesar,  when 

this  had  been  reported,  hastened  into  Gaiil. 

3.  Cum  se  defendere  non  possent,  legates  ad  Caesarem  miserunt,  since 

they  could  not  defend  themselves,  they  sent  deputies  to  Caesar. 

4.  Cum  fortiter  pugnarent,  tamen  non  vicerunt,  although  they  fought 

bravely,  nevertheless  they  did  not  conquer. 

a.  Cum  meaning  when  (i  and  2)  is  called  cum  temporal;  meaning 
as  or  since  (3),  cum  causal ;  meaning  although  (4),  cum  concessive. 

b.  Observe  the  moods  and  tenses  that  follow  the  various  mean- 
ings of  cum. 

397.  Rule.  —  In  a  cmn-clause  expressing  time,  the 
verb  is  commonly  in  the  subjunctive  if  the  tense  is  tJie 
imperfect  or  pluperfect;  otherivise,  in  the  indicative. 

398.  Rule.  —  In  a  cuin-clause  expressing  cause  or 
concession,  the  verb  is  in  the  subjunctive. 

399.  VOCABULARY 

cum,  conj.  when,  since,  as,  although.         tacitus,  -a,  -um,  sileitt. 
Eabius,  -i,  m.  Fabius.  tamen,  adv. yet,  nevertheless. 

multitude,  -inis,  f.  multitude.  tantus,  -a,  -um,  so  great,  such. 

adpropinquo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  approach,  come  tiear  to. 

c5nsist6,  consistere,  constiti, ,  stand  firm,  take  position. 

descends,  descendere,  descend!,  descensus,  descend,  dismount. 

desilio,  desilire,  desilui,  desultus,  jwnp  down,  leap  down. 

praesto,  praestare,  praestiti,  praestitus,  surpass,  excel. 


CUM    TEMPORAL,    CAUSAL,    CONCESSIVE       1 5/ 


400.  EXERCISES 

I.  Milites,  cum  ^  oppidum  ceperunt,  omnis  incolas  interfe- 
cerunt.  2.  Milites,  cum  ^  oppidum  cepissent,  omnis  incolas 
interfecerunt.  3.  Cum "  tanta  multitude  lapides  et  tela  coni- 
ceret,  in  miiro  consistendi  potestas  erat  nulli.  4.  Belgae, 
cum-  virtute  omnibus  praestarent,  totius  Galliae  imperio 
potiri  poterant.  5.  Cum  veneris,  hoc  cognosces.  6.  Cum  ^ 
naves  refectae  essent,  tamen  Caesar  non  navigavit. 

401.  QUINTUS'  FABIUB    MAXIMUS 

Q.  Fabius  iam  senex  filio  suo,  consuli,  legatus  fuit,  et  cum 
in  eius  castra  veniret,  filius  ad  patrem  progressus  est,  duo- 
decim  lictoribus*  antecedentibus.  Equo  vehebatur^  senex, 
nee  adpropinquante  consule  *  descendit.  Iam  ex  lictoribus 
undecim  verecundia'^  paternae  maiestatis  taciti '  praeterierant.** 
Quod  ^  cum  consul  animadvertisset,  proximum  lictorem  iussit 
inclamare  Fabio  patri  ut  ex  equo  descenderet.  Pater  tum 
desiliens:  "Non  ego,  fili,"  inquit,  "tuum  imperium  contempsi, 
sed  experiri  volui  num  scires  ^'^  te  esse  consulem."  Ad  summam 
senectutem  vixit  Fabius  Maximus,  dignus  tanto  cognomin?. 

402.  EXERCISES 

I.  When  Fabius  was  old,  he  came  to  his  son's  camp.  2.  When 
the  consul  approached,  Fabius  wished  to  test  him.  3.  When  a 
consul  approaches,  a  lieutenant  dismounts.  4.  As  the  son  was 
consul,  the  father  dismounted.  5.  Although  Fabius  was  old, 
nevertheless  he  leaped  down  from  his  horse.  6.  When  he  had 
dismounted,  the  multitude  was  silent.  7.  Since  the  son  ordered 
his  father  to  dismount,  we  know  that  the  former"  was  consul. 

1  Temporal.  2  Causal.  ^  Concessive.  ■*  Abl.  abs.  ^  was  riding 
on  {was  carried  b}^.  ^  See  165.  '^  in  silence  (silent).  ^  had  passed  by. 
'  Object  of  animadvertisset.        1^866295.        11  See  201,  ^. 


158  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LXX 

Conditional  Sentences 

403.  A  conditional  sentence  consists  of  two  parts,  a 
condition  —  also  called  protasis  —  and  a  conclusion  —  also 
called  apodosis.  The  condition  {protasis)  is  generally  an 
{/"-clause,  and  hence  dependent  ;  the  conclusion  [apodosis) 
is  the  principal  clause,  upon  which  the  condition  depends. 

404.  Model  Sentences 

Simple  Conditions 

1 .  Si  hoc  facit,  bene  est,  if  he  does  this,  it  is  well. 

2.  Si  hoc  faciebat,  bene  erat,  if  he  was  doing  this,  it  luas  well. 

3.  Si  hoc  faciei,  bene  erit,  if  he  does  {shall  do)  this,  it  will  be  well. 

Doubtful  Conditions 

4.  Si  h5c  facial,  bene  sit,  if  he  should  do  this,  it  would  be  well  (the 

time  is  future). 

Conditions  Contrary  to  Fact 

5.  Si  h5c  faceret,  bene  esset,  if  he  were  doing  this,  it  would  be  well 

(the  time  is  present). 

6.  Si  hoc  fecisset,  bene  fuisset,  if  he  had  done  this,  it  wotild  have 

been  well  (the  time  is  past). 

a.  Observe  in  i,  2,  and  3  that  the  indicative  is  used  in  both  con- 
dition and  conclusion,  implying  nothing  as  to  the  truth  of  the  sup- 
position.    Such  sentences  may  be  called  simple  conditions. 

b.  Observe  in  4  that  the  present  subjunctive  is  used  in  both  clauses, 
and  that  doubt  or  possibility  is  implied.  This  doubt  is  generally 
expressed  in  English  by  the  auxiliaries  should  .  .  .  would.  Such 
sentences  may  be  called  doubtful  conditions. 

c.  Observe  in  5  and  6  that  the  subjunctive  is  used  in  both  clauses, 
and  that  the  contrary  of  both  condition  and  conclusion  is  implied :  if 


CONDITIONAL    SENTENCES  159 

he  were  doing  this  (but  he  is  not),  it  would  be  well  (therefore  it 
is  not),  etc.  Such  sentences  may  be  called  conditions  contrary  to 
fact. 

d.  Observe  further  in  5  that  the  imperfect  subjunctive  is  used  in 
both  clauses,  and  that  present  time  is  referred  to  ;  in  6  the  pluperfect 
subjunctive,  with  reference  to  past  time. 

405.  Rule.  —  In  simple  conditions  the  indicative  is 
used. 

406.  Rule.  —  In  doubtful  conditions  the  subjunctive 
present  (or  perfect)  is  used. 

407.  Rule. — In  conditions  contrary  to  fact  the  sub- 
junctive imperfect  and  pluperfect  are  used,  the  imper- 
fect denoting  present  time,  and  the  pluperfect  denoting 
past  time. 

408.  VOCABULARY 

coena.  -ae,  f.  dinner.  nisi,  conj.  if  not,  unless. 

dictator,  -oris,  m.  dictator.  senatus,  -us,  m.  senate. 

praesideo,  praesidere,  praesedi,  ,  be  in  charge  of,  preside  over. 

respondeo,  respondere,  respond!,  responsus,  answer,  reply. 

409.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Si  res  publica  in  periculo  erat,  dictator  creatus  est. 
2.  Si  res  publica  in  periculd  sit,  dictator  creetur.  3.  Nisi  res 
publica  in  periculo  nunc  esset,  dictator  non  crearetur.  4.  Si 
consul  esses,  senatui  praesideres.  5.  Veni  ad  coenam,  si  tibi 
placet.     6.  Obsidibus  datis,  pacem  cum  eis  faciam. 

II.  I.  If  you  should  ask  me,  I  should  answer.  2.  If  Scipio 
is  first,  who  is  second  ?  3.  If  Hannibal  had  conquered  Scipio, 
he  would  have  been  the  greatest  of  generals.  4.  If  the  consul 
should  approach,  the  lieutenant  would  dismount.  5.  If  Fabius 
had  not  dismounted,  would  his  son  have  ordered  him  to 
dismount  ? 


l6o  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LXXI 
Review  :  Reading  Lesson 

410.  REVIEW 

I.  What  is  a  deponent  verb?  2.  Give  the  participles  of  sequor 
with  their  meanings.  3.  Give  the  meanings  of  veritus,  prof  actus,  and 
potitus.  4.  Give  the  meanings  of  monitus,  rectus,  and  auditus. 
5.  How  can  you  translate  the  EngHsli  perfect  active  participle  —  for 
example,  having  conquered  the  enemy  —  if  the  corresponding  Latin 
verb  is  not  deponent?  6.  Inflect  the  indicative  and  subjunctive 
present  of  volo,  nolo,  and  malo.  7.  Give  a  synopsis  of  each  in  the 
indicative  and  subjunctive.  8.  Give  the  rule  for  the  dative  with  intran- 
sitives.  9.  Point  out  an  instance  of  this  dative  in  409.  10.  With 
cum  meaning  when,  what  tenses  of  the  indicative  are  used  ?  What 
tenses  of  the  subjunctive  ?  11.  Translate  cum  esset  in  three  ways. 
12.  Translate  cum  sit  in  two  ways.  13.  How  many  forms  of  con- 
ditional sentences  are  there?  14.  Illustrate  each  by  a  model  sen- 
tence. 15.  What  time  is  expressed  by  the  imperfect  subjunctive  in 
conditions  contrary  to  fact?  16.  What  time  is  expressed  by  the 
English  were  in  if  he  were  here,  we  shotild  be  glad ?  What  is  the  tense 
of  were?  17.  What  word  is  used  to  translate  that  into  Latin  in  pur- 
pose and  result  clauses?  18.  What  word  translates  that  Jiot'in-^nx- 
pose  clauses  ?  What  words  in  result  clauses  ?  19.  Translate  he  conies 
to  stay  J  he  came  to  stay.  20.  Translate  /  advise  him  not  to  write. 
21.  Point  out  an  indirect  question  in  401.  22.  Translate  /  asked 
him  who  he  was. 

411.  RIVALRY    OF    TWO    CENTURIONS 

Erant  in  quadam  legione  fortissimi  viri,  centuriones,  qui  iam 
primis  ordinibus  ^  adpropinquabant,  T.  Pullo  et  L.  Vorenus. 
Hi  perpetuas  inter  se  ^  controversias  habebant  uter  alter! 
anteponeretur,  omnibusque  annis^  de  loco  summis  simultatibus 

^  the  first  rank,  i.e.  the  position  of  chief  centurion.  ^  inter  se,  with 

each    other.  ^  omnibus  annis,  year  after  year. 


REMFAV:    RE  A  1)1  XG    LESSON  l6l 

contendebant.  Ex  his  Pullo,  cum  acerrime  ad  '  munitiones 
pugnaretur,'-  "Quid  dubitas,"  inquit,  "Vorene?  aut  quern 
locum  tuae  probandae  virtutis  ^  exspectas  ?  Hie  dies  de 
nostris  controversiis  iudicabit."  Haec  cum  dixisset,^  procedit 
extra  munitiones  et  in  eam  partem  hostium  quae  confertis- 
sima  visa  est  inrumpit. 

412.  EXERCISES 

I.  For  many  years ^  Pullo  and  Vorenus  contended  for  posi- 
tion. 2.  Each  ®  of  them  wished  to  be  preferred  to  the  other. 
3.  Pullo  asked  Vorenus  why  he  hesitated ''  to  prove  his  cour- 
age. 4.  When  Pullo  had  advanced  beyond  the  fortifications, 
he  rushed  at  the  enemy.^  5.  There  he  had  ^  a  chance  of  prov- 
ing his  courage.  6.  If  Vorenus  should  hesitate,  he  would  not 
be  preferred  to  Pullo.  7.  I  prefer  Pullo  to  Vorenus  ;  which 
(of  the  two)  do  you  prefer  to  the  other  ? 

413.  VOCABULARY 

extra,  prep,  with  ace.  outside  of,  munitio,  -onis,  {.fortification. 

beyond.  Pullo,  -onis,  m.  P21II0,  a  centurion, 

locus,  -i,  m.  (plur.  loci  and  loca),  Vorenus,-!,  m.Vofemts,  a  centurion. 

place,  position,  chance. 

antepono,  anteponere,  anteposui,  antepositus,  place  before,  prefer. 

dubito,  dubitare,  dubitavi,  dubitatus,  hesitate,  doubt. 

inrumpo,  inrumpere,  inriipT.  inruptus,  break  in,  rush  at. 

probo.  probare.  probavi,  probatus,  prove,  appro-ve. 

procedo,  procedere,  processi,  • ,  go  forward,  advance,  proceed. 

1  See  240,  note  5.      -  acerrime  .   .   .  pugnaretur,  the  fighting  was  fiercest 
(it  was  fought  most  fiercely);   acerrime  from  acriter.  ^  Compare  362,  2. 

^  haec  cum  dixisset  may  be  translated  having  said  this.  ^  See  277  and 

278.        ^  uterque.        '' See  295.        >*  in  hostis.         ^  a  place  was  to  him. 


l62  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LXXII 

THE   IRREGULAR   VERBS   EO,   FERO,   FIO 

Subjunctive  after  Verbs  of  Fearing 
Note.  —  For  some  classes  this  lesson  may  well  be  divided  into  two. 

414.  a.  Learn  the  principal  parts,  the  meanings,  and  the  conjuga- 
tion of  eo  (507),  fero  (506),  and  fio  (508). 

b.  Observe  where  i  (the  root  of  eo)  is  changed  to  e  in  the  indica- 
tive and  subjunctive  present,  in  the  present  participle,  and  in  the 
gerund.  The  perfect,  pluperfect,  and  future  perfect  of  eo,  as  in  many 
verbs  with  perfects  in  -ivi,  often  drop  v :  ivit,  iit  ;  iverat,  ierat  ;  iverit, 
ierit ;  ivisse,  iisse  (isse). 

c.  Flo  serves  as  the  passive  of  facio.  The  i  is  long  except  before 
-er  and  in  fit. 

415.  Model  Sentences 

1 .  Vereor  ut  veniat,  I  fear  that  he  is  not  coming  or  will  not  come. 

2.  Vereor  ne  veniat,  I  fear  that  he  is  coming  or  will  come. 

a.  Observe  that  a  verb  of  fearing  is  followed  by  ut  or  ne  with  the 
subjunctive.  After  such  verbs  ut  and  ne  seem  to  exchange  mean- 
ings :  ut  =  that  not ;  ne  =  that  (or  lesf). 

b.  Observe  that  the  subjunctive  present  may  be  translated  by  the 
indicative  future. 

416.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  It,  fert,  fit.  2.  Imus,  ferimus,  fimus.  3.  Ite,  ferte,  fite. 
4.  I,  eunti,  eundi.  5.  Ire,  ferre,  fieri.  6.  Iisse,  tulisse,  factus 
esse.  7.  Ibunt,  ferent,  fient.  8.  Veretur  ne  eant.  9.  Vere- 
batur  ut  irent.  10.  Verentur  ne  haec  fiant.  11.  Timuit  ut 
ilia  fierent.  12.  Cum  haec  facta  essent,  Romam  ierunt. 
13.  His  rebus  factis,  milites  processerunt.  14.  Eos  hortati 
erant  ut  irent :  ferrent. 


THK   IRREGULAR    VERBS   EO,    FER(X    Flf)      1 63 

II.  I.  You  are  going,  are  bearing,  are  becoming.  2.  They 
go,  bear,  become.  3.  He  had  gone,  borne,  become.  4.  Do 
you  fear  that  this  will  happen  .''  5.  Who  fears  that  they  will 
not  go  ?     6.   Did  they  fear  that  he  would  go  ?  •     7.   I  was  afraid 

that  thev  would  not  go. 


417. 


RIVALRY    OF    TWO    CENTURIONS  —  Continued 


Ne- Vorenus  quidem  -  sese  turn  vallo  '  continet,*  sed  omnium 
veritus  existimationem  sequitur.  Mediocri  spatio  relicto, 
Pullo  pilum  in  hostls  immittit  atque  unum  ex  multitudine 
procurrentem  traicit ;  quem  pcrcussum  *  et  exanimatum  scutis 
protegunt  hostes ;  in  Pullonem  omnes  tela  coniciunt  neque 
dant  progrediendi  ^  facultitem.  Transfigitur  scutum  Pulloni^ 
et  hasta  in  balteo  defigitur.  Hie  casus  avertit  vaginam  et^ 
gladium  educere  oonantis  ^  dextram  moratur  manum  ;  impedi- 
tumque  ^^  hostes  circumsistunt.  Succurrit  iili  inimicus  Vorenus 
et  laboranti "  subvenit. 

'  See  297.  -  ne   .  .   .  (\\x\A^ra.,  not  even.  '^  within  the  rampart. 

*  Observe  the  repeated  use  of  the  present  in  lively  narration,  as  is  common 
in  English.         ^  From  percutio.         •'  See  365.         "^  Translate  as  if  genitive. 

*  et,  etc.:  translate  in  this  order — et  moratur  dextram  manum  conaatis 
educere  gladium.  ^when  he  tried  (of  him  trying).  i"  Agrees  with  eum 
(i.e.  Pullonem)  understood.  11  him  in  distress  {him  laboring). 


164  FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 

LESSON    LXXIII 
IMPERSONAL   USE   OF   VERBS 

Relative  of  Purpose  :   Reading  Lesson 

418.  Model  Sentences 

1.  Pugnabatur,  there  was  fighting  (Jt  was  fought). 

2.  Accidit  ut  luaa  plena  esset,  //  happened  that  the  moon  was  full. 

3.  Ire  tibi  licet,  j£7«  may  go  {to  go  is  pertnitted  to  you). 

a.  Observe  that  the  verbs  pugnabatur,  accidit,  and  licet  have  no 
personal  subjects.  In  i  there  is  no  subject,  the  intransitive  verb 
pugno  being  used  exceptionally  in  the  passive :  in  2  the  subject  is  the 
clause  ut  .  .  .  esset ;  in  3  the  subject  is  the  infinitive  ire. 

b.  Verbs  like  licet,  that  never  have  a  personal  subject,  are  used  only 
in  the  third  person  singular,  and  are  called  impersonal  verbs.  Verbs 
that  generally  have  a  personal  subject,  when  employed  in  the  third 
person  singular,  as  pugnabatur  and  accidit  are  in  i  and  2,  are  said  to 
be  7i.sed  itnpersonally. 

419.  Model  Sentence 

I.  Legates  qui  auxilium  peterent  misit,  he  sent  ambassadors  to  seek 
help  {who  should  seek  help). 

a.  Observe  that  the  relative  clause  qui  auxilium  peterent  is  equiva- 
lent to  ut  ii  auxilium  peterent,  that  is,  it  expresses  purpose. 

420.  Rule.  —  Purpose  is  often  expressed  by  a  relative 
with  the  suhjimctive. 

421.  *  VOCABULARY 

ambo,  -ae,  -6  (decl.  like  duo),  both,     praesidium,  -i,  n.  support. 
cohors,  cohortis,  f.  cohort.  subsidium,  -i,  n.  help,  aid,  relief. 


IMPERSONAL    USE    OE    VERBS  165 

antefero,  anteferre,  antetuli,  antelatus,  prefer. 
iudico,  iudicare,  iudicavi,  '\\!iA\tdX\X2,,  judge,  decide. 

licet,  licere,  licuit  (licitum  est), ,  //  is  permitted,  it  is  alloived. 

oportet,  oportere,  oportuit, ,  it  behooves,  it  is  necessary,  ought. 

422.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Acriter  pugnatur.  2.  Accidit  ut  pugnetur.  3.  Accidit 
ut  Onus  ex  multitudine  pilum  coniceret.  4.  Vorenum  non 
dubitare  oportet.  5.  Dictatorem  creatum  esse  dicitur.'  6,  Dic- 
tator creatus  esse  dicitur,^  7,  Ei  licuit  amico  subvenire. 
8.  Nonne  Pullo  verebatur  ne  Vorenus  sequeretur  ?  9.  ludicari 
non  potuit^  uter  alter!  esset  anteferendus.  10.  Decern  cohortes 
ad  mare  relictae  erant  quae  praesidio  navibus  essent. 

II.  I.  It  happened  that  there  was  fighting.  2.  Certain 
men  came  to  say  that  one  had  been  killed.  3.  This  ought  to 
be  done.*  4.  I  fear  that  Pullo  cannot  draw  his  sword.  5.  It 
behooves  the  one^  to  help  the  other.*  6.  Soldiers,  bring  help 
to  both. 

423.  RIVALRY    OF    TWO    CENTURIONS  —  Cc7«//«/^^d' 

Ad  hunc  confestim  a  Pullone  omnis  multitiido  se  con- 
vertit.  Gladio  comminus  pugnat  Vorenus  atque,  uno  inter- 
fectOj^reliquos  paulum  propellit;  dumcupidius^  instat,  deiectus** 
in  locum  inferiorem  ^  concidit.  Huic  rursus  circumvento  sub- 
sidium  fert  Pullo,  atque  ambo  incolumes,  compluribus  inter- 
fectls,"  summa  cum  laude  sese  intra  munitiones  recipiunt. 
Itaque  fortuna  in  contentione  et  certamine  sic  utrumque  versa- 
vit  ut  alter  inimicus®  alter!  ^°  auxilio  salutique  esset,  neque  " 
iudicari  posset  uter  utri  virtute  anteferendus  videretur. 

1  it  is  said  {that),  impersonal.  ^  Personal.  ^it  was  not  possible.  *  it 
behooves  this  to  be  done.  *  alter.  ^  See  358.  "See  255,  «.  ^having 
stumbled  into  a  hollow.  ^  though  an  enemy.  ^'^  depends  on  esset. 
^^  neque  iudicari  posset,  nor  could  it  be  decided  =  nor  could  one  tell. 


i66  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LXXIV 

PERIPHRASTIC   CONJUGATIONS:    DATIVE   OF   AGENT 

424.  The  first  or  active  periphrastic  conjugation  is  the 
future  active  participle  combined  with  forms  of  sum  : 
amaturus  est,  he  is  going  to  {is  about  to)  love;  amaturus  erat, 
he  was  going  to  {was  about  to)  love. 

The  second  or  passive  periphrastic  conjugation  is  the 
gerundive  combined  with  forms  of  sum  :  amandus  est,  he  is 
to  be  loved,  must  be  loved,  onght  to  be  loved ;  amandus  erat, 
he  was  to  be  loved,  ought  to  have  been  loved. 

a.   Learn  the  synopses  of  the  periphrastic  conjugations  (510,  511). 

425.  Model  Sentences 

1 .  Scio  quid  facturus  sit,  /  kno^v  what  he  is  going  to  do. 

2.  Sciebam  quid  factiirus  esset,  I  knew  what  he  was  going  to  do. 

3.  Delenda  est  Carthago,  Carthage  must  be  destroyed. 

4.  Caesari  omnia  erant  agenda,  all  things  were  to  be  done  by  Caesar. 

5.  Mihi  scribendum  est,  writing  tniist  be  done  by  me  —  I  fnust  write. 

a.  Observe  in  i  and  2  that  the  first  periphrastic  conjugation 
expresses  purpose  or  intention,  or  simple  futurity. 

b.  Observe  in  3,  4,  and  5  that  the  second  periphrastic  Conjuga- 
tion expresses  necessity,  duty,  or  obligation.     Compare  362,   i. 

c.  Observe  in  5  that  the  verb  is  used  impersonally.     Compare  418. 

d.  Observe  in  4  and  5  that  the  person  who  has  to  do  a  thing 
(Caesari,  mihi)  is  expressed  by  the  dative  translated  by.  This  dative 
is  called  the  dative  of  ac^etit.     Compare  the  ablative  of  agent,  208. 

426.  Rule.  —  The  gerundive  xvith  sum  takes  the  dative 
to  denote  the  person  who  has  to  do  a  thing. 


PERfPHRASTIC   CONJUGATIONS  1 67 


427.  VOCABULARY 

Catillna.  -ae,  m.  Catiline.  cupide,  adv.  eagerly. 

centuri5,  -onis,  m.  centurion.  diligentia,  -ae,  f.  diligence,  industry. 

comminus,  adv.  Jiand  to  Jumd.       exsilium,  -i,  n.  exile. 

concido,  concidere,  concidi,  ,  fall  down,  fall. 

insto,  instate,  institi,  instaturus,  press  on. 

morior,  mori  (moriri),  mortuus  sum  (fut.  part,  moriturus),  die. 

subvenio,  subvenlre.  subveni,  subventurus,  come  to  aid,  assist. 

428.  EXERCISES 

I.  I.  Descensiirus  est,  moritura  erat.  2.  Inruptiiri  sunt, 
profecturae  erant.  3.  Educendi  sunt,  educandi  sunt.  4.  Tibi 
petendum  est,  nobis  respondendum  est. 

5.  Navis  refecturus  est.  6.  Naves  Caesari  reficiendae  sunt. 
7.  Duo  centuriones  virtutem  probaturi  erant.  8.  Duorum 
centurionum  virtus  probanda  erat.  9.  Gladiis  comminus  pii- 
gnatum  est.  10.  Diligentia  ^  nobis  utendum '^  est.  11.  Omni- 
bus moriendum  -  est.  12,  Fiebat  ut  Pullo  inimico  subsidium 
ferret.  13.  Hostis  oportebat  se'^  in  munitiones  recipere. 
14.  Vorenus,  cum  cupidius  instaret,  in  locum  inferiorem  con- 
cidit.  15.  Nisi  alter  alteri  subvenisset,  uterque  interfectus 
esset. 

II.  I.   He  was    going    to  ask,  she    is    going    to    prepare. 

2.  They  were  going    to  advance,  she  was  going  to  prepare. 

3.  This  must  be  done,  it  had  to  be  spared. 

4.  He  feared  that  it  must  be  done.  5.  The  state  must  be 
defended  by  the  citizens.  6.  Cicero  asked  whether*  Catiline 
was  going  to  go*  into  exile.  7.  All  things  were  done 
that  had  to  be  done.*^  8.  Do  not "  think  that  we  must  do 
this.^ 

1  See3SS.         2(^Q„^pare  425,  5.  ■' se  recipere  =  withdraw.         *  num. 

^Compare  425,  2.  ^Compare  425,  4.  "  See  340.  ^  this  must 

be  done  l)y  us. 


Venerunt 


1 68  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

LESSON    LXXV 

EXPRESSIONS   OF  PURPOSE 

Review  :   Reading  Lesson  . 

429.  Commit  to  memory  the  following  expressions  of  purpose, 
which  have  occurred  in  the  preceding  lessons : 

f  ut  pacem  peterent, 
ad  pacem  petendam, 
pacem  petendi  causa,     they  came  to 
pads  petendae  causa,  j       seek  peace. 
pacem  petitum, 
qui  pacem  peterent,    J 
ad  pugnandum,  to  fight. 

430.  REVIEW 

I.  Inflect  fero  in  the  active  indicative  present  and  in  the  passive 
subjunctive  imperfect.  2.  Give  the  meanings  of  fiunt,  fimus,  factum 
est.  3.  Give  the  meanings  of  i,  is,  itis,  ibit.  4.  Decline  the  participle 
iens  in  the  mascuHne.  5.  What  forms  of  fio  have  i  before  e }  6.  What 
form  of  fero  has  no  personal  ending.''  7.  Translate  vereor  ut  eat 
and  vereor  ne  eat.  8.  Translate  verebatur  ut  iret  and  verebatur  ne 
iret.  9.  In  409,  I.  5,  what  is  the  subject  of  placet.^  10.  What  is  the 
meaning  of  itur  (pass,  of  eo).?  Of  concurritur  (from  concurro,  rush)  ? 
1 1.  Point  out  in  428,  I.  an  impersonal  verb,  and  an  intransitive  verb 
used  impersonally  in  the  passive.  12.  Translate  dicitur  iisse  and 
dicitur  eum  iisse. 

431.  THE  ROMANS  WIN  THEIR  FIRST  NAVAL  VICTORY 

Gaius  Duilius  Poenos  navali  proelio  primus^  vicit.  Qui^ 
cum  videret  navis  Romanas  a  Punicis  velocitate  superari, 
manus  ferreas,  quas  corvos  vocaverunt,  instituit.     Ea  machina 

1  primus  vicit,  was  the  first  to  conquer.  ^  qui  cum,  when  he. 


READING   LESSON  1 69 

Romanis  magno  usui  fuit ;  nam  iniectis  illis  corvis  ^  hostilem 
navem  adprehendebant,  deinde,  superiecto  ponte/  in  earn  insi- 
liebant,  et  gladio  velut  in  pugna  terrestri  dimicabant ;  unde 
Romanis,  qui  robore  praestabant,  facilis  victoria  fuit.  Inter 
pugnandum  ''  triginta  hostium  naves  captae  sunt,  tredecim 
mersae.''  Duilius,  victor  Romam  reversus,''  primus  ^  navalem 
triumphum  egit.''  Nulla  victoria  Romanis  gratior  fuit,  quod 
invicti  terra  iam  etiam  mari  pliirimum  ^  poterant. 

432.  VOCABULARY 

corvus,  -i,  m.  raven.  Punicus,  -a,  -um,  Carthaginian. 

ferreus,  -a, -um,  of  iron,  iron.  robur,  -oris,  n.  strength,  vigor. 

hostilis,  -e,  of  the  enemy,  hostile.  velocitas,  -atis,  f.  swiftness. 

Poeni, -orum,  m.  plur. /^tf  C^zr/Zzfl-  victor,  -oris,  m.  victor;  as  adj., 
ginians.  victorious. 

adprehend5.  adprehendere.  adprehendi,  adprehensus,  seize  hold  of 
instituo.  instituere,  institui,  institiitus,  set  up,  establish. 
superiaci5,  superiacere,  superieci.  superiectus,  throw  over,  cast  upon. 

433.  EXERCISES 

I.  Since  the  Roman  ships  surpassed  the  Carthaginian  in 
swiftness,  iron  hands  were  set  up.  2.  These  iron  hands  were 
called  ravens.  3.  The  Romans  used  these  ravens^  for' 
seizing  hold  of  the  hostile  ships.  4.  Then  a  bridge  was 
thrown  over,  and  the  men  "  fought  hand  to  hand  with  swords. 
5.  The  Romans  were  victorious  because  they  excelled  the 
Carthaginians  in  strength. 

1  See  358.  2  See  369,  I.  4.  ^  From  mergo.  ■*  From  revertor. 

6  Compare  p.  168,  note  i.        ^  From  ago.        "  plurimum  poterant,  were  most 
powerful.         8  See  388.         ^  ad  with  gerundive.         i"  soldiers. 


SELECTIONS    FOR    READING 

ANECDOTES 

434,  THE    BAD    APPLES 

Carolus,  agricolae  impigri  filius,  bonus  erat  puer  sed  amicos 
amabat  malos.  Agricola  igitur  puero  calathum  pomorum 
plenum  dat.  Bona  ^  continebat  calathus  poma,  pauca  tamen 
erant  putrida.  Gratum  puero  erat  donum  et  cum  diligentia 
curat  ;  mala  autem  poma  maculant  bona  et  mox  mala  sunt  5 
cuncta.  Carolus  maestus  adversam  fortiinam  plorat.  Turn 
agricola  filium  ita  monet :  "  Poma  mala  maculant  bona,  certe 
mail  amici  maculabunt  puerum  bonum." 

435.  THE    BROKEN    DIKE 

Cimbri  terram  habitant  miram,  nam  oceanus  tecta  agrosque 
agricolarum  saepe  inundat.  Incolae  fossis  tumulisque  magnis  -  lo 
undarum  violentiam  coercent  ;  aliquando  tamen  aqua  claustra''' 
deturbat  et  vastat  terram.  Forte  erat  tumulus  non  validus; 
iam  apparet  parva  rima  ;  mox  via  magna  patebit  et  terram 
superabunt  undae.  At  periculum  videt  puer  parvus  ;  statim 
dextra  rimam  implet  coercetque  aquam.  ic 

Did  et  constanter  servabat  puer  praesidium.  Iam  rigebant 
membra,  at  dextra  parva  aquam  semper  coercebat,  Postridie 
agricolae  loco  adpropinquant.  Puer  frigidus  et  moribundus 
dextra  tamen  aqilam  coercet.  Saxis  celeriter  tumulum  confir- 
mant  et  limo  rimam  implent.     Tum  umeris''  puerum  sublevant  2c 

1  With  poma.  -  With  fossis  and  tumulls.  ^  Object  of  deturbat. 

■*  on  their  shoulders. 


172  FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 

recreantque  cibo.     Tantam  constantiam  saepe  commemorant 
Cimbri,  narrantque  liberis  pueri  factum. 

436.  SIR    WALTER    RALEIGH 

Elisabetha,  regina  Britannorum,  vestis  splendidas  et  preti- 
osas  semper  gerebat.     Forte  magna  ^  cum  caterva  comitum  per 

5  vicos  urbis  ambulabat.  Subito  ante  pedes  multum  videt 
lutum.  Regina  stat  incerta  quod  viam  lubricam  timet.  At 
ex  turba  exsilit  iuvenis  ;  umeris  -  novum  pallium  detrahit  et 
locum  tegit  vestiment5  ;  tum  iterum  ad  socios  recurrit.  Laeta 
regina  super  pallium  ambulat    nee    pedem  maculat.     Statim 

[o  grata'  iuvenem  in  numerum  amicorum  adscribit. 

437.  THE    FAITHFUL    HOUND 

Cambricus  olim,  acer  venator,  fidelem  habebat  canem, 
n5mine  Gelertum.  Dum''  dominus  in  silvis  abest,*  canem  saepe 
relinquebat  parvi  fili  custodem.  Aliquando  more  suo  Gelertus 
dominum  reducem  cum  laeto  clamore  saliitabat.     At  subito 

[5  dominus  pectus  eius  et  dentis  sanguine  cruentos  notat ;  per- 
territus  ciinas  parvi  fili  petit.  Eheu  !  puerum  non  videt  sed 
undique  cruorem,  foedi  certaminis  indicium.  Statim  caec5 
furore  canem,  mali  auct5rem,  iaculo  transfixit.  Gelertus  cum 
gemitu  exspiravit.     Simul  dominus  in  recessu  aedium  infantem 

20  vidit  salvum  atque  incolumem.  Sed  baud  procul  ab  eo  loco 
iacebat^  irigens  lupus.  Fidelis  enim  custos  vitam  infantis  ita 
servaverat. 

438.  THE     SIEGE  OF    CALAIS 

Ab  Edvardo,  rege  Britannorum,  urbs  Gallica  olim  oppugna- 
batur.      Dili    incolae    copiarum    regis    impetum    magna    cum 

^  See  p.  37,  foot-note.  '^  f7-om  his  shoulders.  ^  Agrees  with  regina 

understood,  the  qtieen  gratefully.         ■*  The  present  after  dum  is  generally  to 
be  translated  by  the  imperfect.  ^  i^as  lying  dead. 


STORIES   OF  HERCULES  173 

virtute  sustinuerant.  Tandem,  ubi. nihil  cibi  supererat  ^  mise- 
rique  civcs  muris  et  pellis  edebant,  cum  rege  de  deditione 
agebant.  At  a  rege  propter  tantam  hostium  pertinaciam 
irato  saevae  condiciones  pacis  impositae  sunt  morsque  duo- 
decim  principum  est  postulata.  Sine  mora  duodecim  virl  se 
pro  patria  devovent.  Inde  comites  maesti  funibus  coUa 
amicorum  vinciunt  eosque  ad  regem  ducunt. 

Rex  inter  nobilis  in  praetorio  sedebat.  lamque  captivi  a 
maesta  civium  turba  ad  locum  ducti  sunt  omnesque  multis 
cum  precibus  ad  pedes  victoris  cadunt.  At  rex  durus  preces 
eorum  spernit  avertitque  voltum.  Forte  rcgina  rem  cognoscit ; 
statim  ad  praetorium  properat  suasque  lacrimas  cum  precibus 
civium  iungit.  "  Da  ^  mihi,  rex  magne,"  inquit,  "vitas  horum 
fortium  virorum  ;  nonne  hi  recte  suam  patriam  defenderunt  ? " 
Rex  primo  preces  non  audivit,  tandem  lacrimae  uxoris  iram 
vincunt  poenamque  captivis  remlsit. 

STORIES    OF    HERCULES 
439.  THE    INFANT    PRODIGY 

Hercules,  Alcmenae  filius,  olim  in  Graecia  habitabat.  Hie 
dicitur  omnium  hominum  validissimus  fuisse.  At  liino,  regina 
deorum,  Alcmenam  oderat  ^  et  Herculem  adhuc  infantem 
necare  voluit.  Misit  igitur  duo  serpentis  saevissimos,  qui 
media  nocte  in  cubiculum  Alcmenae  venerunt,  ubi  Hercules 
cum  fratre  suo  dormiebat.  (Non  tamen  in  ciinis  sed  in  scuto 
magno  cubabant.)  Serpentes  iam  adpropinquaverant  et  scu- 
tum movebant ;   itaque  pueri  e  somno  excitati  sunt. 

Iphicles,  frater  Herculis,  magna  voce  exclamavit ;  at 
Hercules  ipse,  puer  fortissimus,  haudquaquam  territus  est. 
Parvis   manibus   serpentis    statim    prehendit   et   colla   eorum 

1  From  supersum.  ^  give :  imperative  of  do.  ^  From  odi,  pluperfect 
\vitli  meaning  of  imperfect. 


174  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

magna  vi^  compressit.  Tali  modo  serpentes  a  puero  interfecti 
sunt.  Alcmena  autem,  mater  puerorum,  clamorem  audiverat 
et  maritum  suum  e  somno  excitaverat.  Ille  lumen  accendit 
et  gladium  suum  rapuit ;  tum  ad  pueros  properabat,  sed  ubi 
5  ad  locum  venit  rem  miram  vidit ;  Hercules  enim  ridebat^ 
et  serpentis  mortuos  monstrabat. 

440.  HERCULES  CONSULTS  THE  ORACLE 

Hercules  c5nstituit  igitur^  ad  oraculum  Delphicum  ire;  hoc 
enim  oraculum  erat  omnium  celeberrimum.  Ibi  templum  erat 
Apollinis   plurimis    donis    ornatum ;    hoc   in   templo  sedebat 

10  femina  quaedam,  nomine  Pythia,  et  consilium  dabat  iis  qui 
ad  oraculum  veniebant.  Haec  autem  femina  ab  ipso  Apolline 
docebatur  et  voluntatem  dei  hominibus  enuntiabat.  Hercules 
igitur,  qui  Apollinem  praecipue  colebat,  hue  venit. 

Pythia   iussit    eum    ad   urbem   Tiryntha    ire    et    Eurysthei 

15  regis  omnia  imperata  facere.  Hercules,  ubi  haec  audivit,  ad 
urbem  illam  contendit/  et  Eurystheo  regi  se  in  servitutem 
tradidit.  Duodecim  annos^  in  servitute  Eurysthei  tenebatur, 
et  duodecim  labores,  quos  ille  imperaverat,  confecit ;  hoc  enim 
uno   modo  tantum   scelus   expiari   potuit.     De  his   laboribus 

20  plurima  a  poetis  scripta  sunt.  Multa  tamen  quae  poetae 
narrant  vix  credibilia  sunt. 

441.  SLAYING    THE    HYDRA 

Post  haec  iussus  est  ab  Eurystheo  Hydram  necare  ^ ; 
haec  autem  monstrum  erat,  cui "  novem  erant  capita.  Her- 
cules   igitur    cum    amico    lolao    profectus*^   est    ad    paludem 

^  See  4S2.  2  Not  laughed,  but  was  laughing.  ^  That  is,  because 

he  wanted  to  make  expiation  for  a  crime  that  he  had, committed.  *  Com- 
pare for  meaning  properabat,  1.  4.  ^  for  hvelve  years ;  see  277  and  27S. 
6  Compare,  for  meaning,  interfecti,  1.  i.  "  See  1 14  and  115.  ^  set  out ; 
from  proficiscor ;  see  386. 


S TORIES   OF  HERCULES  175 

Lernaeam,  quam  Hydra  incolcbat.^  Mox  monstrum  invenit 
et,  quainquam  res  erat  magni  periciili,  colkiin  cius  laeva" 
prehendit.  Turn  dextra  capita  novem  abscidere  coepit ; 
quoties  tamen  hoc  fecerat,  nova  capita  exoriebantur.'*  Diu 
frustra  laborabat ;  tandem  hoc  conatu''  destitit^;  constituit  s 
deinde  arbores  succidere  et  ignem  accendere.  Hoc  celeriter 
fecit  et,  postquam  ®  ligna  Ignem  comprehenderunt,®  face 
ardente  colla  adussit/  unde  capita  exoriebantur.  Non  tamen 
sine  magno  labore  haec  fecit;  venit  enim  auxilio'^  Hydrae 
cancer  ingens,  qui,  dum  ^  Hercules  capita  abscidit,'-^  crura  eius  lo 
mordebat.  Postquam  monstrum  tali  mod5  interfecit,  sagittas 
suas  sanguine  eius  imbuit  itaque  mortiferas  reddidit. 

442.  CLEANSING    THE    AUGEAN    STABLES 

Deinde  Eurystheus  Herculi  ^"^  laborem  hunc  graviorem 
imposuit.  Augeas  quidam,  qui  illo  tempore  regnum  in  Elide 
obtinebat,  tria  milia  "  bourn  ^'^  habebat.  Hi  in  stabulo  ingen-  15 
tis  magnitudinis  includebantur ;  stabulum  autem  inluvie  ac 
squalore  obsitum  ^"  est ;  neque  enim  ad  hoc  tempus  umquam 
purgatum  erat.  Hoc  iussus  est  Hercules  intra  spatium  unius 
diei  purgare.  Ille,  etsi  res  erat  multae  operae,  negotium 
suscepit.  Primum  magno  labore  fossam  duodevlginti  pedum  20 
fecit,  per  quam  fluminis  aquam  de  mpntibus  ad  murum  stabuli 
perduxit.  Tum,  postquam  murum  perrupit,'*  aquam  in  stabu- 
lum immisit ;  et  tall  modo  contra  opinionem  omnium  opus 
confecit. 

1  Notice  the  alternation  of  perfects  and  imperfects  in  this  anecdote  and 
explain  the  difference;  see  132,  b.  2  Supply  manu ;  so  with  dextra,  1.  3. 
3  See  3S6;  the  imperfect  here  denotes  repeated  action.  *  See  232.  ^  From 
desists.  ^  The  perfect  after  postquam  is  generally  best  translated  as  a 
pluperfect.  '  From  aduro.  ^  See  348  and  349.  ^  while  he  was 

cutting  off;  see  p.  172,  1.  12,  and  note.  i'  Depends  on  imposuit;  see  346 

and  347.  "  See  305,  e.  ^-  See  257  and  4S2.  ^3  From  obser5. 

1*  See  note  6  and  interfecit,  1.  1 1. 


176  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

■    443.      THE  GOLDEN  APPLES  OF  THE  HESPERIDES 

Eurystheus  laborem  undecimum  Herculi  imposuit,  gravio- 
rem  quam  quos  ^  supra  narravimus.  Mandavit  enim  ei,  ut 
aurea  poma  ex  horto  Hesperidum  auferret.^  Hesperides 
autem  nymphae  erant  quaedam^  forma*  praestantissima,  quae 

5  in  terra  longinqua  habitabant  et  quibus  aurea  quaedam  poma 
a  lunone  commissa  erant.  Multi  homines  auri  cupiditate 
induct!  haec  poma  auferre  iam  antea  conati  ^  erant ;  res 
tamen  difficillima  ^  erat ;  namque  hortus,  in  quo  poma  erant, 
muro    ingenti    undique    circumdatus    est ;    praeterea    draco 

10  quidam,  cui "  centum  erant  capita,  portam  horti  diligenter 
custodiebat.  Opus  igitur,  quod  Eurystheus  Herculi  impera- 
verat,  erat  summae  difficultatis,  non  modo  ob  causas  quas 
memoravimus,  sed  quod  Hercules  omnino  ignorabat  quo  in 
loco  hortus  ille  situs  esset. 

444.  ATLAS,    WHO    UPHELD    THE    HEAVENS 

15  Hercules,  quamquam  quietem  vehementer  cupiebat,  con- 
stituit  tamen  Eurystheo  ®  parere  ;  et  simul  ac  iussa  eius  acce- 
pit,  proficisci  maturavit.^  A  multis  mercatoribus  quaesivit  ^^ 
quo  in  loco  Hesperides  habitarent ;  nihil  tamen  certum 
reperire  potuit.     Frustra  per  multas  terras  iter  fecit  et  multa 

20  pericula  subiit.^^  Tandem,  cum  in  his  itineribus  totum  annum 
consumpsisset,  ad  extremam  partem  orbis,  quae  proxima  erat 
Oceano,  pervenit.  Hie  stabat  vir  quidam,  nomine  Atlas, 
ingenti  magnitiidine  ^^  corporis,  qui  caelum  (ita  tradunt) 
umeris^^  suis   sustinebat,  ne   in   terram   decideret.     Hercules 

25  tantum  laborem  magnopere  miratus  "  post  paulo  in  conloquium 

^  {those)  which.  ^  From  aufero ;    imperfect    subjunctive;    see  506. 

2  See  335.  ■♦  Limits  nymphae;  see  306  and  307.  ''  From  conor.  "  See 
254.  ''  See  114  and  115.  *  See  392  and  393.  ^  Compare,  for  meaning, 
contendit,  p.  174,  1.  16.  ^^  From  quaero.  "  See  414,  b.  i'^  Limits  vir; 
compare  note  4.     i3  See  123  and  124.         i'*  See  386,  c. 


STORIES    OF  HERCULES  1/7 

cum  Atlanta  venit  et,  cum  causam  itineris  docuisset,  auxi- 
lium  ab  eo  petiit. 

445.  HERCULES  TAKES  ATLAS'S  PLACE 

Atlas  autem  potuit  Herculi '  maxime  prodesse  ;  ille  enim, 
cum-  ipse  esset  pater  Hesperidum,  bene  scivit  quo  in  loco 
asset  ^  hortus.  Postquam  igitur  audivit  quam  ob  causam 
Hercules  venisset,^  "Ipse,"  inquit,  "ad  hortum  ibo/ et  filia- 
bus^  meis  persuadebo,  ut  poma  sua  sponte  tradant."  Hercu- 
les, cum  haec  audiret,  magnopere  gavisus  ^  est;  noluit  enim 
vim  adhibere,  si  res  aliter  fieri  posset ;  constituit  igitur 
oblatum'^  auxilium  accipere.  Atlas  tamen  postulavit  ut, 
dum  ipse  abesset,  Hercules  caelum  umeris  sustineret.  Hoc 
igitur  negotium  Hercules  libenter  suscepit  et,  quamquam 
res  erat  summi  laboris,  totum  pondus  caeli  continues  com- 
pluris  dies  solus  sustinebat. 

446.  RETURN    OF    ATLAS 

Atlas  interea  abierat  ^  et  ad  hortum  Hesperidum,  qui  pauca 
milia  passuum  ^  aberat,  se  quam  ^^  celerrime  contulerat."  Eo 
cum  venisset,  causam  veniendi  exposuit  et  filias  suas  vehe- 
menter  hortatus  est  ut  poma  traderent.  Illae  diu  haerebant, 
nolebant  enim  hoc  facere,  quod  ab  ipsa  lunone  (de  qua  ante 
dictum  est)  hoc  munus  acceperant.  Atlas  tamen  post  multa 
verba  iis  ^^  persuasit  ut  sibi  parerent  et  poma  ad  Herculem 
rettulit.^^  Hercules  interea,  cum  pluris  dies  exspectavisset, 
neque  ullam  famam  de  reditu  Atlantis  accepisset,  hac  mora 

1  See  346  and  347.  -  since ;  see  39S.  ^  Observe  how  often  the 

subjunctive  in  an  indirect  question  (294)  should  be  rendered  like  an  indica- 
tive. *  See  507.  ^  See  393  and  p.  22,  foot-note  2.  ^  From  gaudeo. 
"  From  offero.     See  353,  5.  ^  From  abeo  ;  compare  subiit,  p.  176,  1.  20. 

^  See  279.  ^^  quam  celerrime,  as  quickly  as  possible.  ^^  Fiom  confero. 

12  See  392  and  393.         ^^  From  refero. 


1/8  FIRST   YEAR   LATIN 

graviter  commotus  est.  Tandem  quinto  die  Atlantem  vidit 
redeuntem  ^  et  mox  magno  cum  gaudio  poma  accepit ;  turn 
postquam  gratias  pro  tanto  beneficio  rettulit  ad  Graeciam 
proficisci  maturavit. 

447.  NESSUS,   THE    CENTAUR 

5  Post  haec  Hercules  multa  alia  praeclara  perfecit,  quae 
nunc  perscribere  longum-  est.  Tandem  iam  aetate  provectus  * 
Deianiram,  Oenei  filiam,  in  ^  matrimonium  duxit ;  post  tamen 
tris  annos  accidit  ut  puerum  quendam,  nomine  Eunomum, 
casu  occiderit.^     Cum  autem  mos  esset  ut,  si  quis  hominem 

10  occidisset  casii,  in  exsilium  iret,  Hercules  cum  uxore  sua 
e  finibus  eius  civitatis  exire  maturavit.  Dum''  tamen  iter 
faciunt,^  ad  fliimen  quoddam  pervenerunt,  quod  nuUo  ponte 
iunctum  erat,  et  dum  quaerunt  quonam  modo  flumen  traici- 
ant,  accurrit  Centaurus  quidam,  nomine  Nessus,  qui  auxilium 

15  viatoribus  obtulit.^  Hercules  igitur  uxorem  suam  in  tergum 
Nessi  imposuit ;  turn  ipse  flumen  nando  *  traiecit.  At  Nessus 
paulum  in  aquam  progressus  ad  ripam  subito  reversus  est 
et  Deianiram  auferre  conabatur.  Quod®  cum  animadvertisset 
Hercules,   ira  graviter  commotus,   arcum   intendit   et    pectus 

20  Nessi  sagitta  transfixit. 

448.  THE    POISONED    ROBE 

Nessus  igitur  sagitta  Herculis  transfixus  moriens  humi  ^" 
iacebat ;    at,   ne   occasionem  sui "    ulciscendi   dimitteret,    ita 

1  See  485.  -  longum  est,  it  would  be  tedious.  ^  From  proveho.  *  in 
matrimonium  diixit,  fuaryied.  What  literally  ?  ^  Compare,  for  meaning, 
necare,  p.  174,  1.  22,  and  interfecti,  p.  174,  1.   i.  ^  Compare  dum  .   .  . 

abscidit,  p.  175,  1.  10,  and  note.  "  From  offero ;  compare  oblatum,  p.  177, 
1.  10.  ^  From  no  ;  by  swimming ;  see  367,  3.  ^  Refers  to  the  whole 

preceding  sentence,  quod  cum,  when  this  ;  the  relative  after  a  period  must 
commonly  be  translated  by  a  personal  or  demonstrative  pronoun,  as  here, 
by  this.       ^'  See  195,  b.       n  sui  ulciscendi, /t^r  avenging  himself. 


STORIES   OF  HERCULES  179 

locutus  est:  "Tu,  Deianira,  verba  morientis  audi,  —  si  vis  ^ 
amorem  mariti  tui  conservare,  aliquid  sanguinis  hiiius,  qui  e 
pectore  meo  effunditur,  sume  ac  repone;  turn,  si  umquam 
suspicio  in  mentem  tuam  venerit,''  vestem  mariti  hoc  sanguine 
inficies."  "  Haec  locutus  Nessus  animam  efflavit ;  Deianira  s 
autem  nihil ^  mali  suspicata;*  imperata  fecit.  Post  breve  tern- 
pus  Hercules  bellum  contra  Eurytum,  regem  Oechaliae,  susce- 
pit  et,  cum  regem  ipsum  cum  filiis  interfecisset,  lolen,  filiam 
Euryti,  captivam  reduxit.  Antequam  tamen  domum  venit, 
navem  ad  Cenaeum  promontorium  adpulit  ^  et  in  terram  lo 
egressus  aram  constituit,  ut  lovi  sacrificaret.  Dum  tamen 
sacrificium  parat,  Licham  comitem  suum  domum  misit  qui® 
vestem  albam  referret®;  mos  enim  erat  apud  antiques,  dum 
sacrificia  faciebant,  vestem  albam  gerere.  At  Deianira  verita 
ne  Hercules  amorem  erga  lolen  haberet  vestem,  priusquam  15 
Lichae  dedit,  sanguine  Nessi  infecit. 

449.  THE    DEATH    OF    HERCULES 

Hercules  nihil  mali "  suspicatus  *  vestem  quam  Lichas  attulit ' 
statim  induit ;  post  tamen  breve  tempus  dolorem  per  omnia 
membra  sensit  '^  et  quae  causa  esset  ^  eius  rei  magnopere  mira- 
batur.  Dolore  paene  exanimatus  vestem  detrahere  conatus  est ;  20 
ilia  tamen  in  corpore  haesit  ^^  neque  iillo  modo  divelli  potuit. 
Turn  demum  Hercules  quasi  furore  impulsus"  in  montem 
Oetam  se  contulit^^et  in  rogum,  quem  summa  celeritate  ex- 
strijxit,  se  imposuit.  Hoc  cum  fecisset,  eos  qui  circumstabant 
oravit  ut  rogum  quam  ^^  celerrime  accenderent.  Omnes  diu  25 
recusabant ;  tandem  tamen  pastor  quidam  ad  misericordiam 

1  See    505.  "^  shall  have    come;    but    it   is    better    to    translate 

comes.  3  nihil  madi,  nothing  0/ evil  =  no  evil ;  see  256  and  257.  *  See 
386,  d.  The  perfect  participle  of  a  deponent  verb  is  sometimes  present 
in  sense.         »  From   adpello.  ^  See  419  and  420.  ^  From  adfero. 

8  From  sentio.  ^  See  p.  177, 1.  5,  and  note.  i'' From  haereo.  11  From 
impello.     ^-  From  confero.     ^^  quam  celerrime  :  see  p.  177, 1.  16,  and  note  10. 


l8o  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

inductus  ignem  subdidit.  Turn,  dum  omnia  funio  obscu- 
rantur,  Hercules  densa  nube  velatus  a  love  in  Olympum 
abreptus  ^  est. 

STORIES   OF   ULYSSES 
450.  POLYPHEMUS,    THE    ONE-EYED    GIANT 

Ulixes  comitesque,  postquam  totam  noctem  remis  contende- 
5  rant,  ad  terram  ignotam  navem  adpulerunt  - ;  turn,  quod  natii- 
ram  eius  regionis  ignorabat,  ipse  Ulixes  cum  duodecim  e 
sociis^  in  terram  egressus  locum  explorare  c5nstituit.  Paulum 
a  litore  progress!  a(3  antrum  ingens  pervenerunt,  quod  habitari 
senserunt^  eius  enim  introitum  arte^  et  manibus  munltum  esse 
,o  animadverterunt.  Mox,  etsi  intellegebant  se'^  non  sine  peri- 
culo  id  facturos,  antrum  intraverunt.  Quod'  cum  fecissent, 
magnam  copiam  lactis  invenerunt  in  vasis  ingentibus  conditam. 
Dum  tamen  mirantur  quis  earn  sedem  incoleret,  sonitum  ter- 
ribilem  audiverunt  et  oculis  ad  portam  versis  monstrum  hor- 
15  ribile  viderunt,  humana  quidem  specie^  et  figura,^  sed  ingenti 
magnitiidine^  corporis.  Cum  autem  animadvertissent  gigan- 
tem  linum  tantum  oculum  habere  in  media  fronte  positum, 
intellexerunt  hunc  esse  unum  e  Cyclopibus,  de  quibus  famam 
iam  acceperant.'' 

451.  THE    GIANT'S    SUPPER 

20       Cyclopes  autem  pastores  erant  quidam,  qui  insulam  Siciliam 
et  praecipue  montem  Aetnam  incolebant ;  ibi  enim  Volcanus, 

1  From  abripio.  2  See  p.  179,  1.  10,  and  note.  ^  See  256,  b.  *  From 
sentio.  ^  arte  et  manibus,  by  skill  and  hands  =  by  skilful  hands.  ^  Subject 
accusative  of  facturos  (esse),  themselves  to  be  going  to  do  =  that  they  -would 
do;  see  318,  i.  ''  Translate  as  if  it  were  cum  quod.     See  p.  178,  1.  18, 

and  note.  ^  Descriptive  ablatives  limiting  monstrum,  translated  as  geni- 
tives; see  306  and  307.         9  acceperant  =  audiverant. 


STORIES   OF   ULYSSES  l8l 

praeses  fabrorum  et  ignis  repertor,  cuius  servi  Cyclopes  erant, 
officinam  suam  habebat. 

Graeci  igitur,  simul  ac  monstrum  viderunt,  terrore  paene 
exaniniati  in  interiorem  partem  speluncae  refugerunt  et  se  ibi 
celare  conabantur.  Polyphemus  autem,  ita  enim  gigas  appel-  5 
latus  est,  pecora  sua  in  speluncam  egit^;  turn  cum  saxo 
ingenti  portam  obstruxisset,"  ignem  in  medio  antro  accendit. 
Hoc  facto,  omnia  oculo  perlustrabat  et  cum  sensisset  homines^ 
in  interiore  parte  antri  celarl,  magna  voce  exclamavit:  "Qui 
estis  homines?  Mercat5res  an  latrones  ? "  Tum  Ulixes  10 
respondit  se"*  neque  mercatores  esse  neque  praedandi*  causa 
venisse,  sed  e  Troia  redeuntis"  vi  tempestatum  a  recto  cursu 
depulsos  esse;  oravit  etiam  ut  sibi  sine  iniiiria  abire  liceret. 
Tum  Polyphemus  quaesivit '  ubi  esset  navis  qua®  vecti^ 
essent;  Ulixes  autem,  cum  ^"  bene  intellegeret  sibi"  maxime  15 
praecavendum "  esse,  respondit  navem  suam  in  riipis  c5niec- 
tam^-  et  omnino  perfractam  esse.  Polyphemus  autem  nullo 
dato  response  duo  e  sociis  manu  conripuit  et  membris  eorum 
divolsis^^  carnem^^  devorare  coepit. 

452.  NO    WAY    OF    ESCAPE 

Dum^^  haec  geruntur,  Graecorum  animos  tantus  terror  occu-  zq 
pavit  ut   ne  ^"^  vocem   quidem  ^'''   edere  possent  sed  omni  spe 
salutis  deposita  mortem   praesentem  exspectarent.     At  Poly- 
phemus, postquam  fames  hac  tarn  horribili  cena  depulsa  est, 

1  From  ago.        ^  Observe  that  the  subjunctive  after  cum  meaning  when 
is  translated  as  an  indicative.  ^  Subject  accusative  of  celari;  see  318. 

*that  they,  subject  accusative  of  esse  and  venisse.  ^  See  429.  *<  Repeat 
se  from  the  preceding  clause:  that  they,  while  retiirntjig ;  see  507. 
^  From  quaero.  «  Strictly  by  which  (see  124),  but  translate  in  which. 

^  From  veho.  ^''  See  39S.  ^^  by  himself  it  must  be  especially  guarded 

against  =  he  must  take  especial  precaution  ;  see  425,  5,  and  426.  ^^  had 

been  cast;  supply  esse.  ^^  From  divello.  ^^  From  caro.  ^^  See  p.  172, 
1.  1 2,  and  note.         ^^  not  even  ;  always  inclosing  the  emphatic  word. 


1 82  FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 

humi  prostratus  somno  se  dedit.  Quod  cum  vidisset  Ulixes, 
tantam  ^  occasionem  rei^  bene  gerendae^  non  omittendam 
arbitratus,  in  ^  eo  erat  ut  pectus  monstri  gladio  transfigeret. 
Cum    tamen    nihil    temere    agendum^  existimaret,    constituit 

5  explorare,  antequam  hoc  faceret,  qua  ratione  ex  antro  evadere 
possent.  At  cum  saxum  animadvertisset,  quo  ^  introitus 
obstructus  erat,  nihil  ^  sibi  profuturum  intellexit,  si  Polyphe- 
mum  interfecisset/  Tanta  enim  erat  eius  saxi  magnitude,  ut 
ne^  a  decem  quidem^  hominibus  amoveri  posset.     Quae'^  cum 

lo  ita  essent,^  Ulixes  hoc^"  destitit  conatu  et  ad  socios  rediit ; 
qui,  cum  intellexissent  quo  in  loco  ^^  res  essent,  nulla  spe 
salutis  oblata,  de  fortunis  suis  desperare  coeperunt.  Ille 
tamen,  ne  ^^  animos  demitterent,  vehementer  hortatus  est ; 
demonstravit    se^*    iam  antea    e    multis  et    magnis    periculis 

15  evasisse,  neque  dubium  esse  quin  in  tantS  discrimine  dii 
auxilium  adlaturl^*  essent. 

453.  A  PLAN  FOR  VENGEANCE 

.  Orta^^  liice  Polyphemus  iam  e  somno  excitatus  idem  ^® 
quod  hesterno  die  fecit;  correptis^'  enim  dudbus  e  reliquis 
viris,  carnem  eorum  sine  mora  devoravit.     Turn,  cum  saxum 

1  tantam  .  .  .  arbitratus,  thinking  that  so  good  a  chance  .  .  .  ought  not  to 
be  let  slip ;  occasionem  is  subject  accusative  of  omittendam  (esse) ;  see  424 
and  425,  I).         2 Compare  362,  2.  ^'m  eo  erat  ut,  was  in  that  (state)  that 

—  was  on  the  point  of.  *  ought  to  be  done :  supply  esse,  as  with  omit- 
tendam, above.  Very  often  in  forms  of  the  infinitive  made  up  of  a  parti- 
ciple and  esse  the  latter  is  omitted.  ^  ly  which.  ^  nihil  sibi  profuturum, 
it  would  be  no  advantage  to  them;  what  literally?  Again  esse  is  omitted. 
''should  kill,  not  had  killed.  ^  not  even:  see  p.    181,  1.   21,  and  note. 

8  since   these   things  were   so  =  such   being  the  case.  i"*  With   conatu. 

^^  state,  not  place.  ^'^not  to  lose  heart ;  the  clause  depends  upon  hortatus 
est.  ^'^  thai  they  ;  go  on,  making  a  metaphrase  mentally  to  the  end, 
and    the  meaning  will  be  clear.  ^*  From  adfero.  ^^  orta   luce  = 

prima  luce:  orta  from  orior;  what  literally.?  i'^  j^gm  quod:  see  332. 

1"  With  viris. 


STORIES   OF   ULYSSES  1 83 

amovisset,  ipse  cum  pecore  suo  ex  antro  progressus  est.  Quod 
cum  viderent  Graeci,  magnam  ^  in  spem  venerunt  sc  post 
paulum  evasuros.'  Mox  tamen  ab  hac  spe  repulsi  sunt ;  nam 
Polyphemus,  postquam  omnes  oves  exierunt,^  saxum  in  locum 
restituit.  Reliqui  omnI  spe  saliitis  deposita  lamentis  lacri-  5 
misque  se  dediderunt ;  Ulixes  vero  qui,  ut  supra  demonstravi- 
mus,  vir  magni  fuit  consili,  etsi  bene  intellegebat  rem  in  dis- 
crimine  esse,  nondum  omnino  desperabat.  Tandem  postquam 
diu  toto  animo  cogitavit,  hoc  cepit  consilium.  E  lignis  quae 
in  antro  reposita^  sunt,  palum  magnum  delegit ;  hunc  summa  10 
cum  diligentia  praeacutum  fecit ;  tum  postquam  sociis  quid 
lieri  vellet  ostendit,  reditum  Polyphemi  exspectabat. 

454.    POLYPHEMUS  THRICE  DRAINS  A  WINE-BOWL 

Sub  vesperum  Polyphemus  ad  antrum  rediit  et  eodem 
modo  quo^  antea  cenavit.  Tum  Ulixes  utrem  vini  prompsit," 
quem  forte,  ut  in  talibus  rebus  accidere  consuevit,'  secum  15 
attulerat,*  et,  postquam  magnam  crateram  vino  replevit,  gigan- 
tem  ad  bibendum"-*  provocavit.  Polyphemus,  qui  numquam 
antea  vinum  gustaverat,  totam  crateram  statim  hausit.^**  Quod 
cum  fecisset,  tantam  voluptatem  percepit  ut  iterum  et  tertium 
crateram  repleri  iuberet.  Tum  cum  quaesivisset  quo  nomine  20 
Ulixes  appellaretur,  ille  respondit  se  Neminem "  appellari. 
Quod  cum  audivisset,  Polyphemus  ita  locutus  est :  "  Hanc  tibi 
gratiam  pro  tanto  beneficio  referam,  te  ultimum  omnium 
devorabo."  His^-  dictis,  cibo  vinoque  gravatus  recubuit^^  et 
post  breve  tempus  somno  oppressus  est.     Tum  Ulixes  sociis  25 

1  magnam  .  .  .  venerunt,  had  great  hopes.  -  From  evadd;  supply  esse;  see 
p.  182,  note  4.  3  From  exeo.  Observe  in  this  paragraph  three  examples  of 
the  perfect  after  postquam;  see  p.  175,  note  6.  *  From  repono.  ^  as ; 
compare  idem  quod,  p.  182,  note  16.  ^  From  promo.  "^  From  consuesco; 
translate  as  present.  ^  From  adfero.  ^  See  367,  2.  ^'^  From  haurio. 
11  Nomaii.  1-  these  {things)   having   been    said  —  this    said.  ^-^  From 

recumbo. 


1 84  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

convocatis,  "Habemus,"  inquit,  "quam^  petiimus  faculta- 
tem :  ne  ^  igitur  tantam  occasionem  rei  ^  bene  gerendae 
omittamus." 

455.  NOMAN 

Hac    oratione    habita,''    postquam    extremum^    palum    Ignl 

5  calefecit,  oculum  Polyphemi,  dum  dormit,  flagrante  ligno  trans- 
fodit.  Quo  facto,  omnes  in  diversas  speluncae  partis  se  abdi- 
derunt.  At  ille  subito  illo  dolore/  quod''  necesse  fuit,  e 
somno  excitatus,  clamorem  terribilem  sustulit  ^  et  dum  per 
speluncam  errat,  Ulixi  manum  inicere  conabatur.     Cum  ^  tamen 

lo  iam  omnino  caecus  esset,  nullo  modo  hoc  eflficere  potuit. 
Interea  reliqui  Cyclopes,  clamore  audito,  undique  ad  spelun- 
cam convenerunt  et  ad  introitum  adstantes,  quid^''  Polyphemus 
ageret  quaesiverunt  et  quam  ob  causam  tantum  clamorem 
sustulisset.     Ille    respondit    se    graviter    volneratum    esse    et 

15  magno  dolore  adfici."  Cum  tamen  "ceteri  quaesivissent  quis  ei 
vim  intulisset,  respondit  ille  Neminem  id  fecisse.  Quibus 
auditis,  unus  e  Cyclopibus,  "At  si  nemo,"  inquit,  "te  volnera- 
vit,  baud  dubium  est  quin  consilio^^  deorum,  quibus  resi- 
stere   nee  possumus  nee   volumus,   hoc  supplicio   adficiaris." 

20  His  dictis,  abierunt  Cyclopes  eum  in  insaniam  incidisse 
arbitrati.^^ 

1  quam  petiimus  facultatem  =  facultatem  quam  petiimus.  "^ns  .  .  . 
omittamus,  let  its  not  let  slip,  hortatory  subjunctive  ;  see  339,  a,  and  340,  a. 
s  Compare  p.  182,  1.  2,  and  note  2.  *  Translate  the  ablative  absolute  here 
and  generally  by  a  clause;  see  358,  a.  ^  gxtremum  palum  =  extremam 

partem  pali ;  see  also  489.  ^  Limits  excitatus.  "^  which  was  necessary 

=  necessarily;  the  reference  is  to  what  follows.  *  From  tollo.  ^  since. 
1^  Literally,  what  Polyphemus  was  doing;  translate  what  ailed  Polyphemus ; 
the    clause   depends  on   the  next  word.  11  Passive   infinitive   present 

from    adficio.  ^^  Depends    on    adficiaris,   by   the   design  .  .  .  you   are 

afflicted.  3i  pq^^jvalent  to  arbitrantes ;  compare  suspicata,  p.  179,  1-  6, 

and  note  4.  Find  in  this  anecdote  five  ablatives  absolute  and  two  indirect 
questions. 


STORIES   OF   ULYSSES  1 85 


456.  THE    ESCAPE 

At  Polyphemus,  ubi  socios  suos  abiisse  sensit,  furore  atque 
amentia  impulsus  Ulixem  iterum  quaerere  coepit.  Tandem  cum 
portam  invenisset,  saxum  quo  obstructa^  erat  amovit,  ut  pecus 
ad  agros  exiret.  Tum^ipse  in  introitu  sedit  et  ut  ^  quaeque 
ovis  ad  locum  venerat,  tergum  eius  manibus  tractabat,  ne  viri  5 
inter  ovis  exire  possent.  Quod  cum  animadvertisset  Ulixes, 
hoc"'  iniit  cdnsilium;  bene  enim  intellexit  omnem  spem  salutis 
in  dolo  magis  quam  in  virtute  poni.  Primum  tris  quas  vidit 
pinguissimas  ex  ovibus  delegit.  Quibus  inter  ^  se  viminibus 
conexis,^  unum  sociorum  ventribus  earum  ita  subiecit  ut  10 
omnino  lateret :  deinde  ovis^  hominem  secum  ferentis  ad  por- 
tam egit.  Id  accidit  quod  fore"  suspicatus  erat.  Polyphemus 
enim,  postquam  manus  tergis  earum  imposuit,  ovis  praeterire 
passus*  est.  Ulixes,  ubi  rem  ita  feliciter  evenisse  vidit,  omnis 
suos  socios  ex  ordine  eodem  modo  emisit ;  quo  facto,  ipse  15 
ultimus  evasit. 

457.  OUT    OF    DANGER 

His  rebus  ita  confectis,  Ulixes  cum  sociis  maxime  veritus^ 
ne  Polyphemus  fraudem  sentiret,  quam  ^"  celerrime  ad  litus 
contendit.  Quo  '^  cum  venissent,  ab  iis  qui  navi  ^"  praesidio 
relicti  erant,  magna ^^  cum  laetitia  accepti  sunt.  Hi  enim,  cum  "  20 
animis  anxiis  iam  tris  dies  reditum  eorum  in  ^^  horas  exspecta- 
vissent,  eos  ^''  in  periculum  grave  incidisse,^*^  id  ^^  quod  erat, 

1  The  subject  is  porta  understood.  -  Translate  ut  as  or  w/u-n  when  used 
with  the  indicative.  3  with  consilium.  Compare  for  order  hoc  destitit 
conatii,  p.  182,!.  10.  *  inter  se,  together.  ^  From  conecto.  ^  Object  of 
egit,  from  ago.  "  fore  =  futurum  esse.  ®  P'rom  patior.  ^  See  p.  184, 
1.  21,  and  note.  i'  See  p.  179,  1.  25,  and  note.         11  thither  ;  begin  with 

cum  ;  compare  p.  17S,  note  9.  12  Seg  o^g,  a.  1*  Compare  p.  37,  foot-note. 
1*  since.  1^  in  horas,  hourly.  l*'  that  they  had  fallen  ;  depends  on  suspi- 
cati  folIo\ving.         ^'  id  quod  erat,  that  which  was  =  as  was  true. 


1 86  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

suspicati,  ipsi  auxiliandi  causa  egredi  parabant.  Turn  Ulixes 
non  satis  tutum  esse  arbitratus  si  in  eo  loco  maneret,  quam 
celerrime  proficisci  c5nstituit.  lussit  igitur  omnis  navem 
conscendere  et  ancoris  sublatis^  paulum  a  litore  in  altum  pro- 
5  vectus  est.  Turn  magna  voce  exclamavit :  "  Tu,  Polypheme, 
qui  iiira  hospiti^  spernis,  iustam  et  debitam  poenam  immani- 
tatis  tuae  solvisti."  Hac  voce  audita  Polyphemus  ira  vehe- 
menter  commotus  ad  mare  se  contulit  et  ubi  intellexit  navem 
paulum  a  litore  rem5tam  esse,  saxum  ingens  manu  conreptum 
10  in  eam  partem  coniecit,  unde  vocem  venire  sensit.  Graeci 
autem,  etsi  minimum*  afuit  quin  submergerentur,*  nullo 
accepto  damno  cursum  tenuerunt. 

FABLES 

458.  CIRCUMSTANCES    ALTER    CASES 

Haedus  stans  in  tecto  domus*  lupo*  praetereunti  maledixit. 
Cui  lupus,  "Non  tu,"  inquit,®  "sed  tectum  mihi  maledixit." 
15  Saepe  locus  et  tempus  timidos  homines  audacis  reddit.' 

459.  THE    SENSIBLE    GOAT 

Lupus  capram  in  alta  riipe  stantem  conspicatus,^  "Cur  non," 

inquit,  "relinquis  nuda  ilia  et  sterilia  loca  et  hue  descendis 

in  herbidos  campos,  qui  tibi  laetum  pabulum  ofiferunt  ?  "     Cui 

respondit  capra :   "Mihi^  non  est  in  animo^  dulcia  ^°  tijtis  ^^ 

20  praep5nere." 

1  From  tollo.  2  Genitive  of  hospitium.  ^  very  little  was  it  off  hit 

that  they  should  be  drowned  =  they  came  very  near  being  drowned.  ^  See 

482.  ^  lupo  praetereunti  maledixit,  to  a  wolf  passing  by  said  ill  =  reviled 

a  wol/ who  was  passing  by  ;  566485.  6866354.  "  wa/5'^;  the  singular  is 
used  in  Latin  because  locus  et  tempus  are  thought  of  as  one  thing. 
8  Equivalent  to  videns ;  see  p.  1S4,  1.  21,  and  note.  ^  to  ;ne  it  is  not  in 
mind  =  /  have  no  intention.  i^*  dulcia  tutis  praeponere,  to  put  sweet  things 
before  safe  things  —  to  prefer  what  is  pleasant  to  what  is  safe.  l^  See  347. 


FABLES  187 

460.  THE    DOG    IN    THE    MANGER 

Canis  iacebat  ^  in  praesaepi  bovesque  latrando^  a  pabulo 
arcebat.^  Cui  Onus  boum,^  "Quanta  ista,"*  inquit,  "invidia 
est,  quod*  non  pateris"  ut  eo  cibo  '  vescamur  quern  tu  ipse 
capere  nee  veils  ^  nee  possis  !  " 

Haec  fabula  invidiae  indolem  deelarat.  5 

461.  THE  GOLDEN  EGG 

Mulier  quaedam  habebat  gallinam,  quae  ei  cotidie  ovum 
pariebat  aureum.  Hine  suspieari  eoepit  illam^auri  massam 
intus  eelare  et  gallinam  oeeidit.  Sed  nihil  in  ea  repperit,^" 
nisi  quod  in  aliis  gallinis  reperiri  solet.  Itaque  dum  ^^  maiori- 
bus  divitiis^-  inhiat,  etiam  minores  ^^  perdidit.  10 

462.  UNION    IS    STRENGTH 

Agrieola  senex,"  eum  mortem  sibi  ^^  adpropinquare  sentlret, 
filios  convoeavit,  quos  interdum  discordare  noverat/'^  et 
fascem  virgularum  adferri  iubet.  Quibus  ^'  adlatls,  filios 
hortatur  ut  hune  faseem  frangerent.  Quod  cum  faeere  non 
possent,  distribuit  singulas  virgas  ;  iisque  eeleriter  fraetis,^**  15 
docuit  filios,  quam  firma  res  esset '''  coneordia  quamque 
imbecillis  diseordia. 


1  Why  the  imperfect  rather  than  the  perfect  ?     See  132,  b.         2  Gerund  ; 
see   365  and    367,  3.  3  ggg  ^82.  *  See  331,  b.  ^  in  that 

(because).         ^  From  patior.         "  See  388.  ^  gge  505.         ^  illam  =  illam 

gallinam,  subject   accusative    of   eelare,   //  to   conceal  =  that  it   concealed. 
1'^  From  reperio.  ^^  dum  .  .  .  inhiat,  while  she  was  dcsit-itig.  ^-  See 

393.  !•'  Supply  the  Latin  noun  in  the  right  form  from  the  preceding 

clause.  "  See  482.  i^  May  be  left  untranslated.  i*'  From  nosco. 

1"  quibus  adlatis,  when  these  had  been  brought.  ^^  From  frango.  ^^  is, 

not  was ;  the  imperfect  is  required  because  of  the  perfect  docuit;  see  297 
and  p.  177,  1.  5,  and  note. 


[88  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


463.  KING    LOG    AND    KING    SNAKE 

Ranae  aliquand5  regem  sibi  a  love  petiisse  dicuntur. 
Quarum  ^  ille  precibus  exoratus  trabem  ingentem  in  lacum 
deiecit.  Ranae  sonitu  perterritae  primum  refugere,^  deinde 
ver5  trabem  in  aqua  natantem  conspicatae^  magno  cum  con- 
5  temptu  in  ea  consederunt*  aliumque^  sibi  novis  clamoribus 
regem  expetiverunt.  Tum  luppiter,  earum''  stultitiam  ut 
puniret,  hydrum  illis  misit,  a '  quo  cum  plurimae  captae  ^ 
perlrent,  sero  eas®  stolidarum  precum  paenituit. 

464.  THE    WOLF    AND    THE    LAMB 

Lupus  et  agnus  sitientes  ad  eundem  rivum  venerant.  Supe- 
[o  rior^"  lupus,  longe  inferior  ^°  agnus  stabat.  Tunc  improbus  latro 
iiirgi  causam  quaerens :  "Cur,"  inquit,  "bibenti"  mihi  turbu- 
lentam  reddidisti  aquam  ? "  Agnus  timens :  "  Qu5modo 
possum?"  inquit,  "a  te  enim  aqua  ad  me  decurrit."  Ille 
veritate  rei  repulsus -^^ :  "Huius^^  anni  initio  mihi^*  maledix- 
[5  istl."  "Tum,"  inquit  agnus,  "equidem  natus  ^^  nondumeram." 
"  Hercle  etiam,"  respondet  lupus,  "pater  tuus  contumeliose 
quondam  dixit  de  avia  mea."     Atque  ita  agnum  dilaniat. 

465.  THE    LION'S    SHARE 

Societatem  iunxerant  leo,   iuvenca,   capra,   ovis.     Praeda'** 
autem  quam  ceperant  in  quattuor  partis  divisa,  leo,  "  Prima  " 

^  quarum  (ranarum)  precibus,  by  the  prayers  of  these  =  by  their  prayers. 
2  For  the  more  common   refugerunt.  '^  See  p.    184,  1.    21,   and  note. 

^  From  consido.  ^  With  regem;   remember  that  an  adjective  is  often 

separated  from  its  noun  by  one  or  more  words.  ^  Order  —  ut  earum 
stultitiam.  "^  a  quo  cum,  and  when  by  him.  ^  captae  perirent :  see  353,  6. 
^  eas  .  .  .  paenituit,  it  repented  them  =  they  repented.  ^"^  See  489. 
11  Present  participle,  from  bibo.  ^^  From  repello.  ^^  hijius  annI  initio  = 
initio   huius   anni.  "mihi  maledixisti :    see  p.   186,  1.   13,  and  note  4. 

16  From  nascor.         i'' praeda :   with  divisa,  from  dividd;  see  358. 


FABLES  189 

ait,  "  Mea  est ;  debetur  enim  haec  praestantiae  meae.  Tollam 
et  ^  secundam,  quam  meretur  robur  meum.  Tertiam  vindicat 
sibi  egregius  labor  meus.  Quartam^  qui  sibi  adrogare  voluerit, 
is  ^  sciat  se*  habiturum  me  inimicum  sibi."  Quid  facerent  * 
imbecilles  bestiae  ?  aut  quae"  sibi  leonem  infestum  habere  5 
vellet  ? 

466.  BELLING    THE    CAT 

Mures    aliquando  habuerunt  consilium,   quo    modo    a   fele 
caverent.      Multis  ^  aliis    propositis,   omnibus  *  placuit,   ut   ei 
tintinnabulum  adnecteretur  ;  sic  enim  ipsos^  sonitii  admonitos 
eam  fugere  posse.     Sed  cum  iam  inter  muris  quaereretur  ^"^  qui  10 
fell  tintinnabulum  adnecteret,  nem5  repertus  est. 

Fabula  docet,  in  suadendo "  plurimos  ^-  esse  audacis,  sed 
in   ipso  periculo  timidos. 

467.  THE    DEER    AND    THE    VINE 

Olim  cerva,  quae  celerrime  fugiebat  ut  venatorum  e  mani- 
bus  se  eriperet,  sub  vitem  se  condidit.  Interea  venatores  15 
sequentes  longius  ^^  progrediuntur.  Cerva  autem  non  "  iam 
timens  venatores  incipiebat  folia  vitis  carpere.  Folia  agitan- 
tur,  quod  vident  venatores  et  statim  revertuntur.  Mox  senti- 
unt  ibi  bestiam  aliquam  sub  foliis  latere  et  sagittis  cervam 
volnerant.     Brevi  tempore  misera  bestia  volneribus  ^'^  moritur,  20 

^  ixlso.  2  Order  —  is  qui  voluerit  adrogare  quartam  sibi  sciat.  ^  is 
sciat,  let  him  know  ;  see  339,  a.  *  se  habiturum  :  supply  esse;  himself  to 
be  about  to  have  =  that  he  will  have.  ^  could  do.  ^  Supply  bestia.  ''  mul- 
tis aliis  propositis,  after  nia>ty  other  proposals  had  been  made.  What 
literally?  ^  omnibus    placuit,  all  resolved.     What   literally?  ^  The 

subject  accusative  of  posse.  The  accusative  and  infinitive  are  used 
as  if  putaverunt  preceded.  i"  the  question  was  raised ;  see  418.  What 
literally  ?  11  Gerund  ;  see  365.  i-  plurimos  esse  :  do  not  translate  many 
to  be,  but  that  many  are.  '^^  too  far ;  see  255,  a.  ^*  non  iam:  see  327. 
"^^  of  wounds  ;  see  165. 


190  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

sed  moriens  dicit :  '*  lustas  do  poenas,  nam  huic  viti,  quae  me 
tegebat,  nocere^  non  debui." 

STORIES   FROM   ROMAN  HISTORY 
468.     THE  BRAVE  DEED  OF  HOBATIUS  COCLES  (B.C.  508  ?) 

Porsena,  rex  Etrtiscorum,^  ad"'  restituend5s  Tarquinios  cum 
infesto  exercitu  Romam  venit.     Primo  impetu  laniculum  cepit. 

5  Non  umquam  alias*  ante  tantus  terror  Romanes  invasit ;  ex 
agris  in  urbem  demigrant ;  urbem  ipsam  saepiunt  praesidiis. 
Alia^  urbis  pars  muris,"  alia  Tiber!  obiecto^  tuta  videbatur. 
Pons  Sublicius  iter  paene  hostibus  dedit,^  nisi  unus  vir  fuisset, 
Horatius  Codes,  illocognomineappellatus,  quod  in  alio  proelio 

10  oculum  amiserat.^  Is,  extrema  pontis  parte  occupata,^"  aciem 
hostium  solus  sustinuit,  donee  pons  a  tergo  interrumperetur." 
Ipsa  audacia  obstupefecit  hostis  ;  ponte  rescisso  ^-^  armatus  in 
Tiberim  desiluit  et  multis  ^^  superincidentibus  telis  incolumis 
ad  suos  tranavit.     Grata  tanta  virtute  civitas  fuit ;  ei  tantum 

15  agri  publice  datum  est,  quantum  uno  die  circumarare  potuit. 
Statua  quoque  ei  in  Comitio  posita.^* 

469.  THE    FORTITUDE    OF    MUCIUS 

Cum  Porsena  Romam  obsideret,  Mvicius,  vir  Romanae  con- 

stantiae,    senatum    adiit    et    veniam^^    transfugiendi    petiit, 

necem  regis  repromittens.      Accepta  potestate,  in  castra  Porse- 

20  nae  venit.     Ibi  in  confertissima  turba  prope  regium  tribunal 

1  nocere  non  debui,  /  ought  not  to  have  injured.  -  I,ook  on  a  classical 
map  of  Italy  for  the  country  of  Etruria  (modern  Tuscany)  north  of  Rome. 
8  See  429.  *  Adverb.  ^alia  .  .  .  alia:  see  313.  «  With  tuta;  by  reason 
of  its  walls.  ''  by  the  interposed  Tiber  =  by  the  Tiber  'j  being  between. 

8  For  dedisset,  would  have   allowed  a  passage  (iter).  ^  From  amitto. 

13  That  is,  by  Codes.  11  That  is,  by  the  Romans.  '^-  From  rescindo. 

'^'^  though  many,  etc.  "  Supply  est.  i»  veniam  transfugiendi, /as-^r  of 

deserting  =  pertnission  to  desert. 


STOR/ES  FROM   ROMAN  HISTORY  IQI 

constitit.  Stipendium  tunc  forte  militibus  dabatur  et  scriba  cum 
rege  pari  ^  fere  ornatu  sedebat.  Mucius,  ignOrans  uter  rex  esset, 
ilium  pro  rege  occidit.  Adprehensus  et  ad  regem  pertractus  '^ 
dextram  accenso^  ad  sacriticium  foculo"*  iniecit,  velut  manum 
pimiens  quod  in  caede  peccasset/  Attonitus  miraculo  rex  iuve-  5 
nem  amoveri  ab  altaribus  iussit.  Turn  Mucius,  quasi  beneficium 
remunerans,  ait  trecentos  "^  sui  similis''  adversus  eum  coniu- 
rasse.     Qua  re  ille  territus  bellum  acceptis  obsidibus  deposuit. 

470.      CLOELIA,  THE  HOSTAGE.  ESCAPES 

Porsena  Cloeliam,  virginem  nobilem,  inter  obsides  accepit. 
Cum*  eius  castra  haud  procul  ab  ripa  Tiberis  locata  essent,  10 
Cloelia  deceptis  custodibus  noctu  castris  egressa,^  equ5,  quern 
fors  dederat,  adrepto  ^^  Tiberim  traiecit.    Quod  ^^  ubi  regi  nun- 
tiatum  est,  primo  ille  incensus  ira  Romam  legates  misit  ad  ^^ 
Cloeliam    obsidem    reposcendam.      Roman!   eam   ex   foedere 
restituerunt.       Tum    rex  virginis  virtiitem    admlratus^^    eam  15 
laudavit  ac  parte  obsidum  donaturum  ^*  se  dixit,  permisitque 
ut    ipsa    quos    vellet    legeret.       Productis    obsidibus    Cloelia 
virgines  puerosque  elegit,  quorum  aetatem  iniuriae  obnoxiam 
sciebat  et  cum  iis  in  patriam  rediit.^^     R5mani   novam  ^^  in 
femina  virtiitem^''  novo  genere  honoris,  statua  equestri,  dona-  20 
vere."     In  summa  ^^  Via  Sacra  ^^  fuit  posita  virgo  insidens  equo. 

1  pari  .   .   .  omatu  :  with  scriba;  566307.  -  From  pertrahS.       ^  From 

accendo  :  order  —  foculo  accenso  ad  sacrificium.  *  See  347.  ^  Full  form 
peccavisset.  ^  Subject  accusative  of  coniurasse.  "^  sui:  the  dative  might 
have  been  expected  after  similis.  ®  since.  ®  From  egredior,  active  in 

meaning ;  see  386,  b.  ^^  equo  .  .  .  adrepto,  seizing  a  horse  ;  adrepto  from 
adripio.  ^^  quod  ubi :  translate  as  if  ubi  quod,  a»(/  wlien  .  .  .  this.  12  ^^ 
.  .  .  reposcendam:  might  have  been  ut  .  .  .  reposceret;  566429.  13  gee 
note  9  on  egressa.  1*  donatiirum  se  =  se  donaturum  esse,  that  he  would 
give.  1^  From  redeo.  ^^  See  p.  iSS,  1.  5,  and  note  5.  i"  For  the 

more  common  donaverunt,  rewarded  .  .  .  with ;  it  takes  the  accusative, 
virtutem,  and  the  ablative,  genere.  1*  From  superus  (4S9),  highest  part  of. 
1^  Via  Sacra:  a  street  running  through  the  Forum  up  to  the  Capitol. 


192  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


471.     CAIUS   MARCIUS    CORIOLANUS  (B.C.  493-488?) 

C.  Marcius  gentis  patriciae  captls^  Coriolis,  urbe  Volsco- 
rum,  Coriolanus  dictus  est.  Puer  patre  ^  orbatus  sub  matris 
tutela  adolevit.^  Cum  prima'*  stipendia  facere  coepisset 
adulescens,^  e  multis  proeliis,  quibus  interfuit,  numquam 
5  rediit  nisi  corona  aliove^  militari  praemio  donatus.  In  omni 
vitae  ratione  nihil  aliud  sibi  proponebat  quam  ut  matri  pla- 
ceret ;  cumque  ilia  audiret  filium ''  laudari  aut  corona  donari 
videret,  turn  demum  felicem  se  ipsa  putabat.  Consul  factus 
gravi*  annona  advectum^  e  Sicilia  frumentum  magno  pretio 

lo  dandum  populo  ciiravit,  ut  plebs  agros,  non  seditiones  coleret. 
Qua  de  causa  damnatus  ad  Volscos  infestos  tunc  Romanis 
confugit  eosque  adversus  Romanos  concitavit.  Imperator  a 
Volscis  factus,  castris  ad  quartum  ab  urbe  lapidem  positis, 
agrum  Romanum  est  populatus. 

15  Missi  sunt  Roma  ad  Coriolanum  oratores  de  pace,  sed  atrox 
responsum  rettulerunt.^"  Iterum  deinde  iidem  missi  ne  ^^  in 
castra  quidem  "  recepti  sunt.  Sacerdotes  quoque  suis  infulis 
velati  ad  eum  iverunt  supplices,  nee  magis^^  animum  eius 
flexerunt.^^     Stupebat  senatus,  trepidabat  populus,  viri  pariter 

20  ac  mulieres  exitium  imminens  lamentabantur.  Turn  Veturia, 
Coriolani  mater,  et  Volumnia  uxor,  duos  parvos  filios  secum 
trahens,  castra  hostium  petierunt.  Ubi  matrem  adspexit 
Coriolanus:  "O  patria,"  inquit,  "vicisti  iram  meam  admotis  ^"' 

1  captis  Coriolis,  because  of  the  capture  of  Corioli.  2  gee  231  and  232. 

3  From  adolesco.  *  prima  .  .  .  coepisset,  had  begun  to  earn  first  wages 

(as  a  soldier)  =  had  begun   his  first  military  service.  ^  in  his  yottth. 

**  aliove  =  vel  alio.  ''  Subject  accusative  of  laudari  and  donari.  ^  gravi 
annona,  /;;  a  titne  of  extreme  scarcity.  ^  Agrees  with  frumentum,  which 
is  the  subject  accusative  of  dandum  (esse).  Translate  had  (curavit)  corn, 
brought  from  Sicily,  distributed  to  the  people  at  a  high  price.  l"  From 

refero.  11  See  p.  iSi,  1.  21,  and   note.  i- nee   magis,  but  no  fitore. 

12  From  fleets.       1*  admotis  .  .  .  preeibus,  by  employing  the  prayers. 


STORIES  FROM  ROM  A  A  HISTORY  193 

matris  meae  precibus,  cui  ^  tuam  in  me  iniuriam  condono." 
Complexus^  inde  suos  castra  movit  et  exercitum  ex  agro 
Romano  abduxit.  Coriolanus  postea  a  Volscis  ut  proditor 
occisus^  dicitur. 


472.        TITUS    QUINCTIUS    CINCINNATUS    (B.C.  458) 

I.  AequI"*   cdnsulem   Minucium    atque  exercitum  eius   cir-    5 
cumsessos  tenebant.     Id  ubi  Romae  nuntiatum  est,  tantus'' 
pavor,  tanta  trepidatio  fuit,  quanta^  si  urbem  ipsam,  non  cas- 
tra hostes   obsiderent :  cum  autem   in   altero  consule  parum 
esse  praesidi^  videretur,  dictatorem''  dici  placuit,  qui  ^  rem  ^ 
adflictam  restitueret.      T.  Quinctius  Cincinnatus  omnium  con-  10 
sensu  dictator  est   dictus.     lUe,  spes  unica  imperi  Romani, 
trans  Tiberim  tunc  quattuor  iugerum  ^^  colebat  agrum.     Ad  " 
quem  missi  legati  nudum  eum  arantem  ofifenderunt.     Salute  ^^ 
data  invicem  redditaque  Cincinnatus  togam  propere  e  tugu- 
rio  proferre  uxorem  Raciliam  iussit,  ut  senattis  mandata  toga-  13 
tus  audiret. 

II.  Postquam,  absterso "  pulvere  ac  sudore,  toga  indutus 
processit  Cincinnatus,  dictatorem  eum  legati  gratulantes  con- 
salutant ;  quantus    terror    in    exercitu   sit,"  exponunt.     Cin- 
cinnatus   igitur    Romam    venit    et    antecedentibus   lictoribus  20 
domum  deductus  est.      Postero  die  profectus,  Minucio  obsi- 

"^for  whose  sake.  2  From  complector.  ^  Supply  esse.  ■*  Look  on 
a  classical  map  for  the  country  of  the  Aequi,  a  short  distance  east  of  Rome. 
^  tantus  .  .  .  quanta,  so  great  .  .  .  how  great  =  as  great  as.  ^  Depends 
on  parum  ;  see  256  and  257.  "^  dictatorem  dIci  placuit,  it  pleased  a  dictator 
to  be  appointed  =■  it  was  resolved  that  a  dictator  be  appointed.  *  qui  .  .  . 
restitueret:  see  419  and  420.  ^  rem  adflictam,  the  suffering  state.  ^^  De- 
pends on  agrum.  F"or  the  form  iugerum,  see  Vocabulary.  11  ad  .  .  . 
legati,  the  messengers  who  were  sent  to  him.  i-  saldte  .  .  .  reddita,  when 
they  had  exchanged  greetings.  What  literally  ?  ^"^  From  abstergeo.  ^^  See 
p.  177,  1.  5,  and  note. 


194  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

dione  liberate,  victos  ^  hostis  sub  iugum  '^  misit.  Urbem 
triumphans  ingressus  est.  DuctP  ante  currum  duces  hostium, 
militaria  signa  praelata  * ;  seciitus  est  exercitus  praeda  onus- 
tus ;  epulae  instructae  sunt  ante  omnium  domos.  Cincin- 
5  natus  sexto  decimo  die  ^  dictatura,*'  quam  in ''  sex  mensis 
acceperat,  se  abdicavit  et  ad  boves  rediit  triumphalis  agricola, 

473.  TITUS    MANLIUS    TORQUATUS    (B.C.  361) 

I.  T.  Manlius  ob  ingeni  et  linguae  tarditatem  a  patre  rus  ® 
relegatus  erat.  Qui  cum  audivisset  patri^  diem  dictam  esse 
a  Pomponio,  tribuno  plebis,  cepit  consilium,  rudis  quidem  et 

10  agrestis  animi,  sed  pietate  ^^  laudabile.  Cultr5  succinctus^^ 
mane  in  urbem  atque  a  porta  c5nfestim  ad  Pomponium  per- 
git.  Introductus  cultrum  stringit  et  super  lectum  Pomponi 
stans  se  ^^  eum  transfixurum  minatur,  nisi  ab  incepta  acciisa- 
tione  desistat.    Pavidus  tribunus,  quippe  ^^  qui  cerneret  ferrum 

15  ante  oculos  micare,  accusationem  dimisit.  Ea  res  adulescenti 
honor!"  fuit,  quod  acerbitas  paterna  animum  eius  a  pietate 
non  avertisset  ideoque  eodem  anno  tribiinus  militum  factus  est. 

II.  Cum  postea  Galli  ad  tertium  lapidem  trans  Anienem  ^^ 
fluvium  castra  posuissent,^*'  exercitus  Romanus  ab  urbe  profec- 

20  tus  est  et  in  citeriore  ripa  fluvi  constitit.  Pons  in  medio 
erat ;  tunc  Gallus  eximia  corporis   magnitudine,"  in  vacuum 

1  For  translation,  compare  353,  6.  ~  The  yoke,  symbolical  of  servitude, 
consisted  of  two  spears  set  upright  and  a  third  laid  across  them.  ^  Supply 
sunt.  *  From  praefero  ;  supply  sunt.  ^  after  sixteen  days:  take  with 
abdicavit ;  see  187  and  188.  ^  Depends  on  abdicavit;  see  232.  "^  for. 

*  See  196,  2,  and  197,  2.  ^  patri  .  .  .  esse,  that  a  day  had  been  appointed 
for  his  father^s  trial  {for  his  father),  that  is,  for  banishing  his  son. 
'^'^  in  point  of  f  Hal  affection;  see  374.  "^"^  girding  himself  ^'^  Subject 
accusative  of  transfixurum  (esse),  and  refers  to  Manlius,  subject  of  minatur. 
13  quippe  qui,  since  he.  "  See  348,  2,  and  a.  ^^  The  Anio  empties 

into  the  Tiber  three  miles  above  Rome.  ^^  Yxqvs\  pono.  ^^  Limits 
Gallus.     See  306  and  307. 


STORIES  FROM  ROMAN  HISTORY  195 

pontem  processit  et  quam  ^  maxima  voce  potuit/  "Quem^ 
nunc,"  inquit,  "Roma  fortissimum  habet,  is  procedat^  ad 
pugnam,  ut  eventus  certaminis  nostri  ostendat,  utra  gens 
bello  sit^  melior."  Diu  inter  primores  iuvenum  Romanorum 
silentium  fuit.  Tum  Titus  Manlius  ex  statione  ad  impera-  5 
torem  pergit :  "Iniussu  tuo,"  inquit,  "  imperator,  extra  ordi- 
nem  numquam  pugnaverim,''  non  si  certam  victoriam  videam. 
Si  tu  permittis,  volo  isti  beluae  ostendere  me  ex  ea  familia 
ortum*  esse,  quae  Gallorum  agmen  ex  rtipe  Tarpeia  deiecit." 
Cui  imperator :  "Macte*^  virtute,"  inquit,  "Tite  Manli,  esto :  10 
perge  et  nomen  Romanum  invictum  praesta." 

III.  Armant  deinde  iuvenem  aequales  ;  scutum  capit,  His- 
pano  cingitur '  gladio  ad  propiorem  pugnam  habili.  Exspec- 
tabat  eum  Gallus  stolide  laetus  et  linguam  ab  inrisu  exserens. 
Ubi  constitere  inter  duas  acies,  Gallus  ensem  cum  ingenti  15 
sonitu  in  arma  Manli  deiecit.  Manlius  vero  insinuavit  sese 
inter  corpus  et  arma  Galli  atque  iano  et  altero  ictu  ventrem 
transfodit ;  iacenti^  torquem  detraxit,  quern  cruore  respersum^ 
collo  circumdedit  suo.  Defixerat  paver  cum  admiratione  Gal- 
los.  Romani  alacres  obviam  militi  suo  progrediuntur  et  gra-  20 
tulantes  laudantesque  ad  imperatorem  perducunt.  Manlius 
inde  Torquati  nomen  accepit. 

IV.  Idem  Manlius,  postea  consul  factus,  bello  Latino,  ut 
disclplinam  militarem  restitueret,  edixit  ne  ^°  quis  extra  ordi- 
nem   pugnaret.     Forte  filius    eius    accessit   prope   stationem  25 
hostium  ;  is  qui  Latino  equitatui  praeerat,  ubi  consulis  filium 

1  quam  .  .  .  potuit,  in  the  loudest  voice  possible.  What  literally? 
'  quem  .  .  .  procedat:  translate  as  if  it  stood:  is  fortissimus  procedat  quern 
R5ma  habet ;  on  procedat,  see  340,  a  (i).  ^  See  sit,  p.  193,  1.  19,  and  note. 
•*  Translate  ^s  if  it  were  pugnem  ;  see  404,  4,  and  406.  ^  From  orior. 

®  macte  .  .  .  esto,  be  honored  on  account  of  thy  valor  =  good  for  your 
pluck!  'girds  himself.  Compare  succlnctus,  p.  194, 1.  10,  and  note  11. 
^  from  him  as  he  was  lying  prostrate ;  present  participle,  dative  singular, 
from  iacio.  ^  From  respergS.  ^'^  ne  quis,  that  ne  one:  after  si,  nisi, 

ne,  and  num,  forms  of  quis  mean  a;/y,  any  one,  anything. 


196  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

agnovit,^  "Visne,"  inquit,  "  congredi  mecum,  ut  singularis 
certaminis  eventu  cernatur,  quantum  eques  Latinus  Romano 
praestet  ?  "  Movit^  ferocem  animum  iuvenis  seu  ira  seu  de- 
trectandi^  certaminis  pudor.  Oblitus  ^  itaque  imperi  paterni 
5  in  certamen  ruit  et  Latinum  ex  equo  excussum^  transfixit, 
spoliisque  lectis/  in  castra  ad  patrem  venit.  Extemplo  filium 
aversatus  consul  milites  classico  advocat ;  qui  "^  postquam  f re- 
quentes*  convenere  :  "Quandoquidem,"  inquit,  "  tu,  fill,  con- 
tra imperium  c5nsulis   pugnasti,  oportet  '•*  disciplinam  poena 

10  tua  restituas.  Triste  exemplum  sed  in  ^°  posterum  salubre 
iuventuti  eris.  I,"  lictor,  deliga  ad  palum."  Metu  omnes 
obstupuere ;  sed  postquam,  cervice  caesa,  fusus  est  cruor, 
in  questus  et  lamenta  erupere.  Manlio  ^-  Romam  redeunti 
seni5res  tantum^^  obviam  exierunt;  iuventus  et  tunc  eum  et 

15  omni  deinde  vita  exsecrata  est. 

474.  MARCUS  VALERIUS  CORVUS   (B.C.  349) 

Bello  Gallico  cum  Romani  in  stationibus  quieti  ^*  tempus 
tererent,"  Gallus  quidam  magnitudine  ^^  atque  armis  insignis 
ante  alios  processit  quatiensque  scutum  hasta,  cum  silen- 
tium  fecisset,  unum  e  Romanis  per  interpretem  provocavit, 
20  qui  ^''  secum  ferro  decerneret.  Erat  Marcus  Valerius  tribunus 
militum,  adulescens,  qui  prius  sciscitatus  consulis  voluntatem 
in  medium  armatus  processit.  Tunc  res  visu  ^*  mirabilis  acci- 
disse  fertur  ;  nam  cum  iam  manum  consereret  Valerius,  repente 
in   galea  eius   corvus   consedit  in   hostem  versus.     Ales  non 

1  From  agnosco.      -  The  subjects  are  ira  and  pudor.       ^  Compare  362,  2. 
*  From   obliviscor.  ^  excussum   transfixit :    translate    by   two    verbs ; 

compare  353,6.         «  From  lego.  "qui  ^Kisto^dxa,  atid  after  they.         ^  in 

great  numbers.  ^  oportet  .  .  .  restituas  =  oportet  ut  restituas.  ^'Mn 
posterum,  for  the  future.  ^^  See    507.  i-  Depends    on    obviam. 

^3  Adverb,  only.  i-*  An  adjective  used  adverbially.  i^  po  not  confound 
with  terrerent.  ^i'' Ablative  of  cause  with  insignis;  see  164  and  165. 
1"  Compare  p.  193,  note  S.         ^^  See  372,  2,  and  374. 


STORIES  FROM  ROMAN  HISTORY  1 97 

solum  captam  ^  semel  sedem  tenuit,  sed  quotiescumque  cer- 
tamen  inituni  est,  levans  se  alls  os  oculosque  Galli  rostro  et 
unguibus  adpetiit.  Hostem  territum  talis  prodigi  visu  ocu- 
lisque  simul  ac  mente  turbatum  Valerius  obtruncat.  Corvus 
e  conspectli  elatus  -  orientem  petit.  Inde  Valerius  Corvus  5 
dictus  est. 

475.     PYRRHUS  MAKES  WAR  ON  THE  ROMANS  (k.c.  280-275) 

I.  Tarentinis '^  quod  Romanorum  legatis  iniuriam  fecissent 
bellum  indictum  est.  Quibus  auxilio''  venit  Pyrrhus,  Epiri* 
rex,  qui  genus  ab  Achille  ducebat.  Contra  Pyrrhum  missus 
est  consul  Laevinus,  qui,  cum  exploratores  regis  cepisset,  10 
iussit  eos  per  castra  Romana  circumduci  tumque  incolumis 
dimitti,  ut  ea  quae  vidissent  Pyrrho  renuntiarent.  Mox  com- 
missa  pugna,  cum "  iam  hostes  pedem  referrent,  rex  elephan- 
tos  in  Romanorum  agmen  agi  iussit ;  quo  facto  mutata  est 
proeli  fortuna.  Romanos  vastorum'^  corporum  moles  terri-  15 
bilisque*^  superadstantium  armatorum  species  Hurbavit.  Equi 
etiam,  conspectu  et  odore  beluarum  exterriti,  sessores  vel 
excutiebant  vel  secum  in  fugam  abripiebant.  Nox  proelio 
finem  fecit. 

II.  Pyrrhus  captivos   Romanos  summo   in  honore  habuit ;  20 
occisos  sepelivit.     Quos"  cum  adverse  volnere  '"  et  truci  voltu 
etiam  mortuos    iacere   vidisset,  manus   ad   caelum   sustulisse 
dicitur    cum    hac  voce:    "Ego  talibus  viris"   brevi  ^-  orbem 


1  captam  .  .  .  tenuit,  kept  /its  perch,  when  he  had  once  lighted  on  it.     What 
literally.'  'flying  away;  from  effero.  ^  Find  Tarentum   on   the 

coast  of  southeastern  Italy.  *  See  348  and  compare  adulescenti  honori, 
p.   194,  1.   16.  ^  Find  Epirus  in  northwestern  Greece.  •'cum  iam, 

when  at  last.  '  vastorum  .  .  .  moles,  the  mass  of  their  vast  bodies  = 

their  enormous  size.  ^  See  p.  1S8,  1.  5,  and  note  5.  ^  Subject  accusa- 
tive of  iacere;  see  also  p.  178,  1.  18,  and  note.  '^'^  wounds,  used  col- 
lectively; so  voltii.  11  Ablative  of  means  with  subegissem,  best  translated 
luitk.         12  brevi  =  brevi  tempore. 


198  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

terrarum  subegissem."  Deinde  ad  urbem  Romam  magnis 
itineribus  contendit ;  omnia  ferro  ignique  vastavit ;  ad  vice- 
simum  ab  urbe  lapidem  castra  posuit.  Pyrrho^  obviam 
venit  Laevinus  cum  novo  exercitu  ;  quo  ^  viso  rex  ait  sibi  ^ 
5  eandem*  adversus  Romanos  esse  fortunam,  quam^  Herculi 
adversus  hydram,  cui  tot^  capita  renascebantur,  quot^  prae- 
cisa  erant.  Deinde  in  Campaniam  se  recepit ;  missos**  a 
senatu  de  redimendis "  captivis  legates  honorifice  excepit ; 
captiv5s  sine   pretio   reddidit,   ut   Romani,   c5gnita  iam  eius 

10  virtiite,  cognoscerent  etiam  liberalitatem. 

III.  Erat  Pyrrhus  miti  ac  placabili  animo ;  solet  enim 
rnagni  animi  comes  esse  dementia.**  Eius  humanitatem  expert! 
sunt  Tarentini.  Qui  cum  sero  intellexissent  se  pro  socio 
dominum  accepisse,  sortem  suam  liberls  vocibus  querebantur, 

15  idque  aliquant5  liberius^  ubi  vino  incaluerant.  Itaque  arces- 
siti  ad  regem  sunt  nonnulli,  quod"  inter  convivium  parum 
honorifice  de  rege  locuti  essent ;  sed  periculum  simplex  con- 
fessio  culpae  discussit.  Nam  cum  rex  percontatus  esset 
num  ^^  ea  quae  ad  auris   suas   pervenerant   dixissent,    "  Et  ^^ 

20  haec  diximus,"  inquiunt,  "rex!  et  nisi  vinum  defecisset, 
multo  pliira  et  graviora  dicturi  ^^  fuimus."  Pyrrhus,  qui 
malebat  vini  ^^  quam  hominum  earn  culpam  videri,"  subridens 
e5s  dimisit. 

1  Pyrrho  obviam :  compare  Manlio  .  .  .  obviam,  p.  196,  1.  13.  ^  quo  vIso 
rex,  and  wheti  the  king  saw  this.  ^  With  esse  ;  see  115.  *  eandem  .  .  . 
quam :    see  332.  ^  tot  .   .   .  quot,   so  matty  .  .  .  how  many  —  as  ?nany 

.  .  .  as.     Compare    p.    193,    ].   6,   and    note.  ^  missos    .    .    .    legates, 

the  ambassadors  who  were  sent.  "^  Compare  364,  I.  8.  ^  Subject  of 
solet.  9  See  255,  rt.  ^'^  because.  "  See  298.  ^"^  et  .  .  .  et:  see  155. 
13  dicturi  fuimus,  we  should  have  said.  1*  that  it  should  seem  the  fault  of 
the  wine  rather  than  of  the  men. 


CAESAR:    GALLIC    WAR  1 99 

CAESAR:    GALLIC   WAR,    H,   29-33    {Adapted) 
476.        THE    STORY   OF    THE    ADUATUCI      (n.c.  57) 

77/ 1-  Aduaiuci prepare  to  make  a  desperate  resistance 

I.  Aduatuci,*  qui  cum  omnibus  copiis  auxilio^  Nerviis 
veniebant,  hac  pugna"  nuntiata,  ex  itinere  domum  reverte- 
runt ;  cunctis  oppidls  castellisque  desertis  sua  omnia  in  unum 
oppidum  egregie  natura  munitum  contulerunt.  Quod*  ex^ 
omnibus  in  circuitu  partibus  *  altissimas  rupis  despectusque 
habebat,  sed  una  ex*^  parte  leniter  adclivis  aditus  relinque- 
batur ;  quern'  locum  duplicx  altissimo  muro  munierant  et 
magni  ponderis  saxa  et  praeacutas  trabis  in  muro  conlo- 
cabant. 

From  their  walls  they  taunt  the  Romans 

II.  Ac  primo^  adventu  exercitus  nostri'*  crebras  ex  oppido 
excursiones  faciebant  parvulisque  proeliis  cum  nostris  con- 
tendebant ;  postea,  vallo  pedum  duodecim  ^  in  circuitu  quin- 
decim  milium  ^"  crebrisque  castellis  circummuniti,  oppido  ^^ 
sese    continebant.       Ubi,     vineis  ^-    actis     aggere    exstructo, 

1  Look  on  a  map  of  Gaul  in  the  northeastern  part,  about  the  river  Mosa 
(now  Meuse),  in  what  is  now  Belgium.  -for  an  aid  =  to  aid ;  see  348 
and  349.  ^  The  reference  is  to  a  battle  in  which  the  Nervii  had  been 
almost  annihilated.       ^  this  toT.vn.  ^  ex  .   .   .  partibus,  from  all  parts  in 

a  circuit  —  on  all  sides  round  about,  or  simply  all  around.  On  the  sepa- 
ration of  omnibus  from  partibus,  see  p.  188,  1.  5,  note  5.  ^  on,  as  in  line  4. 
■^  Do  not  translate  which  place,  but  this  place.  ^  primo  .  .   .  nostri  :  as 

soon  as  our  army  got  there.     What   literally  ?  ^  That  is,  in  height. 

1'' Supply  pedum.  ^i  oppido  =  in  oppido.  i- vineis  actis  (actis  from 

ago)  :  that  the  vineae  had  been  got  ready-  These  vincae  were  wooden 
sheds,  open  in  front  and  rear,  used  to  protect  men  who  were  working  to 
undermine  a  wall  or  fill  up  a  ditch  in  front  of  fortifications.  They  were 
about  eight  feet  high,  of  like  width,  and  double  that  length,  covered  with 
raw  hides  to  protect  them  from  being  set  on  fire,  and  moved  on  wheels  or 
rollers.     See  p.  155. 


200  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

turrim^  procul  constitui^  viderunt,  primum  inridere  ex  muro 
atque  increpitare^  vocibus  coeperunt,  quod  tanta  machinatio 
ab*  tanto  spatio  in.strueretur  :  quibusnam^  manibus  aut  qui- 
bus  viribus*^  praesertim  homines  tantulae  staturae ''  turrim 
5  tanti  oneris  ^  in  muro  ^  sese  conlocare  confiderent  ? 

But  soon  they  lose  confidence  and  offer  to  surrender 

III.  Ubi  vero  turrim  mover!  ^^  et  adpropinquare  moenibus 
viderunt,  nova  atque  inusitata  specie  commoti,  legates  ad 
Caesarem  de  pace  miserunt,  qui  ad  hunc  modum  locuti  ^^  sunt : 
AduatucI    non   existimant   R5man5s   sine   ope  divina  bellum 

10  gerere,  qui^^  tantae  altitudinis  machinationes  tanta  celeritate 
promovere  possint  ^^ ;  itaque  se  suaque  omnia  eorum  potestati 
permittunt.  Unum  ^'  petunt :  si  forte  Caesar  pro  sua^'*  de- 
mentia ac  mansuetudine  statuerit  ^'  Aduatucos  esse  conser- 
vandos,  ne^*^  eos  armis  despoliet.     Omnes  fere  finitimi  sunt 

15  inimici  ac  suae  virtuti  invident,  a  quibus  se  defendere  traditis  " 
armis  non  poterunt.  Sibi  ^^  praestet,  si  in  eum  ^^  casum  dedu- 
cantur,-"  quamvis  fortunam  a  populo  Romano  pati,  quam  ab 
inimicis  per  cruciatum  intertici. 

1  See  479,  c  2  Passive  infinitive  present ;  was  being  raised.  ^  increpitare 
vocibus,  Aj««A  What  literally  ?  ^a\i  tacato  ST^aXio,  so  far  azvay.  ""with 
what  hands,  pray  ?  nam  is  added  for  emphasis,  to  point  their  sarcasm. 
6  Not  from  vir.  '^  To  the  taller  Belgians  the  Romans  looked  like  "  little 

chaps."  8  Compare  for  meaning  ponderis,  p.  199,  1.  8.  ^  The  Aduatuci, 
unacquainted  with  Roman  siege  operations,  supposed  they  intended  to 
hoist  the  tower  upon  their  wall.  ^^  to  be  moved  —  was  moving.  11  From 
loquor.  1-  since  .  .  .  they  can.  ^^  one  thing,  namely  ne  .  .  .  despoliet, 
two  lines  below.  1*  his  usual.  ^^  Future  perfect,  shall  have  decided  ; 
but  better  translated  shall  decide  or  decides.  ''^^  ne  .   .   .  despoliet,  that 

he  (Caesar)  would  not  deprive  them  of  their  arms.  1"  traditis  armis,  // 
they  should  deliver  up  their  arms;  see  357,  a.  ■'^  sibi  praestet,  /'/  woidd 
be  better  for  them  ;  praestet  is  used  impersonally,  the  real  subject  being  patI 
in  the  next  line.  ^^  eum  casum,  such  a  condition.  ^'  praestet,  si  .    .   . 

deducantur  :  a  conditional  sentence  of  the  second  form ;  see  404,  4,  and  406. 


CAESAR:    GALLIC    WAR  201 

T/iey  must  disarm,  but  are  promised  protection 

IV.  Ad  haec  Caesar  respondit :  "  Magis  consuetudine  ^  mea 
quam  merito  vestro  civitatem  conservabo,  si  prius  quam  murum 
aries-  attigerit,''  vos  dedideritis  :  sed  deditionis  nulla  est  con- 
dicio  nisi*  armis  traditls.  Id  quod  in^  Nerviis  feci  faciam 
finitimisque  imperabo  ne  quam  ^  iniuriam  dediticiis  populi  5 
Romani  inferant."  Re  niintiata  ad  suos,  quae  imperarentur 
facere  '  dixerunt.  Armorum  tanta  multitQdo  de  muro  in  fos- 
sam  quae  erat  ante  oppidum  iacta  est,  ut  prope  summam** 
muri  aggerisque  altitiidinem^  acervi  eorum  adaequarent,  et 
tamen  circiter  pars  tertia,  ut  postea  perspectum^  est,  celata  ^"  lo 
atque  in  oppido  retenta  est.  Deinde  portis  patefactis  eo 
die  pace  ^^  sunt  usi  oppidani. 

./  brave  dash  for  freedom,  but  a  terrible  fate 

V,  Sub  vesperum  Caesar  portas  claudi  militesque  ex  oppido 
exire  iussit.     Oppidani  consilio  ^^  ante  inito,  ut  intellectum  ^^ 
est,  quod  deditione  facta  nostros"  praesidia  deducturos  aut  15 
denique  ^^  indiligentius  servaturos  crediderant,  tertia  ^^  vigilia, 
qua^'  minime  arduus  ad  nostras  mimitiones  ascensus  videbatur, 

1  according  to  my  custom.  "■■  A  long,  strong  beam  of  wood,  furnished 

with  an  iron  head  in  the  form  of  a  ram's  head.  It  was  suspended  from  a 
framework  by  a  strong  chain  or  ropes,  and  worked  by  men,  to  make  a 
breach  in  a  wall.     See  illustration,  p.  202.  ^  translate  this  and  the 

following  future  perfect  by  the  present;  see  p.  200,  1.  13,  and  note.  *  nisi 
armis  traditis.     Compare  p.  200,  1.  1 5,  and  note.  ^  in  the  case  of;  a 

common  meaning  of  in  with  nouns  in  the  ablative  denoting  persons. 
•*  See  p.  195,  1.  24,  and  note.  "One  would  expect  se  facturos  esse,  and 
it  may  be  so  translated.  ^  summam  .  .  .  altitudinem,  top.  ^  See 

418,  b.  I''  Supply  est.  ^^  pace  sunt  usi :  not  used  {enjoyed)  peace,  but 
kept  quiet.  i-  consilio  'v[i\\.Q,  forming  a  plan  ;  inito  from  ineo.  ^'  See 

note  9.  ^■'  our  commanders  :  subject  accusative  of  deducturos  (esse)  and 
servaturos  (esse).  ^*  at  any  rate.  ^^  tertia  vigilia  :  the  Romans  divided 
the  night  into  four  watches  of  about  three  hours  each.         i"  -where. 


202  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

omnibus  copiis  repentino  ex  oppido  eruptionem  fecerunt. 
Celeriter,  ut  ante  Caesar  imperarat,^  ignibus  ^  significatione 
facta,  ex  proximis  castellis  eo  concursum  '^  est.  Ibi  pugnatum  ^ 
est  acriter  ab  hostibus  in  *  extrema   spe  salutis  iniquo  loco 

5  contra  eos  qui  ex  vallo Hurribusque  tela  iacerent,  cum®  in  una 
virtute  omnis  spes  salutis  consisteret.  Occisis  ad^hominum 
milibus  quattuor  reliqui  in  oppidum  reiecti  sunt.  Postridie** 
eius  diei  refractis  portis,  cum"  iam  defenderet  nemo/°  atque 
intromissis  militibus  nostris,  sectionem"  eius  oppidi  universam 

lo  Caesar  vendidit.  Ab  iis  qui  emerant  capitum  ^^  numerus  ad 
eum  relatus  ^^  ^st  milium  quinquaginta  trium. 


1  For  imperaverat,  see  p.  1 91, 1.  5,  note.  ^  by  fire  signals.  ^  Compare 
intellectum  est,  p.  201,  1.  14,  and  note  13.  *  in  .  .  .  salutis,  as  their  last 
chance  of  saving  themselves.  What  literally  ?  ^  their  (the  Romans')  redoubt. 
^  cum  .  .   .  virtijte,  since  in  valor  alone.  '  about,  adverb.  ^  postridie 

Iva^txll,  on  the  following  day.  What  literally  ?  ^  since.  1^  Emphatic 
from  its  position.     Compare  "  silver  and  gold  have  I  none."  "  The 

"booty"  included  all  the  inhabitants.  ^^  \Ve  say  so  many  "head"  of 

cattle.  13  From  refero  ;  was  reported  to  be  ^3,000.  These  53,000  captives 
■were  probably  driven  in  chain  gangs  to  the  Province  or  to  Italy  and  sold 
in  lots  to  suit  purchasers,  there  to  wear  out  their  lives  in  bondage. 


Battering  Ram 


477. 


APPENDIX 

TABLES    OF 
DECLENSION,    CONJUGATION,    ETC. 

NOUNS 

FIRST    DECLENSION  — A-Stems 


Singular 

Plural 

Terminations 

Terminations 

Nom. 

hasta 

-a 

hastae 

-ae 

Gen. 

hastae 

-ae 

hastarum 

-arum 

Dat. 

hastae 

-ae 

hastis 

-IS 

Ace. 

hastam 

-am 

hastas 

-as 

Abl. 

hasta 

-a 

hastis 

-IS 

478. 


SECOND    DECLENSION  —  O-Stems 


Singular 

Plu: 

ral 

Terminations 

Te 

rminations 

Masc. 

Masc. 

Nom. 

hortus 

-us 

horti 

-1 

Gen. 

horti 

-i 

hortorum 

-orum 

Dal. 

horto 

-6 

hortis 

-is 

Ace. 

hortum 

-um 

hortSs 

-6a 

Abl. 

horto 

-6 

hortis 

-is 

203 


204 


FIRST    YEAR  LATIN 


Sing 

ULAR 

Plural 

Terminations 

Terminations 

Xeut. 

Neut. 

Nom. 

donum 

-um 

dona 

-a 

Gen. 

doni 

-i 

dcnorum 

-orum 

Dat. 

dono 

-6 

donls 

-Is 

Ace. 

donum 

-um 

d5na 

-a 

Abl. 

dono 

-6 

ddnis 

-Is 

a.  The  vocative  singular  of  nouns  in  -us  of  the  second  declension 
has  a  special  form  in  -e  :  horte. 


fllius 
fill,  -ii 
fllio 
fllium 
fllio 


fllil 

flliorum 

filils 

filios 

flliis 


Nom. 

puer 

Gen. 

puerl 

Dat. 

puer5 

Ace. 

puerum 

AM. 

puero 

Nom. 

puerl 

Gen. 

puerorum 

Dat. 

pueris 

Ace. 

pueros 

Abl. 

pueris 

Singular 

ager 

vir 

agri 

virT 

agro 

viro 

agrum 

virum 

agro 

viro 

Plural 

agrI 

viri 

agrorum 

virSrum 

agris 

viris 

agros 

viros 

agrls 

viris 

a.    The  vocative  singular  of  filius  is  fill. 


479. 


THIRD    DECLENSION 
M.    Mute  Stems 


Singular 

Terminations 

M.   &   F.             N. 

Nom. 

rex 

miles 

virtus 

caput 

-s  or 

Gen. 

regis 

mllitis 

virtutis 

capitis 

-is           -is 

Dat. 

regi 

mllitl 

virtuti 

capiti 

-I             -I 

Ace. 

regem 

militem 

virtutem 

caput 

-em         — 

Abl. 

rege 

mllite 

virtu  te 

capita 

-e             -e 

APPENDIX 

205 

I'LURAI. 

Terminations 

M.    U    V. 

N. 

reges 

niilites 

virtutes 

capita 

-es 

-a 

rcgum 

mlHtum 

virtu  turn 

capitum 

-um 

-um 

regibus 

militibus 

virtutibus 

capitibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

reges 

mllites 

virtutes 

capita 

-es 

-a 

regibus 

militibus 

virtutibus 

capitibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

It. 

Liquid  Stems 

Singular 

pater 

homo 

volnus 

corpus 

patris 

hom 

inis 

volneris 

corporis 

patri 

hom 

ini 

volneri 

corpori 

patrem 

hominem 

volnus 

corpus 

patre 

hom 

ine 

volnere 

corpore 

Plural 

patres 

hom 

ines 

volnera 

corpora 

patrum 

hominum 

volnerum 

corporum 

patribus 

hominibus 

volneribus 

corporibus 

patres 

homines 

volnera 

corpora 

patribus 

hominibus 

volneribus 

corporibus 

c.    I-Stems 

Singular 

Terminations 

M.    &    F. 

N. 

hostis 

nubes 

urbs 

animal 

-s 

— 

hostis 

nubis 

urbis 

animalis 

-is 

-is 

host! 

nubi 

urbi 

animal! 

-1 

-I 

hostem 

nubem 

urbem 

animal 

-em 

— 

hoste 

nube 

urbe 
Plural 

animali 

-e 

-i 

hostes 

nubes 

urbes 

animalia 

-es 

-ia 

hostium 

nubium 

urbium 

animalium 

-ium 

-ium 

hostibus 

nubibus 

urbibus 

animalibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

hostis,  -es   nubis,  -es 

urbis,  -es 

animalia 

-Is.  -es 

-ia 

hostibus 

nubibus 

urbibus 

animalibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

2o6 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


Sing. 

Plur. 

Norn. 

Ignis 

Ignes 

Gen. 

Ignis 

Ignium 

Dat. 

Igni 

ignibus 

Ace. 

Ignem 

Ignis,  -ei 

AM. 

Igni,  -e 

Ignibus 

Sing. 

Plur. 

turris 
turris 

turres 
turrium 

turri 

turribus 

turrim,  - 

em 

turris,  -es 

turri,  -e 

turribus 

480. 


FOURTH    DECLENSION  —  U-Stems 


Singular 

Terminations 

Terminations 

Masc. 

Neut. 

Norn. 

gradus           -us 

cornu 

-u 

Gen. 

gradus          -us 

cornus 

-us 

Dat. 

gradui  (-u)  -ui  (-u) 

cornu 

-u 

Ace. 

gradum         -um 

cornu 

-ii 

Abl. 

gradu            -u 

Plural 

cornu 

-u 

Norn. 

gradus           -us 

cornua 

-ua 

Gen. 

graduum       -uum 

cornuum 

-uum 

Dat. 

gradibus       -ibus  (-ubus) 

cornibus 

-ibus  (-ubus) 

Ace. 

gradus           -us 

cornua 

-ua 

Abl. 

gradibus       -ibus  (-ubus) 

cornibus 

-ibus  (-ubus) 

481 

FIFTH    DECLENSION  —  E-Stems 

Terminations 

Sing.          Plur. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Sing.         Plur. 

Norn. 

dies         dies 

res 

res 

-es         -es 

Gen. 

diei          dierum 

rei 

rerum 

-ei           -erum 

Dat. 

diel          diebus 

rei 

rebus 

-ii          -ebus 

Ace. 

diem        dies 

rem 

res 

-em        -es 

Abl. 

die           diebus 

re 

rebus 

-e           -ebus 

APPENDIX 


207 


482. 


SPECIAL    PARADIGMS 


Singular 

A^or/t, 

cleus 

domus 

senex 

VIS 

Gen. 

del 

donius,  -1 

senis 

visi 

Dat. 

deo 

domul,  -6 

seni 

vP 

Ace. 

deum 

domum 

senem 

vim 

Abl. 

deo 

domo,  -u 

sene 

vi 

Plural 


Noin. 

del,  dii,  di 

domiis 

senes 

vires 

Gen. 

deorum,  deum 

domuum,  -orum 

senum 

virium 

Dat. 

dels,  diis,  dis 

domibus 

senibus 

viribus 

Aee. 

deos 

donios,  -us 

senes 

viris,  -es 

Abl. 

dels,  dils,  dis 

domibus 

Singular 

senibus 

viribus 

IVom. 

iter 

bos 

mare 

luppiter 

Gen. 

itineris 

bovis 

maris 

lovis 

Dat. 

itineri 

bovi 

mari 

lovi 

Aee. 

iter 

bovem 

mare 

lovem 

Abl. 

itinere 

bove 

Plural 

mari 

love 

No  in. 

itinera 

boves 

maria 

Gen. 

itinerum 

bovum,  bourn 

Dat. 

itineribus 

bobus,  bubus 

maribus 

Aee. 

itinera 

boves 

maria 

Abl. 

itineribus 

bobus,  bubus 

maribus 

1  The  genitive  and  dative  singular  are  rare. 


208 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


ADJECTIVES 


483. 


FIRST    AND    SECOND    DECLENSIONS 


Singular 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

Nom. 

bonus 

bona 

bonum 

Gen. 

boni 

bonae 

boni 

Dat. 

bono 

bonae 

bono 

Ace. 

bonum 

bonam 

bonum 

Abl. 

bono 

bona 
Plural 

bono 

Nom. 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

Gen. 

bonorum 

bonarum 

bonorum 

Dat. 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

Ace. 

bonos 

bonas 

bona 

Abl. 

bonis 

bonis 
Singular 

bonis 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

Notn. 

iTber 

libera 

llberum 

Gen. 

llberi 

llberae 

ITberi 

Dat. 

llbero 

iTberae 

iTbero 

Ace. 

llberum 

llberam 

iTberum 

AbL 

llbero 

libera 
Plural 

ITbero 

No  in . 

iTberi 

llberae 

iTbera 

Gen. 

iTberorum 

llberarum 

ITberorum 

Dat. 

iTberis 

llberis 

ITberis 

Ace. 

Hberos 

iTberas 

iTbera 

AbL 

llberis 

ITberis 

ITberis 

APPENDIX 

Singular 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

Nom. 

piger 

pigra 

pigrum 

Gen. 

pigri 

pigrae 

pigri 

Dat. 

pigro 

pigrae 

pigro 

Ace. 

pigrum 

pigram 

pigrum 

Abl. 

pigro 

pigra 
Plural 

pigro 

iXoiii. 

pigrI 

pigrae 

pigra 

Gen. 

pigrorum 

pigrarum 

pigrorum 

Dat. 

pigris 

pigris 

pigris 

Ace. 

pigros 

pigras 

pigra 

Abl. 

pigris 

pigris 

pigris 

209 


484. 


THIRD    DECLENSION 


Singular 

M.  &  F. 

N. 

Nom . 

audax 

audax 

Gen. 

audacis 

audacis 

Dat. 

audaci 

audaci 

Ace. 

audacem 

audax 

Abl. 

audaci,  -e 

Plirai 

audaci,  -e 

Nom. 

audaces 

audacia 

Gen. 

audacium 

audacium 

Dat. 

audacibus 

audacibus 

Ace. 

audacis,  -es 

audacia 

Abl. 

audacibus 
Singular 

audacibus 

Masc.         Fem. 

Neut. 

Nom. 

acer         acris 

acre 

Gen. 

acris        acris 

acris 

Dat. 

acri          acri 

acri 

Ace. 

acrem     acrem       acre 

Abl. 

acri          acri 

acri 

Singular 

M.  &  V. 

N. 

brevis 

breve 

brevis 

brevis 

brevi 

brevi 

brevem 

breve 

brevi 

brevi 

Plural 

breves 

brevia 

brevium 

brevium 

brevibus 

brevibus 

brevis,  -es 

brevia 

brevibus 

brevibus 

Plural 

Masc.  Fem.     .  Neut. 

acres  acres  acria 

acrium  acrium  acrium 

acribus  acribus  acribus 

acris,  -es  acris,  -es  acria 

acribus  acribus  acribus 


2IO  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

485.  PRESENT    ACTIVE    PARTICIPLES 


Singular 

Plural 

M.   &    F. 

N. 

M.    &    F. 

N. 

Norn. 

amans 

amans 

amantes 

amantia 

Gen. 

amantis 

amantis 

amantium 

amantium 

Dat. 

amanti 

amanti 

amantibus 

amantibus 

Ace. 

amantem 

amans 

amantis,  -es 

amantia 

Abl. 

am  ante,  -i 

amante,  -i 

amantibus 

amantibus 

N'ofn. 

iens 

iens 

euntes 

euntia 

Gen. 

euntis 

euntis 

euntium 

euntium 

Dat. 

eunti 

eunti 

euntibus 

euntibus 

Ace. 

euntem 

iens 

euntis,  -es 

euntia 

Abl. 

eunte,  -i 

eunte,  -i 

euntibus 

euntibus 

486.  IRREGULAR    ADJECTIVES 


Singular 

Plural 

Masc. 

Fem 

Neut. 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

Nom. 

alius 

alia 

aliud 

alii 

aliae 

alia 

Gen. 

alius 

alius        alius 

aliorum 

aliarum 

aliorum 

Dat. 

alii 

alii 

alii 

aliis 

aliis 

aliis 

Ace. 

alium 

aliam      aliud 

alios 

alias 

alia 

Abl. 

alio 

alia 

alio 

aliis 

aliis 

aliis 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

M.    &    F. 

N. 

Nom. 

unus 

una 

unum 

tres 

tria 

Gen. 

vinius 

unius 

unius 

trium 

trium 

Dat. 

uni 

uni 

uni 

tribus 

tribus 

Ace. 

unum 

unam 

unum 

tris,  tres 

tria 

Abl. 

uno 

una 

uno 

tribus 

tribus 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Nojn. 

duo 

duae 

duo 

mille 

milia 

Gen. 

duorum 

duarum 

duorum 

mille 

milium 

Dat. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

mllle 

mllibus 

Ace. 

duos,  d 

lO 

duas 

duo 

mille 

milia 

Abl. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

mille 

milibus 

APPENDIX 


211 


481 


COMPARISON    OF    ADJECTIVES 


Positive 
alius  (alto-) 
brevis  (brevi-) 
audax  (audaci-) 
miser  (misero-) 
acer  (acri-) 


COMFAKATIVK 

altior,  altius 
brevior,  brevius 
audacior,  audacius 
miserior,  miserius 
acrior,  acrius 


Superlative 
altissi\nus,  -a,  -um 
brevissimus,  -a,  -um 
audacissimus,  -a,  -um 
miserrimus,  -a,  -um 
acerrimus,  -a,  -um 


488. 


DECLENSION    OF    COMPARATIVES 


SlNGU] 

-AR 

Plural 

M.  &  V. 

N. 

M.  &  F. 

N. 

A' out. 

altior 

altius 

altiores 

altiora 

Gen. 

altioris 

altioris 

altiorum 

altiorum 

Dat. 

altiori 

altiori 

alti5ribus 

altioribus 

Ace. 

altiorem 

altius 

altiores,  -Is 

altiora 

Abl. 

altiore,  -i 

altiore,  -i 

altioribus 

altioribus 

Norn. 

plus 

plures 

plura 

Gen. 

pluris 

plurium 

plurium 

Dat. 

pluribus 

pluribus 

Ace. 

plus 

pluris,  -es 

plura 

Abl. 

plure 

pluribus 

pluribus 

489. 


IRREGULAR    COMPARISON 


TOSITIVE 

bonus,  -a,  -um 
malus,  -a,  -um 
magnus,  -a,  -um 
multus,  -a,  -um^ 
multi,  -ae,  -a      J 
parvus,  -a,  -um 
senex,  senis 
iuvenis,  -e 
vetus,  veteris 


Comparative 
melior,  melius 
peior,  peius 
maior,  maius 

,  plus 

minor,  minus 
senior 
iOnior 
vetustior,  -ius 


Superlative 
optimus,  -a,  -um 
pessimus,  -a,  -um 
maximus,  -a,  -um 

plurimus,  -a,  -um 

minimus,  -a,  -um 
maximus  natu 
minimus  natu 
veterrimus,  -a,  -um 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


Positive 
facilis,  -e 
difficilis,  -e 
similis,  -e 
dissimilis,  -e 
humilis,  -e 
gracilis,  -e 

exterus,  outward 
inferus,  below 
posterus,  following 
superus,  above 


[cis,  citra,  on  this  side^ 
[in,  intra,  in,  within] 
[prae,  pro,  before] 
[prope,  near] 
[ultra,  beyond] 


Comparative 
facilior,  -ius 
difficilior,  -ius 
similior,  -ius 
dissimilior,  -ius 
humilior,  -ius 
gracilior,  -ius 

exterior,  outer, 

exterior 
Inferior,  lower 

posterior,  later 

superior,  higher 


citerior,  hither 
interior,  inner 
prior,  former 
propior,  nearer 
ulterior,  further 


Superlative 
facillimus,  -a,  -um 
difficillimus,  -a,  -um 
simillimus,  -a,  -um 
dissimillimus,  -a,  -um 
humillimus,  -a,  -um 
gracillimus,  -a,  -um 

extremus    1  otitermost. 


infimus 
imus  J 

postremus  1 
postumus  J 


last 


lowest 


last 


supremus  1 


summus 


\  highest 


citimus,  hithermost 
intimus,  inmost 
primus,  frst 
proximus,  next 
ultimus,  firthest 


490. 


COMPARISON    OF    ADVERBS 


Positive 

Comparative 

Superlative 

care  (carus) 

carius 

carissime 

misere  (miser) 

miserius 

miserrime 

acriter  (acer) 

acrius 

acerrime 

facile  (facilis) 

facilius 

facillime 

bene  (bonus) 

melius 

optime 

male  (malus) 

peius 

pessime 

multum  (multus) 

plOs 

plurimum 

parum,  little 

minus 

minime 

diu,  long,  a  long  time 

diutius 

diijtissime 

saepe,  often 

saepius 

saepissime 

APPENDIX 


213 


491. 


NUMERALS 


Cardinals 

1.  unus,  -a,  -um 

2.  duo,  duae,  duo 

3.  tres,  tria 

4.  quattuor 

5.  quTnque 

6.  sex 

7.  septem 

8.  octa 

9.  novem 

10.  decern 

11.  undecim 

12.  duodecim 

13.  tredecim 

14.  quattuordecim 

15.  quindecim 

16.  sedecim  ^r  sexdecim 
I  7.    septendecim 

18.  duodevTgintI 

19.  undevlginti 

20.  vigintl 
[vigintl  unus  or 

'  Lunus  et  vTginti 
JvigintI  duo  or 
"'Iduo  et  vlginti 

28.  duodetnginta 

29.  undetrlginta 

30.  trlginta 

40.    quadraginta 
50.    quTnquaginta 
60.    sexaginta 
70.    septuaginta 
80.    octoginta 
90.    nonaginta 


ORniNALS 

primus,  -a,  -um 
secundus  (or  alter) 
tertius 
quartus 
quintus 
sextus 
Septimus 
octavus 
nonus 
decimus 
undecimus 
duodecimus 
tertius  decimus 
quartus  decimus 
quintus  decimus 
sextus  decimus 
Septimus  decimus 
duodevlcesimus 
undevTcesimus 
vTcesimus 

vTcesimus  primus  or 
unus  et  vicesimus 
rvlcesimus  secundus  or 
lalter  et  vicesimus 
duodetrlcesimus 
undetrlcesimus 
tricesimus 
quadragesimus 
quinquagesimus 
sexagesimus 
septuagesimus 
octogesimus 
n5nas:esimus 


214 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


Cardinals 

loo.    centum 

fcentum  unus  or 
loiA 

Lcentum  et  unus 

200.  ducenti,  -ae,  -a 

300.  trecentl 

400.  quadringenti 

500.  quingenti 

600.  sescenti  or  sexcentl 

700.  septingenti 

800.  octingentT 

900.  n5ngentl 

1000.  mille 

2000.  duo  milia 

100,000.  centum  milia 


Ordinals 
centesimus 
fcentesimus  primus  or 
Icentesimus  et  primus 
ducentesimus 
trecentesimus 
quadringentesimus 
qulngentesimus 
sescentesimus 
septingentesimus 
octingentesimus 
nongentesimus 
millesimus 
bis  millesimus 
centies  millesimus 


PRONOUNS 


492. 


PERSONAL 


Sing. 

Plur. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Nam. 

ego 

nos 

tu 

vos 

Gen. 

mel 

nostriini, 

-tri    tul 

vestriim, 

Dat. 

mihi 

nobis 

tibi 

vobis 

Ace. 

me 

n5s 

te 

vos 

AM. 

me 

ndbls 

te 

vobIs 

sui  sui 

sibi  sibi 

se,  sese  se,  sese 

se,  sese  se,  sese 


49S. 


DEMONSTRATIVE 


Singular 

Plural 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

Norn. 

hlc 

haec 

hoc 

hi 

hae 

haec 

Gen. 

huius 

huius 

hiiius 

horum 

harum 

horum 

Dat. 

huic 

huic 

huic 

his 

his 

his 

Aee. 

hunc 

hanc 

hoc 

hos 

has 

haec 

AM. 

hoc 

hac 

hoc 

his 

his 

his 

APPENDIX 


215 


Masc. 

ille 

illlus 

ill! 

ilium 

illo 


Singular 


Fem. 


ilia 

illius 

ill! 

illam 

ilia 


Neut. 

illud 
illTus 
illf 
illud 

ilia 


1 

Plural 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

illl 

iUae 

ilia 

illorum 

illarum 

illorum 

illis 

iUTs 

illTs 

iUos 

illas 

ilia 

illls 

iUTs 

illls 

Norn,  is 

Gen.  eius 

Dat.  el 

Ace.  eum 

Abl.  eo 


ea 

eius 

el 

earn 

ea 


id 
eius 


11,  ei  eae  ea 

eorum  earum  eorum 

ils,  els  ils,  els  ils,  els 

eos  eas  ea 

iis,  els  iis,  els  ils,  eis 


Novi.  iste  ista  istud 

Gen.  istlus  istius  istlus 

Dat.  istl  istl  istl 

Ace.  istum  istam  istud 

Abl.  ista  ista  isto 


istl  istae  ista 

istorum  istarum  istarum 

istis  istls  istls 

istos  istas  ista 

istls  istis  istls 


Idem 


e'adem     idem 


eaedem       e'adem 


fildem 

leldem 

eiusdem  eiusdem  eiusdem       eorundem  earundem  earundem 

fiisdem  ilsdem  iisdem 

eldem       eldem      eldem        \^^^^^^  .j^^em  elsdem 

eundem    eandem    idem  easdem  easdem  e'adem 

Jilsdem  iisdem  ilsdem 

\elsdem  elsdem  eisdem 


eodem      eadem      eodem 


Nom. 

ipse 

ipsa 

ipsum 

ipsT 

Gen. 

ipsTus 

ipsTus 

ipsTus 

ipsorum 

Dat. 

ipsT 

ipsT 

ipsT 

ipsTs 

Ace. 

ipsum 

ipsam 

ipsum 

ipsos 

Abl. 

ipso 

ipsa 

ipso 

ipsis 

ipsae  ipsa 

ipsarum  ipsorum 

ipsTs  ipsis 

ipsas  ipsa 

ipsTs  ipsis 


2l6  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


m. 

I 

RELATIVE 

Singular 

Plural 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

Nom. 

qui 

quae 

quod 

qui 

quae 

quae 

Gen. 

cuius 

cuius 

cuius 

quorum 

quarum 

qu5rum 

Dai. 

cui 

cui 

cui 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

Ace. 

quern 

quam 

quod 

quos 

quas 

quae 

AM. 

quo 

qua 

qu5 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 

495.  INTERROGATIVE 


Singular 

Plural 

Masc             Fem. 

Neut. 

Masc          Fem. 

Neut. 

Nom. 

quis  (qui)      quae 

quid  (quod) 

qui           quae 

quae 

Gen. 

cuius 

cQius 

cuius 

quorum    quarum 

qu5rum 

Dat. 

cui 

cui 

cui 

quibus      quibus 

quibus 

Ace. 

quern 

quam 

quid  (quod) 

qu5s         quas 

quae 

AM. 

quo 

qua 

quo 

quibus      quibus 

quibus 

496. 

INDEFINITE 

Singular 

Nom. 

aliquis 

aliqua 

aliquid,  aliquod 

Gen. 

alicuius 

alicijius 

alicuius 

Dat. 

alicui 

alicui 

alicui 

Ace. 

aliquem 

aliquam 

aliquid,  aliquod 

AM. 

aliqu5 

aliqua 
Plural 

aliquo 

Nom. 

aliqul 

aliquae 

aliqua 

Gen. 

aliquorum 

aliquarum 

aliquorum 

Dat. 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

Ace. 

aliquos 

aliquas 

aliqua 

AM. 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

aliquibus 

APPENDIX 

Singular 

Nom. 

quidam 

quaedam 

quiddam,  quoddam 

Gen. 

cuiusclam 

ciiiusdam 

cuiusdam 

Dat. 

cuidam 

cuidam 

cuidam 

Ace. 

quendam 

quandam 

quiddam,  quoddam 

Abl. 

qu5dam 

quad  am 
Plural 

quddam 

N^om. 

quidam 

quaedam 

quaedam 

Gen. 

quorundam 

quarundam 

quorundam 

Dat. 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

Ace. 

quosdam 

quasdam 

quaedam 

Abl. 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

quibusdam 

217 


REGULAR   VERBS 
497.  FIRST    CONJUGATION  —  A- Verbs 

amo,  love 
Principal  Parts  :  amo,  amare,  amavi,  amatus 

Indicative 
Present 


Active  Voice 


/  love.,  am  loving.,  do  love,  etc. 
amo  amamus 

amas  amatis 

a  mat  amant 


Passive  Voice 
/  am  loved,  etc. 


amor  amamur 

amaris,  -re  amamini 

amatur  amantur 


Imperfect 
/  loved,  was  loving,  did  love,  etc.  /  was  loved,  etc. 

amabam  amabamus  amabar  amabamur 

amabas  amabatis  amabaris.  -re        amabamini 

amabat  amabant  amabatur  aniabantur 


2l8 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


Future 
/  shall  love,  etc.  /  shall  be  loved,  etc. 

amabo  amabimus  amabor  amabimur 


amabis 
aniabit 


amabitis 
amabuiit 


amaberis,  -re 
amabitur 


amabimini 
amabuntur 


Perfect 
/  have  loved,  loved,  did  love,  etc.  /  have  been  (was)  loved,  etc. 

amavi  amavimus  ( sum  ( sumus 

amavisti  amavistis  amatus  -I  es      amati  i  estis 

amavit 


amaverunt,  -re 


amatus  -;  es 

1^  est  [  sunt 


I  had  loved,  etc. 
amaveram        amaveramus 
amaveras  amaveratis 

amaverat  amaverant 


Pluperfect 

/  had  been  loved,  etc. 
r  eram  T  eramus 

amatus^  eras        amati ^  eratis 
[  erat  i^  erant 


Future  Perfect 


I  shall  have  loved,  etc. 
amavero  amaverimus 

amaveris  amaveritis 

amaverit  amaverint 


/  shall  have  been  loved,  etc. 
r  ero  r  erimus 

amatus  \  eris        amatl  \  eritis 
1^  erit  [^  erunt 


Subjunctive 

Present 

amem 

amemus 

amer 

amemur 

ames 

ametis 

ameris,  -re 

ameminl 

amet 

ament 

ametur 
Imperfect 

amentur 

amarem 

amaremus 

amarer 

amaremur 

am  ares 

amaretis 

amareris,  -re 

amaremiui 

amaret 

amarent 

amaretur 

amarentur 

amaverim  amaverimus 

amaveris  amaveritia 

amaverit  amaverint 


^PENDIX 

2] 

Perfect 

fsim 

f  simus 
■j  sItis 

aniatus  i 

SU 

amati 

1 

sit 

[  sint 

amavissem       amavissemiis 
amavisses         amavissetis 
amavisset         amavisseiit 


iRFECT 

r  essem  f  essemus 

amatus  \  esses  amati  -j  essetis 
[ asset  [ assent 


Imperative 


am  a,  love  thou. 
amate,  hn'e  ye. 


Present 

amare,  be  thou  loved. 
amamini,  be  ye  loved. 


amato,  thou  shall  love. 
amato,  he  shall  love. 
amatote,  you  shall  love. 
amanto,  they  shall  love. 


Future 

amator,  thoti  shall  be  loved. 
amator,  he  shall  be  loved. 


amantor.  they  shall  be  loved. 


Infinitivf. 
Pres.  amare,  to  love.  amarl,  to  be  loved. 

Perf.  amavisse,  to  have  loved,      amatus  esse,  to  have  been  loved. 
FuT.     araaturus     esse,     to     be     [amatum    iri],  to  be  about   to   be 
about  to  love.  loi'ed. 

Participles 

Pres.  amans,  -antis,  loving.  Pres. 

FuT.     amaturus,  -a,  -um,  about     Ger.^  amandus,    -a,    -um,    to    be 
to  love.  lo7'ed. 

Perf. Perf.    amatus,    -a,   -um,    having 

been  loved,  loved. 


1  Gerundive,  sometimes  czWed  ftiture  passive  f'articiple 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


Gerund 

Nom. 

Gen. 

amandi,  of  loving. 

Dat. 

amando,  for  loving. 

Ace. 

amandum,  loving. 

AM. 

amando,  by  loving. 

Supine 

Ace. 

[amatum,  to  love.} 

AM. 

[amatu,  lo  love,  in  the  loving.'] 

498. 


SECOND    CONJUGATION  —  E- Verbs 


moneo,  advise 
Principal  Parts  :  moneo,  monere,  monui,  monitus 


Active  Voice 

■    I  advise,  etc. 
moneo  monemus 

mones  monetis 

monet  monent 


/  was  advising,  etc. 
monebani    monebamus 
monebas      monebatis 
monebat      monebant 


/  sJiall  advise,  etc. 
monebo        monebimus 
monebis       monebitis 
monebit       monebunt 


Indicative 
Present 


Passive  Voice 


/  am  advised,  etc. 
moneor  monemur 

moneris,  -re  monemini 

monetur  monentur 

Imperfect 

/  ivas  advised,  etc. 
monebar  monebamur 

monebaris,  -re       monebamini 
monebatur  monebantur 

Future 

/  shall  be  advised,  etc. 
monebor  monebimur 

moneberis,  -re       monebimini 
monebitur  monebuntur 


APPENDIX 


Perfect 
/  have  advised^  I  ad<'ised,  etc.  I  have  been  {ivas)  adiJised,  etc. 


monui  monuimus 

nionuisti       monuistis 
monuit  monuerunt,  -re 

/  had  ad^'ised,  etc. 
monueram  monueranius 
monueras     monueratis 
monuerat     monuerant 


fsum 
monitus  <  es 

[est 


r  sumus 
moniti-i  estis 


I'LUPIiKKliCT 


/  had  been  advised,  etc. 
r  eram  f  eramus 

monitus '!  eras       moniti^  eratis 
1^  erat  [  erant 


Future  Perfect 
/  shall  have  advised,  etc.  /  sJiall  have  been  advised,  etc. 


monuero 

monuerimus                              fero 

r  erimus 
moniti<!  eritis 

monueris 

monueritis                monitus  <j  eris 
monuerint                                  [erit 

monuerit 

(^  erunt 

Subjunctive 

Present 

moneam 

moneamus               monear 

moneamur 

moneas 

moneatis                   monearis,  -re 

moneamini 

moneat 

moneant                    moneatur 
Imperfect 

moneantur 

monerem 

mi>neremus              monerer 

moneremur 

moneres 

moneretis                  monereris,  -re 

moneremini 

moneret 

monerent                  moneretur 
I'erfect 

monerentur 

monuerim 

monuerimus                              f  sim 
monueritis                monitus -1  sis 

r  simus 
moniti-l  sitis 

monueris 

monuerit 

monuerint                                1  sit 
Plipekkkct 

Isint 

monuissem 

monuissemus                          Tessem              fessemus 

monuisses 

monuissetis              monitus -1  esses 

moniti-l  essetis 

monuisset 

monuissent                              l^esset 

^  essent 

FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


Imperative 


mone,  advise  thou. 
monete,  advise  ye. 

moneto,  thot(  shalt  advise. 
moneto,  he  shall  advise. 
monetote,  you  shall  advise. 
monento,  they  shall  advise. 


Present 

monere,  be  thou  advised. 
moneminl,  be  ye  advised. 

Future 

monetor,  thou  shalt  be  advised. 
monetor,  he  shall  be  advised. 

monentor,  they  shall  be  advised. 


Pres. 
Perf. 


FUT. 


monere,  to  advise. 
monuisse,    to    have    ad- 
vised. 
moniturus    esse,    to    be 

about  to  advise. 


Infinitive 

moneri 


to  be  advised. 

monitus  esse,  to  have  beeti  ad- 
vised. 

[monitum  iri],  to  be  about  to  be 
advised. 


Participles 

Pres.   monens,  -entis,  advising.  Pres. 

FuT.     moniturus,       -a,       -um,  Ger. 

about  to  advise. 

Perf.  Perf. 


Norn. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Abl. 


Gerund 


monendus,   -a,   -um,    to 

be  advised. 
monitus,  -a,  -um,  having 
been  advised.,  advised. 


monendi,  of  advising. 
monendo,  for  advising. 
monendum,  advising. 
monendo,  by  advising. 


Supine 
Ace.       [monitum,  to  advise."] 
Abl.        monitu,  to  advise,  in  the  advising. 


APPENDIX 


223 


499.  THIRD    CON JUGATION  —  E- Verbs 

rego,  rule 
Principal  Parts:  reg5,  regere,  rexi,  rectus 
Indicative 


Active  Voice 

Present 

Pass: 

ivE  Voice 

/rule,  etc. 

I  am 

Titled,  etc. 

rego                       regimus 

regor 

regimur 

regis                      regitis 

regeris, 

-re 

regimini 

regit                       regunt 

regitur 

Imperfect 

reguutur 

/  was  rulitig,  etc. 
regebam  regebamus 

regebas  regebatis 

regebat  regebant 


/  ivas  ruled,  etc. 
regebar  regebamur 

regebaris,  -re         regebamini 
regebatur  regebantur 


Future 

/  shall  rule,  etc. 

/  shall  be  ruled,  etc. 

regam 

regemus 

regar 

regemur 

reges 

regetis 

regeris,  -re 

regemini 

reget 

regent 

regetur 
Perfect 

regentur 

/  have  ruled,  etc. 

/  have  been  ruled,  etc. 

rexi 

reximus 

rsum 
rectus^  es 

r  sumus 
recti  ^  estis 

rexisti 

rexistis 

rexit 

rexerunt,  -re 

[sunt 

Pluperfect 


/  had  ruled,  etc. 
rexeram  rexeramus 

rexeras  rexeratis 

rexerat  rexerant 


/  had  been  ruled,  etc. 


feram 
rectus  ■<  eras 
erat 


ai 


f  eramus 


recti  ^  eratis 


224 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


Future  Perfect 
I  shall  have  ruled,  etc.  I  shall  have  been  ruled,  etc. 


rexero 

rexerimus 

fero 

f  erimus 
recti  j  eritis 
[ erunt 

rexeris 

rexeritis 

rectus  <(  eris 

[erit 

rexerit 

rexerint 

Subjunctive 

Present 

regam 

regamus 

regar 

regamur 

regas 

regatis 

regaris,  -re 

regamini 

regat 

regant 

regatur 

Imperfect 

regantur 

regerem 

regeremus 

regerer 

regeremur 

regeres 

regeretis 

regereris,  -re 

regeremini 

regeret 

regerent 

regeretur 

Perfect 

regerentur 

rexerim 

rexerimus 

fsim 

r  simus 

rexeris 

rexeritis 

rectus  \  SIS 

recti  j  sitis 

rexerit 

rexerint 

[sit 
Pluperfect 

[sint 

rexissem 

rexissemus 

r  essem 
rectus  ^  esses 
[esset 

r  essemus 
recti-!  essetis 

rexisses 

rexissetis 

rexisset 

rexissent 

[ essent 

Imperative 

Present 

rege,  rule  thou. 

regere,  be  thou  ruled. 

regite,  rule  ye. 

regimini,  be  ye 

Future 

ruled. 

regito,  thou  shall  rule. 

regitor,  thou  shall  be  ruled. 

regito,  he  shall  rule. 

regitor,  he  shall  be  ruled. 

regitote,  ye  shall  rule. 
regunto,  they  shall  7'ule. 

reguntor,  they 

shall  be  ruled. 

APPENDIX  225 

Infinitive 
Pres.     regere,  to  rule.  regi,  to  be  ruled. 

Perf.     rexisse,  to  have  ruled.       rectus  esse,  to  have  been  ruled. 
FuT.       recturus    esse,    to     be     [rectum   iri],  to    be   about   to    be 
about  to  rule.  ruled. 

Participles 

Pres.     regens,  -entis,  ruling.       Pres. 

FuT.       recturus,  -a,  -urn,  about     Gek.       regendus,  -a,  -urn,  to  be 
to  rule.  ruled. 

Perf. Perf.     rectus,   -a,    -um,    having 

been  ruled,  ruled. 

Gerund 

Nofn. 

Gen.       regendi,  of  ruling. 
Dat.       regendo,  for  ruling. 
Ace.       regendum,  ruling. 
Abl.       regendo,  by  ruling. 

Supine 
Ace.       [rectum,  to  rule.'] 
Abl.       [rectu,  to  rule,  in  the  rulifig.'] 

500.  THIRD    CONJUGATION  — Verbs  in -io 

capi5,  take 

Principal  Parts  :  capi5,  capere,  cepi,  captus 

Indicative 

Passive  Voice 
Present 

/  am  taken,  etc. 

capior  capimur 

caperis,  -re  capimini 

capitur  capiuntur 


Active  Voice 

/  take,  etc. 

capio 

capimus 

capis 

capitis 

capit 

capiunt 

226  FIRST   YEAR   LATIN 

Imperfect 

/  was  taking,  etc.  /  was  taken,  etc. 

capiebam  capiebamus         capiebar  capiebamur 

capiebas  capiebatis  capiebaris,  -re  capiebamini 

capiebat  capiebant  capiebatur  capiebautur 

Future 
/  shall  take,  etc.  /  shall  be  taken,  etc. 

capiatn  capiemus  capiar  capiemur 

capies  capietis  capieris,  -re  capiemini 

capiet  capient  capietur  capientur 

Perfect 
cepi,  cepisti,  cepit,  etc.  captus  sum,  es,  est,  etc. 

Pluperfect 
ceperam,  ceperas,  ceperat,  etc.     captus  eram,  eras,  erat,  etc. 

Future  Perfect 
cepero,  ceperis,  ceperit,  etc.  captus  ero,  eris,  erit,  etc. 

.Subjunctive 
Present 
capiam,  capias,  capiat,  etc.  capiar,  -iaris,  -re,  -iatur,  etc. 

Imperfect 
caperem,  caperes,  caperet,  etc.     caperer,  -ereris,  -re,  -eretur,  etc. 

Perfect 
ceperim,  ceperis,    ceperit,   etc.     captus  sim,  sis,  sit,  etc. 

Pluperfect 
cepissem,cepisses,cepisset,etc.     captus   esseni,  esses,  esset,  etc. 

Imperative 
Pres.     cape,  take  thojt.  capere,  be  thou  taken. 

capite,  take  ye.  capimini,  be  ye  taken. 

FuT.       capita,  thoti  shall  take,     capitor,     thou     shalt     be     taken, 
etc.  etc. 


APPENDIX  227 

Inkimtive 
Prks.      capere,  to  take.  capi,  to  be  taken. 

Pkrf.     cepisse,  to  have  taken,     captus  esse,  to  have  been  taken. 
FuT.       capturus    esse,     to    be     [captum    iri],   to  be   about  to  be 
about  to  take.  taken. 

Participles 

Pres.      capiens,  -ientis,  taking.     Pres.      

FuT.       capturus. -a, -um,  ^(^d?7^/     Ger.       capiendus,  -a, -um, /^  be 
to  take.  taken. 

Pekf.     Perf.     captus,  -a,    -um,   having 

been  taken. 
Gerund 
Gen.     capiendi,  of  taking,  etc. 

Supine 
Ace.      [captum,  to  take.'] 
Abl.      [captu,  to  take,  in  the  taking.] 

501.  FOURTH    CONJUGATION  —  I- Verbs 

audio,  hear 
Principal  Parts  :   audio,  audire,  audivi,  auditus 

Indicative 
Active  Voice  Passive  Voice 

PRE.'iKNT 

/  hear,  etc.  /  atn  heard,  etc. 

audio  audimus  audior  audimur 

audis  auditis  audiris,  -re  audimini 

audit  audiunt  auditur  audiuntur 

Imperfect 

/  Tuas  hearing,  etc.  /  zuas  heard,  etc. 

audiebam  audiebamus         audiebar  audiebamur 

audiebas  audiebatis  audiebaris.  -re         audiebamini 

audiebat  audiebant  audiebatur  audiebautur 


228 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


I  shall  hear,  etc. 
audiam  audiemus 

audies  audietis 

audiet  audient 


Future 

/  shall  be  heard,  etc. 
audiar  audiemur 

audieris,  -re  audiemini 

audietur  audientur 


Perfect 
/  have  heard,  etc. 
audlvi  audlvimus 

audlvisti  audlvistis 

audlvit  audlverunt,  -re 


/  have  been  heard,  etc. 


["sum 

auditus"!  es 
l^est 


f  sumua 
audit!  ^  estis 
sunt 


Pluperfect 
/  had  heard,  etc.  /  had  been  heard,  etc. 

audiveram  audlveramus  Teram  feramus 

audlveras  audiveratis  audTtus<!  eras       audlti-^  eratis 

audiverat  audlverant  [erat  [erant 


/  shall  have  heard,  etc. 


Future  Perfect 

/  shall  have  been  heard,  etc. 


audivero 
audiveris 
audiverit 


audiverimus 

audiveritis 

audlverint 


auditus<;  eris 

lerit 


r  erimus 
audit! -I  eritis 
I,  erunt 


audiam 

audias 
audiat 


audiamus 

audiatis 
audiant 


Subjunctive 

Present 

audiar 

audiaris, 

audiatur 


audiamur 
audiamini 
audiantur 


audirem 

audires 

audiret 


audiremus 

audiretis 

audirent 


Imperfect 
audirer 


audireris,  -re 
audiretur 


audiremur 
audiremini 
audirentur 


APPENDIX 


229 


audlverim 

audlveris 

audlverit 


audlvissem 

audivisses 

audivisset 


audiverimus  _      f  sim 

audiveritis  audlrus^  sis 

audlverint  I  sit 


Pluperfect 
audivissemiis 


audlvissetis 
audlvissent 


r  essem 
audltus-l  esses 
I  esset 


r  simus 

audit! -I  sitis 
[  sint 


r  essemus 
audit! «!  essetis 
essent 


audi,  hear  thou. 
audite,  hear  ye. 


Imperative 
Present 

audire,  be  thou  heard. 
audimini.  be  ye  heard. 


audits,  tJioii  shall  hear. 
audits,  he  shall  hear. 
auditote,  j^  shall  hear. 
audiunto,  ihey  shall  hear. 


Future 

auditor,  thou  shall  be  heard. 
auditor,  he  shall  be  heard. 


audiuntor,  tliey  shall  be  heard. 


Infinitive 

Pres.  audire,  to  hear.  audiri,  to  be  heard. 

Pf.rf.  audivisse,  to  have  heard,  audltus  esse,  to  have  been  heard. 

FuT.     audTturus     esse,     to    be  auditum    iri,    to    be    about   to    be 
about  to  hear.  heard. 


Participles 


Pres.  audieiis,  -eiitis,  hearing. 
FuT.     auditurus,  -a.  -um,  about 

to  hear. 
Perf. 


Pres.  

Ger.     audiendus,  -a,  -um,   to  be 

heard. 
Perf.  audltus,    -a,    -um,    having 
been  heard,  heard. 


230 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


Gerund 


Norn. 

Gen. 

Dai. 

Ace. 

AM. 


AbL 


audiendi,  of  hearing. 
audiendo,  for  hearing. 
audiendum,  hearing. 
audiendo,  by  hearing. 

Supine 
audltum,  to  hear. 
audltu,  to  hear,  in  the  hearing. 


IRREGULAR    VERBS 
502.  sum,  be 

Principal  Parts:   sum,  esse,  fui,  futurus 


Singular 
sum,  I  a?n. 
es,  thou  art. 
est,  he  {she,  il)  is. 

eram,  /  was. 
eras,  thou  wast. 
erat,  he  was. 

ero,  /  shall  be. 
eris,  thou  wilt  be. 
erit,  he  will  be. 

fui,  /  have  been,  was. 
fuisti,  thou  hast  been,  wast. 
fuit,  he  has  been,  was. 


Indicative 

Present 

Plural 

sumus,  we  are. 
estis,  you  are. 
sunt,  they  are. 

Imperfect 

eramus,  we  were. 
eratis,  you  were. 
erant,  they  were. 

Future 

erimus,  we  shall  be. 

eritis,  yoii  will  be. 

erunt,  they  will  be. 
Perfect 

fuimus,  we  have  been,  were. 

fuistis,  yoti  have  been,  were 

fuerunt, 

fuere, 


5,         J 


have  been,  were. 


APPENDIX 


231 


fuerani,  /  had  been. 
fueras,  thou  hadst  been. 
fuerat,  he  had  been. 


Pluperfect 

fueramus,  ive  had  been. 
f ueratis,  you  had  been. 
fuerant,  they  had  been. 


FuTURi-:  Perfect 


f  iiero,  /  shall  have  been. 
fueris,  thou  wilt  have  been. 
fuerit,  he  will  have  been. 


fuerimus,  we  shall  have  been. 
f ueritis,  you  will  have  been. 
fuerint,  they  will  have  been. 


SUBJU 

NCTIVE 

Present 

Imperfect 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Sim 

simus 

essem 

essemus 

sis 

sitis' 

esses 

essetis 

sit 

sint 

esset 

essent 

Perfect 
fuerim  fuerimus 

fueris  fueritis 

fuerit  fuerint 


Pluperfect 
fuissem  fuissemus 

fuisses  fuissetis 

fuisset  fuissent 


Present 

es,  be  thou. 
este,  be  ye. 


Imperative 


Future 


esto,  thou  shalt  be. 
esto,  he  shall  be. 
estote,  ye  shall  be. 
sunto,  thev  shall  be. 


Infinitive 

Pres.     esse,  to  be. 
Perf.     fuisse.  to  have  been. 
FuT.       futiirus  esse  or  fore,  to  be 
about  to  be. 


Participle 


futiirus.  -a,  -um,  about  to  be. 


232 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


503.  possum,  be  able,  can 

Principal  Parts  :  possum,  posse,  potui. 


Indicative 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Pres. 

possum 

possumus 

potes 

potestis 

potest 

possunt 

Impf. 

poteram 

poteramus 

FUT. 

potero 

poterimus 

Perf. 

potuI 

potuimus 

Plup. 

potueram         potueramus 

F.  P. 

potuero 

potuerimus 

Infinitive 

Pres. 

posse 

SUBJUNi 

CTIVE 

Sing. 

Plur. 

possim 

posslmus 

possis 

possitis 

possit 

possint 

possem 

possemus 

potuenm  potuerimus 

potuissem         potuissemus 


Perf.     potuisse 

504.  prosum,  benefit 

Principal  Parts  :  prosum,  prodesse,  profui,  profuturus 


Indicative 

Subjunctive 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Sing. 

Plur. 

Pres. 

prosum 

prosumus 

prosim 

prosTmus 

prodes 

prddestis 

prosTs 

prosltis 

prodest 

prosunt 

prosit 

prosint 

Impf. 

proderam 

proderamus 

prodessem 

prodessemus 

FuT. 

prodero 

proderimus 

Perf. 

profuT 

profuimus 

profuerim 

pr5fuerimus 

Plup. 

profueram 

profueram  us 

profuissem 

profuissemus 

F.  P. 

profuerd 

profuerimus 

Imperative 
Pres.     prodes,  prodeste  Fut. 


prodesto,  prodestote 


APPENDIX 


233 


Infinitive 

Pres.     prodesse  Pkkf.     profuisse 

FuT.     profiiturus  esse 

Participlk 
FuT.     profuturus,  -a,  -um 


505. 


V0I6,  nolo,  malo 


f  vol5,  velle,  volui,  — 
Principal  I     .,.      .„       .,  . 

-i  nolo,  nolle,  nolui,  — 
Parts  :  _ 

[^mal5,  malle,  malui, 


-,  Be  willing,  will,  wish 
-,  be  unwilling,  will  not 
— ,  be  more  willing,  prefer 


Indicative 

Singular 

Pres. 

vols 

nolo 

malo 

vis 

non  vis 

mavis 

volt 

non  volt 
Plural 

mavolt 

volumus 

nolumus 

malumus 

voltis 

non  voltis 

mavoltis 

volunt 

nolunt 

malunt 

Impf. 

volebam 

nalebam 

malebam 

Fur. 

volam,  voles,  etc.       nolam,  noles,  etc 

malam,  males,  etc. 

Perf. 

voluT 

nolul 

malul 

Plup. 

volueram 

nolueram 

malueram 

F.  P. 

voluero 

noluero 

Subjunctive 
Singular 

maluero 

P 

res.     velim 

nolim 

malim 

veils 

noils 

malls 

velit 

nolit 

malit 

234 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


Plural 

vellmus 

nolTmus 

malTmus 

velTtis 

nolTtis 

malitis 

velint 

ndiint 

malint 

Impf. 

vellem 

nollem 

mallem 

Perf. 

voluerim 

noluerim 

maluerim 

Plup. 

voluissem 

ndluissem 
Imperative 

maluissem 

Pres. 

noli 

nolTte 

FUT. 

nolito,  etc. 
Infinitive 

Pres. 

velle 

nolle 

malle 

Perf. 

voluisse 

naluisse 
Participle 

maluisse 

Pres. 

volens 

nolens 

506. 


fero,  bear,  carry,  endure 


Principal  Parts  :  fero,  ferre,  tuli,  latus 


Act 

Indicative 

IVE 

Passive 

Pres. 

fero 

ferimus 

feror           ferimur 

fers 

fertis 

ferris,  -re  ferimini 

fert 

ferunt 

fertur         feruntur 

Impf. 

ferebam 

ferebar 

FUT. 

feram 

ferar 

Perf. 

tulT 

latus  sum 

Plup. 

tuleram 

latus  eram 

F.  P. 

tulerd 

latus  ero 

Pres. 

feram 

Subjunctive 

ferar 

FUT. 

ferrem 

ferrer 

Perf. 

tulerim 

latus  sim 

Plup. 

tulissem 

latus  essem 

APPENDIX 

Imperative 

Active 

Passive 

Pres. 

fer 

ferte 

ferre          feriminl 

FUT. 

ferto 

ferto te 

fertor 

ferto 

ferunto 

Infinitive 

fertor         feruntor 

Pres. 

ferre 

ferri 

Perf. 

tulisse 

latus  esse 

FUT. 

laturus  esse 

Participles 

Pres. 

ferens                     Pres. 

FUT. 

laturus                    Ger. 

ferendus 

Perf. 

Perf. 

Gerund 

Gen.        ferendl 
Dat.        ferenda 
Ace.        ferendum 
Abl.        ferendo 

latus 

235 


507. 


eo,  go 


Principal  Parts  :  eo,  ire,  (ivi)  ii,  itum  (p.  p. 


Indicative 

Subjunctive 

Imperative 

eo 

Imus 

earn 

T 

Ite 

Is 

Itis 

it 

eunt 

Tbam 

Tbo 

ii 

Trem 
ierim 

'ito 
Jto 

Itote 
euntc 

ieram 

Tssem 

iero 

236 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


Infinitive 

Pres. 

Ire 

Perf. 

Isse 

FUT. 

iturus  esse 

Gerund 

Gen. 

euiidi 

Dat. 

eundo 

Ace. 

eundum 

AM. 

eundo 

Participles 
iens,  euntis 


Supine 


itum 
itu 


508.  fio,  be  7/mde,  become,  happeti 

Principal  Parts  :  fio,  fieri,  factus  sum 


Indicative 

Subjunctive                    Imperative 

Pres. 

ff5 
fis 
fit 

fiunt 

flam                                fl             fIte 

Impf. 

fie  bam 

fierem 

FuT. 

flam 

Perf. 

factus  sum 

factus  sim 

Plup. 

factus  eram 

factus  essem 

F.  P. 

factus  erd 

Infinitive 

Participles 

Pres. 

fieri 

Ger.       faciendus 

Perf. 

factus  ( 

esse 

Perf.     factus 

FuT. 

factum 

Tri 

509.  DEPONENT    VERBS 

r      1.  hortor,  hortari,  hortatus  sum,  urge 

Principal  I     II.  vereor,  vereri,  veritus  sum,  y<?d;r 

Parts:     i  III.  sequor,  sequi,  secutus  sum,  foHoiu 

[  W.  potior,  potiri,  potitus  sum,  get  possession  of 


APPENDIX 

237 

Indicative 

hortor 

vereor 

sequor 

potior 

hortaris,  -re 

vereris,  -re 

sequeris,  -re 

potlris,  -re 

hortatur 

veretur 

sequitur 

potitur 

hortanuir 

vercmur 

sequimur 

potlmur 

hortamini 

veremini 

sequiminl 

potlmini 

hortantur 

verentur 

sequuntur 

potiuntur 

hortabar 

verebar 

sequebar 

potiebar 

hortabor 

verebor 

sequar 

potiar 

hortatus  sum 

veritus  sum 

seciJtus  sum 

potltus  sum 

hortatus  eram 

veritus  eram 

seciitus  eram 

potitus  eram 

hortatus  ero 

veritus  ero 

secutus  ero 

potltus  ero 

Subjunctive 

horter 

verear 

sequar 

potiar 

hortarer 

vererer 

sequerer 

potirer 

hortatus  sim 

veritus  sim 

secutus  sim 

potltus  sim 

hortatus  essem 

veritus  essem 

secutus  essem 

potltus  essem 

Imperative 

hortare 

verere 

sequere 

potire 

hortator 

veretor 

sequitor 

potitor 

Infinitive 

hortarl 

vererl 

sequT 

potiri 

hortatus  esse 

verituc  esse 

secutus  esse 

potltus  esse 

hortaturus  esse 

veriturus  esse 

secuturus  esse 

potiturus  esse 

Participi.es 

hortans 

verens 

sequens 

potiens 

hortaturus 

veriturus 

secuturus 

potiturus 

hortatus 

veritus 

secutus 

potltus 

hortandus 

verendus 

Gerund 

sequendus 

potiendus 

hortandl,  etc. 

verendl,  etc. 
Supine 

sequendT,  etc. 

potiendT,  etc. 

[hortatum,  -tu] 

[veritum.  -tu] 

[secutum,  -tu] 

[potitum,  -tu] 

238 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


510. 


FIRST    PERIPHRASTIC    CONJUGATION 


Indicative 

Pres.  amaturus  sum,  /  afn  about  to  love. 

Impf.  amaturus  eram,  /  was  about  to  love. 

FuT.  amaturus  ero,  I  shall  be  about  to  love. 

Perf.  amaturus  fuT,  /  have  been  or  was  about  to  love. 

Plup.  amaturus  fueram,  /  had  been  about  to  love. 

F.  P.  amaturus  fuero,  I  shall  have  been  about  to  love. 

Subjunctive 
Pres.     amaturus  sim 
Impf.      amaturus  essem 
Perf.     amaturus  fuerim 
Plup.     amaturus  fuissem 

Infinitive 
Pres.     amaturus  esse,  to  be  about  to  love. 
Perf.     amaturus  fuisse,  to  have  been  about  to  love. 

So  in  the  other  conjugations  : 

moniturus  sum,  /  am  about  to  advise. 
recturus  sum,  /  am  about  to  rule. 
capturus  sum,  /  am  about  to  take. 
audlturus  sum,  /  am  about  to  hear., 
etc.,  etc. 


511.  SECOND    PERIPHRASTIC    CONJUGATION 

Indicative 

Pres.  amandus  sum,  I  am  to  be,  must  be,  loved. 

Impf.  amandus  eram,  /  was  to  be,  had  to  be,  loved. 

FuT.  amandus  ero,  /  shall  have  to  be  loved. 

Perf.  amandus  fuT,  /  was  to  be,  had  to  be,  loved. 

Plup.  amandus  fueram,  /  had  had  to  be  loved. 

F.  P.  amandus  fuero,  /  shall  have  had  to  be  loved. 


Arri'lNDIX 

Subjunctive 

Pres. 

amandus  sim 

IMPF. 

amandus  essem 

Perf. 

amandus  fuerim 

Plup. 

amandus  fuissem 

239 


Infinitive 
Pres.     amandus  esse,  to  have  io  be  loved. 
Perf.     amandus  fuisse,  to  have  had  to  be  loved. 

So  in  the  other  conjugations  : 
monendus  sum,  /  am  to  be,  tnust  be,  advised. 
regendus  sum,  /  am  to  be,  tnust  be  ruled. 
capiendus  sum,  /  am  to  be,  tnust  be,  taken. 
audiendus  sum,  /  ani  to  be,  tnust  be,  heard, 
etc.,  etc. 


RULES    OF    SYNTAX 


N.B. — These  rules  are  here  numbered  consecutively  for  the  convenience  of  teachers  and 
pupils.     The  number  following  a  rule  is  its  section  number. 

1.  The  subject  of  a  verb  is  in  the  nominative.     51. 

2.  A  verb  agrees  with  its  subject  in  number  and  person. 
61. 

3.  A  predicate  noun  agrees  in  case  with  the  subject  of 
the  verb.      99. 

4.  An  appositive  agrees  in  case  with  the  noun  which  it 
limits.      III. 

5.  A  noun  used  to  limit  another,  and  not  denoting  the 
same  person  or  thing,  is  in  the  genitive.     68. 

6.  The  partitive  genitive   is   used  to  denote  a  whole  of 
which  a  part  is  taken.      257. 

7.  Adjectives  agree  with  their  nouns  in  gender,  number, 
and  case.     92. 

8.  A  predicate  adjective  after  a  complementary  infinitive 
agrees  with  the  subject  of  the  main  verb.     318,  2. 

9.  The  indirect  object  is  in  the  dative.      79. 

10.  Adjectives  meaning  near,  also  fit,  friendly,  p/easi?ig, 
like,  and  their  opposites,  take  the  dative.      117. 

11.  The  dative  is  used  with  est,  sunt,  etc.,  to  denote  the 
possessor,  the  thing  possessed  being  the  subject.      115. 

12.  Most  verbs  meaning  to  believe,  fa7'or,  help,  please,  trust, 
and  their  opposites,  also  to  com?nand,  obey,  pardon,  persuade, 
resist,  serve,  and  spare,  and  the  like,  govern  the  dative.      393. 

241 


242  FIRST    YEAR   LATIX 

13.  Many  verbs  compounded  with  ad,  ante,  con,  in,  inter,  ^b, 
post,  prae,  pro,  sub,  and  super  often  govern  the  dative.     347. 

14.  The  dative  is  used  with  sum  and  a  few  other  verbs  to 
show  that  for  which  a  thing  serves.     349. 

15.  The  gerundive  with  sum  takes  the  dative  to  denote  the 
person  who  has  to  do  a  thing.     426. 

16.  The  direct  object  of  a  transitive  verb  is  in  the  accusa- 
tive.    57. 

17.  Place  whither,  not  including  names  of  towns,  is 
expressed  by  the  accusative  with  ad  or  in.      160. 

18.  Extent  of  time  or  space  is  expressed  by  the  accusative. 
278. 

19.  The  personal  agent  with  a  passive  verb  is  expressed 
by  the  ablative  with  a  or  ab.     208. 

20.  The  ablative  is  used  to  denote  the  means  or  instrument 
of  an  action,      124. 

21.  The  ablative  with  cum  is  used  to  denote  the  viaiine}- 
of  an  action  ;  but  cum  may  be  omitted  if  an  adjective  is  used 
with  the  ablative.      129. 

22.  The  ablative  is  used  to  express  cause.      165. 

23.  The  ablative  or  the  genitive  of  a  noun  may  be  used 
with  an  adjective  to  describe  a  person  or  thing.     307. 

24.  Time  when  or  within  which  is  expressed  by  the  abla- 
tive.     188. 

25.  Place  7ahcrc,  not  including  names  of  towns,  is  expressed 
by  the  ablative  with  a  preposition,  usually  in.     81. 

26.  Place  whence,  not  including  names  of  towns,  is 
expressed  by  the  ablative  with  a  (ab),  de,  e  (ex).     159. 

27.  The  ablative  is  used  to  denote  in  ivhat  respect  a  thing  is 
true.     374. 

28.  The  comparative  is  followed  by  the  ablative  when 
quam  {than)  is  omitted.      250. 


RULES   OF  SYNTAX  243 

29.  Degree  of  difference  is  expressed  by  the  ablative.    264. 

30.  These  five  deponents,  utor,  fruor,  fungor,  potior,  vescor, 
and  their  compounds  govern  the  ablative.     3S8. 

31.  The  ablative  absolute  is  used  to  express  the  time, 
cause,  condition,  or  some  other  circumstance  of  the  action  of  the 
main  verb.     358. 

32.  Words  signifying  privation,  removal,  or  separation  are 
followed  by  the  ablative,  without  a  preposition,  or  with  the 
prepositions  ab,  de,  ex.      232. 

33.  Names  of  Towns  and  domus  and  rus.  (i)  Place  where 
is  expressed  by  the  locative.  197,  i-  (2)  Place  whither  is 
expressed  by  the  accusative  without  a  preposition.  197,  2. 
(3)  Place  whence  is  expressed  by  the  ablative  without  a  prepo- 
sition.     197,  3. 

34.  A  relative  pronoun  agrees  with  its  antecedent  in 
gender  and  number,  but  its  case  depends  upon  its  relation  to 
some  word  in  its  own  clause.      213. 

35.  A  principal  tense  is  followed  by  the  subjunctive  pres- 
ent or  perfect ;  an  historical  tense,  by  the  subjunctive  imperfect 
or  pluperfect.     297. 

36.  The  subjunctive  is  used  with  ut  and  ne  to  express 
purpose.      284. 

37.  The  subjunctive  is  used  with  ut  and  ut  non  to  express 
result.      290. 

38.  In  a  cum-clause  expressing  time,  the  verb  is  commonly 
in  the  subjunctive  if  the  tense  is  the  imperfect  or  pluperfect; 
otherwise,  in  the  indicative.     397. 

39.  In  a  cum-clause  expressing  cause  or  concession,  the  sub- 
junctive is  used.     398. 

40.  The  verb  of  an   indirect  question  is  in  the  subjunctive. 

295- 


244  FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 

41.  Purpose  is  often  expressed  by  a  relative  with  the  sub- 
junctive.    420. 

42.  In  simple  conditions  the  indicative  is  used.     405. 

43.  In  doubtful  conditions  the  subjunctive  present  (or 
perfect)  is  used.     406. 

44.  In  conditions  contrary  to  fact  the  subjunctive  imper- 
fect and  pluperfect  are  used,  the  imperfect  denoting  present 
time,  and  the  pluperfect  denoting  past  time.     407. 

45.  The  present  infinitive  denotes  the  sattie  time  as  that  of 
the  verb  on  which  it  depends.     324. 

46.  The  perfect  infinitive  denotes  time  before  that  of  the 
verb  on  which  it  depends.     325. 

47.  The  future  infinitive  denotes  time  after  that  of  the 
verb  on  which  it  depends.     326. 

48.  The  subject  of  the  infinitive  is  in  the  accusative.     318. 

49.  Indirect  statements  follow  verbs  and  other  expres- 
sions of  saying,  thinking,  knowi?ig,  and  perceiving,  and  are 
expressed  by  the  infinitive  with  subject  accusative.     322. 

50.  The  supine  in  -um  is  used  after  verbs  of  motion  to 
express  purpose.     373. 


LATIN-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


In  this  vocabulary,  words  inclosed  in  brackets  (except  in  the  case  of  compounds  with  one 
or  both  parts  changed  in  form)  are  sometimes  primitives,  sometimes  cognates. 

Translations  inclosed  within  parentheses  are  not  intended  to  be  used  as  such.  They  are 
inserted  to  show  literal  meanings. 

Abbreviations  are  generally  self-explanatory.  Cf.  {confer)  =  compare;  subjv.  ^subjunc- 
tive ;  imv.  ^imperative. 

Words  printed  in  Gothic  Italic  type  are  at  once  derivatives  and  definitions.  Many  other 
more  or  less  remotely  derived  words,  not  definitions,  are  added  in  small  capitals. 

It  will  be  seen  that  comparisons  of  words  in  reference  to  meaning  are  much  more  frequent 
than  is  usual  in  special  vocabularies.  This  has  been  done  from  the  con\'iction  that  the  pupils 
should  make  such  comparisons  frequently  from  the  outset. 


a  or  ab,  prep,  with  ah\./rom,  by,  off. 
ab-dico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  reject ;  with 

se,  resign,  abdicate. 
ab-do,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  Aide,  conceal. 
ab-dQco,    -ere,    -duxT,    -ductus,   lead 

away,  take  off ;  abduct. 
ab-eo,   -lie,  -il,   -iturus,  go  from,  go 

off,  go  away.     (507.)     Cf.  decedo. 
ab-ici5,    -ere,  -iecT,  -iectus    [-iacio], 

throw     off,     throw      down,      cast 

aiuay. 
ab-ripio,  -ere,  -uT,  -reptus   [-rapio], 

snatch  away,  carry  off. 
abs-cido,  -ere,    -cidl,    -cisus    [ab(s)- 

caedo],  cut  off. 
abs-tergeo,  -ere,  -tersi,  -tersus,  wipe 

abstersus,  see  absterged. 

ab-sum,  -esse,  afuT,  afuturus,  be 
away,  be  absent,  be  distant,  be 
off;  with  a  or  ab  and  abl.     (502.) 

ac,  conj.,  see  atque. 

ac-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessurus  [ad-]. 


go  or  cotne  near,  approach.  Cf. 
adeS  and  adpropinquo. 

ac-cendo,  -ere,  -dl,  -census  [ad-], 
kindle,  set  fire  to,  light  ;  inflame. 

ac-cido,    -ere,   -cidl, [ad-cado], 

fall  upon,  fall  otit,  happen.  Acci- 
dent. 

ac-cipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [ad- 
capio],  {take  to),  receive,  accept. 

ac-curr5,-ere,-currl(-cucurri),-cursus 
[ad-],  run  towards,  run  up. 

accusati5,  -onis,  f.  accusation. 

acer,  acris,  acre,  adj.  sharp,  keen  ; 
active,  eager.     (182.)     Acrid. 

acerbitas,  atis,  f.  bitterness,  harsh- 
ness, severity. 

acervus,  -T,  m.  pile,  heap,  mass. 

Achilles,  -is,  m.  Achilles,  a  hero  of 
the  Trojan  war. 

acies,  -el,  f.  [acer],  edge ;  line,  line 
of  battle,  battle  array. 

acriter,  adv.  [acer],  sharply,  eagerly, 
spiritedly, fiercely. 


245 


246 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


ad,  prep,  with  ace.  to,  towards,  near, 
up  to  ;  with  gerund  or  gerundive, 
to,  for :  ad  hunc  modum,  after  this 
manner ;  as  adv.  about. 

ad-aequ6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  become 
equal  to,  equal.     Adequate. 

adclivis,  -e,  adj.  sloping  totvards, 
rising,  ascending.     Acclivity. 

ad-duco,  -ere,  -duxT,  -ductus,  lead  to. 
Adduce. 

ad-eo,  -ire,  -i!,  -itus,  go  to,  approach, 
visit.  (507.)  Cf.  accedo  and  ad- 
propinquo. 

ad-fer5,  -ferre,  attuli,  adlatus,  bea}- 
to,  bring,  render.     (506.) 

ad-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  [-facio], 
affect,  influence  ;  afflict,  oppress. 

ad-fligo,  -ere,  -fllxT,  -fllctus,  {dash  at), 
weaken,  afflict. 

ad-hibeo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus  [-habeo], 
apply,  employ,  use. 

ad-huc,  adv.  hitherto,  as  yet,  still. 

aditus,  us,  m.  \2.A&o\,  approach,  -way 
of  access.     Cf.  adventus. 

ad-ministro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  man- 
age, direct,  administer. 

admiratio,  -onis,  f.  [admiror],  ad- 
miration, astonishrnent,  won- 
der. 

ad-miror,  -arT,  -atus  sum  [admiratio], 
wonder  at,  admire. 

ad-moneo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  remind, 
warn,  admonish. 

admotus,  see  admoveo. 

ad-moveo,  -ere,  -m5vi,  -motus,  {move 
to),  apply,  employ. 

ad-nect5,  -ere,  -nexui,  -nexus,  tie  to, 
fasten  to,  attach.     Annex. 

ad-olesc6,  -ere,  -olevi,  -ultus,  grow 
tip.    Adult. 


ad-pello,   -ere,  -pulT,  -pulsus,  {drive 
to) :     navis    adpellere,    land,    put 

ad-peto,    -ere,    -ivi    (-ii),    -itus,  seek 

after,  attack. 
ad-prehendo,    -ere,  -hendi,  -hensus, 

seize,  catch  hold  of.    Apprehend. 
ad-propinqu6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  ap- 
proach,  come    near   to.     Cf.   adeo 

and  accedo. 
ad-ripio,  -ere,   -ui,  -reptus    [-rapio], 

seize,  snatch. 
ad-rogO,     -are,     -avi,    -atus,    claim. 

Arrogate. 
ad-scrlbo,    -ere,    -scripsi,    -scriptus, 

{write    in    addition),   add,  enroll. 

Ascribe. 
ad-spicio,  -ere,  -spexi,  -spectus,  look 

at,  look  upon,  behold.     Aspect. 

ad-sto,  -stare,  -stiti, ,  stand  near. 

ad-sum,    -esse,     -fui,     -futurus,    be 

present,  be  here ;  with  dat.    (502.) 
Aduatuci,  -orum,  m.  plur.  the  Adu- 

atuci,  a  Gallic  tribe. 
adulescens,  -entis,  m.  and  f.  [ado- 

lesco,  grow~\,  youth,  young  person. 

Adolescence.     Cf.  iuvenis. 
adultus,  see  adolesco. 
ad-iiro,  -ere,  -ussi,  -iistus,  set  on  fire, 

burn,  singe. 
advectus,  see  adveho. 
ad-veho,  -ere,   -vexi,   -vectus,  cany 

to,  bring  on,  britig. 
advena,  -ae,  m.  and  f.    [ad-venio], 

stranger. 
adventus,  -us,  m.  approach,  arrirml. 

Advent.     Cf.  aditus. 
adversus,   -a,    -urn,    adj.   turned  to- 
wards, opposite,  in  front,  adverse. 
adversus,  prep,  with  ace.  against. 


LA  TIN- ENGLISH    VOCA  BULARY 


'A7 


ad-vOCO,    -are,    -avi,   -atus,   summon, 

I  all  upon.     Advocate. 
aedes   (-is),   -is,   f.   buildiug ;    plur. 

Inuise. 
aedificium,  -i,  n.  [aedifico], /w/A// ;/(,>•. 

Kdifick. 
aedific5,    -are,     -avi,    -atus    [aedes- 

facio],  btiild.     Edify. 
aeger,  aegra,  aegrum,  adj.  sick,  weak, 

feeble. 
aequalis,  -e,  adj.  equal,  like,  of  the 

same  age. 
aeque,  adv.  equally. 
Aequi,  -oruni,  m.  plur.  t/ie  Aequi,  a 

people  of  ancient  Italy, 
aer,  aeris,  m.  (ace.  aera),  air. 
aestas,  -atis,  f.  sumtner. 
aetas,  -atis,  f.  life,  age. 
Aetna,  -ae,  f.  Aetna,  a  mountain  in 

Sicily. 
Africa,  -ae,  f.  Africa. 
ager,  agrf,  m.  feld,  ter7-itory,  land. 

(1 08.) 
agger,  -eris,  m.  mound,  rampart. 
agito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [frequentative 

of    ago],    shake,    disturb,     chase, 

drive.     AGITATE, 
agmen,    -inis,  n.    [ago],    (the  thing 

led),  army,  host,  column. 
agnosco,    -ere,    -gnovT,    -gnitus    [ad- 

(g)nosc6,    know],   recognize.      Cf. 

c5gn6sc6. 
agnus,  -i,  m.  lamb. 
ago,    -ere,    egi,    actus,    dri^^e,    lead, 

bring  up  ;    act,   do ;    treat ;    cele- 
brate;  pass  {life). 
agrestis,  -e   [agar],  of  the  country, 

rustic,  clownish. 
agricola,  -ae,  m.  [ager-cold],/?;;;/^;-, 

husbandman. 


aio,  defective  verb,  say. 

ala,  -ae,  f.  wing. 

alacer,  -oris,   -ere,  adj.  brisk,  active, 

eager. 
Alba,  -ae,  f.  Alba,  an  ancient  city  of 

Italy. 
Albanus,  -a, -um,adj.  ^/6an.-  as  noun, 

an  Alban,  inhabitant   of  Alba,    a 

town  in  Latium. 
albus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  white. 
Alcmena,  -ae,  f.  Alcmena,  the  mother 

of  Hercules. 
ales,  -itis,  m.  [ala],  bird. 
alias,  adv.  [alius],  elsewhere,  at  any 

other  time. 
ali-quando,    adv.    [alius],    at    some 

time ;  formerly,  once.  Cf.  olim. 
ali-quanto,  adv.  [alius],  somewhat. 
aliquis,  -qua,  -quid   [-quod],  indef. 

pron.  sotne  one,  some,  atty.     (496.) 
aliter,  adv.  [alius],  othetwise,  in  any 

other  way. 
alius,  -a,   -ud,    adj.    another,    other, 

else :  alius  .   .   .   alius,  one  .  .  .  an- 
other.    (312.)     Cf.  ceteri. 
al6,  -ere,  -in,   -tus  or  -itus,  nourish, 

strengthen. 
Alpes,  -ium,  f.  plur.  the  Alps. 
altaria,  -ium,  n.  plur.  altar. 
alter,  -era,  -erum,  adj.  the  one,  the 

other  {of  two);  second:  alter  .  .   . 

alter,  the  one  .  .  .  the  other.    (312.) 
altitiido,  -inis,  f.  [altus],  height. 
altum,  -I,  n.  [altus],  the  sea. 
altus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  high,  deep. 
alveus,  -T,  m.  hollow  vessel,  tub,  trough . 
ambo,  -ae,  -6,  adj.  (decl.  like  duo), 

both. 
ambul5,  -are,  -avi,  -atas,  walk,  take  a 

walk. 


248 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


amentia,  -ae,  f.  want  of  ?-easofi,  viad- 
ness. 

amicitia,  -ae,  f.  [zmxzvii]. friendship. 

amicus, -a, -um,  adj.  [amo], /rzV«i//j'; 
as  \\o\m,  friend. 

a-mitto,  -ere,  -misT,  -missus,  send 
away  ;  lose.     Cf.  perdo. 

amo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [amor],  love, 
like,befo7idof.     (497.) 

amor,  -oris,  f.  [amo],  love. 

a-moveo,  -ere,  -movl,  -motus,  move 
away,  put  aside. 

amplus,  -a,  -um,  large,  7oide  ;  honor- 
able.    Ample. 

AmQlius,  -1,  m.  Amulius,  father  of 
Rhea  Silvia. 

an,  conj.  or. 

ancora,  -ae,  f.  anchor. 

angustus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  narrow. 

anima,  -ae,  f.  {■a.mmws],  breath,  soul, 
life.     Animate. 

anim-adverto,  -ere,  -ti,  -sus  [animus-], 
turn  the  mind  to,  notice. 

animal,  -alls,  n.  [anima],  living  be- 
ing, animal.     (169.) 

animus,  -1,  m.  [anima],  mind,  soul, 
spirit,  disposition.     Cf.  mens. 

Anio,  -enis,  m.  the  Anio,  a  branch  of 
the  Tiber. 

annona,  -ae,  f.  [annus],  {the  year's 
supply),  provisio7ts  ;  price  (of  pro- 
visions), market ;  scarcity. 

annus,  -T,  m.  year.     Annual. 

ante,  adv.  and  prep,  with  ace.  before. 

antea,  adv.  [ante],  before. 

ante-cedd,  -ere,  -cessT, ,go  before. 

ante-fero,  -ferre,  -tulT,  -latus,  place  in 
advance,  prefer.  (506.)  Cf.  ante- 
pono  and  malo. 

ante-pono,     -ere,    -posui,    -positus, 


place  in  advance,  prefer.     Cf.  an- 

tefero,  praepono,  and  mal5. 
ante-quam,  adv.  sooner  than,  before. 
antiquus,  -a,  -um,  adj.   [ante],  old, 

ancient.     Antiquity.     Cf.  vetus. 
antrum,  -I,  n.  cave. 
anxius,  -a,  -um,  troubled,  anxious. 
Apollo,  -inis,  m.  Apollo,  a  god  of  the 

Greeks. 
ap-pareo,  -ere,  -ui, [ad-],  appear, 

show  one's  self. 
ap-pell5,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [ad-],  ad- 
dress, call,  name.     Appeal. 
apto,  -are,  -avI,  -a.t\is,f!t. 
apud,  prep,  with  ace.  with,  by,  near, 

atnong. 
aqua,  -ae,  f.  water.     Aquatic. 
ara,  -ae,  f.  altar.     (Page  21.) 
aratrum,  -i,  n.  \2iXo\,  plojtgh.    (Page 

87.) 
arbitror,-arT, -atus  sum, //;/«/^,j'?///i7j-^. 
arbor,  -oris,  f.  tree. 

arceo,  -ere,  -uT,  ,  keep  off. 

arcesso,    -ere,    -IvI,    -Itus,    se7id  for, 

summon. 
arcus,  -us,  m.  bow.     (242,  a.)     Arc. 
ardeo,  -ere,   arsl,  arsus,  be  on  fire, 

burfi,  blaze.     Ardent. 
arduus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  steep ;  difficult, 

arduous. 
aries,  -etis,  m.  ram,  battering  ratn. 

(Page  202.) 
arma,    -orum,     n.     [arm5],     arms, 

weapons,  armor. 
armatus,  -T,  m.   [armo],  armed  fnan, 

warrior. 
armo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus   [arma],  arm, 

equip. 
aro,  -are,  -avI,  -Mus,  plough. 
ars,  artis,  f.  art,  skill. 


LA  TIN-ENGLISH     I  'OCA BULA R  Y 


249 


arx,  arcis,  f.  [arceo],  citadel. 

ascensus,  -us,  m.  a  going  «/,  ascent. 

asper,  -era,  -erum,  rough,  fierce, 
harsh.     Exasperape. 

at,  conj.  but.     Cf.  sed  and  autem. 

Athena,  -ae,  f.  Athena,  a  goddess. 

Atlas,  amis,  m.  At/as,  one  of  the 
Titans. 

at-que  (before  vowels  and  conso- 
nants, ac  before  consonants  only) 
[cLd-],a>ii/  also,  and  especially,  and ; 
as.     Cf.  at  and  -que. 

atrox,  -ocis,  adj.  savage,  fierce,  severe. 
Atrocious.     Cf.  saevus. 

at-tingo,  -ere,  -tigi,  -tactus  [ad- 
tango],  touch,  reach.     Attain. 

at-tonitus,  -a,  -urn  [ad-],  thunder- 
struck, astounded,  azue-struck. 

auctor,  -oris,  m.  [augeo],  author, 
doer. 

audacia,  -ae,  f.  [audax],  daring,  bold- 
ness, audacity. 

audax,  -acis,  adj.  daring,  bold. 
(484.)     Audacious. 

audi5,  -ire,  -TvT  (-ii),  -Itus,  hear,  listen. 
(501.)     Audience. 

au-fero,  auferre,  abstull,  ablatus 
[ab(s)],  bear  off,  carry  away,  take 
away.      (506.)      Alil.ATIVE. 

Augeas,  -ae,  m.  Augeas,  a  mythical 
hero. 

augeo,  -ere,  aii.xT,  auctus  [auxilium], 
increase,  enlarge.     AUGMENT. 

Augustus,  -1,  m.  Augustus,  title  of 
Caesar  Octavianus  as  emperor. 

aura,  -ae,  f.  air. 

aureus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [aurum],  0/ 
gold,  golden. 

auris,  -is,  f.  ear.     AuRiST. 

aurum,  -I,  n.  gold.  ' 


aut,    conj.    or  :    aut  .  .  .  aut,    either 

.  .  .  or. 
autem,  conj.  (never  the  first  word), 

but,  however,  moreover,  now. 
auxilior,  -arl,  -atus  sum  [auxilium], 

give  help,  aid,  assist. 
auxilium,  -i,   n.   [augeo],  help,  aid, 

support.     Auxiliary. 
avarus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  greedy,  rapa- 
cious.    Avaricious. 
a-versor,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  turfi  away 

from.     Averse. 
a-verto,   -ere,   -tT,   -sus,    turn    away, 

turn  aside,  avert. 
avia,  -ae,  f.  grandmother. 
avis,  -is,  f.  bird.     Aviary. 

balteus,  -T,  m.  belt. 

barba,  -ae,  f.  beard. 

barbarus,  -T,  m.  barbarian. 

beatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  happy. 

Belgae,  -arum,  m.  plur.  the  Belgians 
or  Belgae,  a  Gallic  tribe. 

bell5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [bellum], 
war,  carry  on  war.  Cf.  bellum 
gero. 

bellum,  -T,  n.  [bello],  7var. 

bellus,  -a,  -um,  ^.d].  pretty. 

belua,  -ae,  f.  beast,  monster. 

bene,  adv.  [bonus],  luell.     (267.) 

beneficium,  -I,  n.  [bene-facio],  kind- 
ness, service,  benefit. 

bestia,  -ae,  f.  beast,  animal. 

bibo,  -ere,  bibi, ,  drink.    Imbibe. 

bis,  adv.  hvice. 

bonus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  good,  kind. 
(483-) 

bos,  bovis,  m.  and  f.  ox,  cow.    (482.) 

brevis.  -e,  adj.  short,  brief.     (182.) 

Britannia,  -ae,  f.  Britain. 


2t;o 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


Britannus,  -I,  m.  a  Briton,  inhabitant 
of  Britannia. 

Brutus,  -I,  m.  Brutus,  a  Roman  sur- 
name. 

C.,  abbreviation  for  Gaius. 
cado,  -ere,  cecidi,  casiirus,_/a//. 
caecus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  i//fid. 
caedes,    -is,    f.    [caedo],   slaughter, 

carnage,  mtirder. 
caedo,  -ere,  cecTdT,  caesus  [caedes], 

cut;  kill. 
caelum,  -I,  n.  sky,  heaven,  heavens. 
Caesar,  -aris,  m.  Caius  Julius  Caesar, 

a  famous  Roman, 
calathus,  -I,  m.  Imskct. 
cale-facio,  -ere,  -feci,  -factus  [caleo-], 

make  hot,  heat. 
calor,  -5ris,  m.  heat, glow.    Caloric. 
Cambricus,  -I,  m.  Cambricus. 
Campania,  -ae,  f.  Campania,  a  dis- 
trict of  Italy. 
campus,  -T,  va..  field.     Camp. 
cancer,  -cri,  m.  crab.     Cancer. 
canis,  -is,  m.  and  f.  dog.     Canine. 
Cannae,  -arum,  f.  plur.  Cannae,   a 

town  of  southern  Italy, 
canto,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [cantus],  sing. 

Chant. 
cantus,    -lis,    m.     [canto],    singing, 

song.     Chant. 
capio,  -ere,   cepT,  captus,  take,  seize, 

capture  ;  form.     (500.) 
capra,  -ae,  f.  she-goat. 
captiva,    -ae,    f.    [capio],    captive, 

prisoner. 
captivus,    -T,    m.    [capio],   captive, 

prisoner. 
Capua,    -ae,    f.    Capua,    a    city   in 

Italy. 


caput,  -itis,  n.  head ;  person.     (154.) 

Capital. 
care,  adv.  [carus],  dearly. 
careo,  -ere,  -ui,  -iturus,  be  in  want  of, 

lack,  want ;  with  abl. 
caro,  carnis,  i.  flesh.     Carnal. 
Carolus,  -T,  m.  Charles. 
carpo,  -ere,   -sT,  -tus,  pluck,  nibble  ; 

enjoy. 
carrus,  -I,  m.  wagon,  cart,  car. 
Carthago,  -inis,  f.  Carthage,  a  town 

in  Africa, 
carus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  dear,  precious. 
casa,  -ae,  f.  hut,  cottage. 
Cassivellaunus,  -T,  m.  Cassivellau- 

nus,  a  British  chief. 
castellum,     -1,    n.     [diminutive    of 

castrum],      redoubt,      stronghold. 

Castle. 
castra,  -orum,  n.  plur.  camp. 
casus,    -us,    m.    [cado],   a  falling; 

chance;  t?iisfortutte,  loss.     Case. 
caterva,  -ae,  f.  crowd,  troop,  throng. 
Catilina,  -ae,  m.  Catiline,  a  famous 

Roman  conspirator. 
causa,  -ae,  f .  cause,  reason :  causa 

(after  a  genitive), /^r  the  sake. 
caveo,  -ere,  cavl,  cautus,  be  on  one^s 

guard,  beware  ;  with  a  and  abl., 

guard  against.     Caution. 
cedo,  -ere,  cessT,  cessurus,  give  way, 

retire.     Secede. 
celeber,  -bra,  -brum,  z.A].  freqtiented, 

visited ;  renowned,  celebrated. 
celeritas,  -atis,  f.  [celer,  swift],  staff t- 

ness,  speed,  quickness,  celerity. 
celeriter,  adv.  [celer,  swift],  swiftly, 

quickly. 
cel5,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  conceal. 
cena,  -ae,  f.  dinner,  meal. 


LA  T/.V^EA'GL/SH    I  'OCABULAR] " 


251 


Cenaeum,  -I,  n.  Cenaeum,  a  prom- 
ontory on  the  island  of  Euboea. 

ceno,  -are,  -avi.  -atus,  diiu',  take  a 
vical. 

Centaurus,  -I,  m.  Centaur,  a  fabled 
monster,  half  man,  half  horse. 

centesimus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [cen- 
tum], hundredth. 

centum,  indecl.  num.  adj.  hundred. 
Cent. 

centurio,  -dnis,  m.  centurion,  an 
underotificer  in  the  Roman  army. 

cera,  -ae,  f.  wax. 

cerno,  -ere,  crevl,  certus  (cretus), 
distinguish,  discern,  decide,  per- 
ceive, see. 

certamen,  -inis,  n.  strife,  contest. 

certe,  adv.  [certus],  really,  surely, 
certainly. 

certus.  -a,  -um,  adj.yfx^o',  determined, 
certain,  sure :  certiorem  facio, 
{make  more  certain'),  inform. 

cerva,  -ae,  f.  deer,  hind. 

cervix,  -Icis,  f.  the  neck. 

ceteri,  -ae,  -a,  plur.  adj.  the  rest,  the 
reviaining,  the  others.     Cf.  alius. 

Christus,  -I,  m.  Christ. 

cibus,  -T,  m.food. 

Cicero,  -onis,  m.  Cicero,  a  famous 
Roman  orator. 

Cimbri,  -5rum,  m.  plur.  the  Cimbri- 
ans,  a  German  tribe. 

Cincinnatus,  -T,  m.  Cincinnatus,  a 
famous  Roman. 

cingO,  -ere,  cinxT,  cinctus,  surround, 
encircle,  gird. 

circiter,  adv.  about. 

circuitus,  -us,  m.  [circum-e6],(a^«'M^ 
round),  circumference,  circuit. 

circum,  prep,  with  ace.  around. 


circum-aro,    -are,  -avJ, ,  plough 

around. 
circum-do,  -dare,  -dedl,  -datus,  place 

around,  surround,  inclose. 
circum-ducS,  -ere,  -duxl,  -ductus,  lead 

around. 
circum-munio,  -Ire,  -TvT,  -Itus,  wall 

around,  fortify,  blockade. 
circum-sedeo,  -ere,  -sedT,  -sessus,  {sit 

around),  blockade,  besiege. 
circumsessus,  see  circumsedeo. 
circum-sist5,  -ere,  -stetT, ,  sta>id 

around,  surround. 
circum-sto,  -are,  -steti  (stitT), , 

stand  around,  surround.    CIRCUM- 
STANCE, 
circum-venio,    -Ire,    -vcnl,    -ventus, 

surround,  circumvent. 
citerior,    -ius,    adj.    comp.     hither, 

nearer.     (489.) 
civis,  -is,  m.  and  f.  citizen.    (169,  c.) 
civitas,    -atjs,    f.    [civis],    {body    of 

citizens),  state  ;  citizenship.     CiTY. 
clamd,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [clamor],  cry, 

shout. 
clamor,  -oris,  m.  [clamo],  shout,  cry  ; 

barking.     Clamor. 
clams,   -a,   -um,   adj.   clear,    loud; 

renowned,  famous.     Clarion. 
classicum,  -1,  n.  field  signal,  trumpet 

call. 
claudo,  -ere,  -si,  -sus,  shut,  close. 
claustra,  -orum,   n.    plur.   [claudd], 

barrier,  dike. 
dementia,  -ae,  f.  indulgent  disposi- 
tion ;  gentleness,  clemency. 
Cloelia,    -ae,    f.    Cloelia,    a    noble 

Roman  maiden. 
Codes,   -itis,  m.,  {blind  of  one  eye), 

Codes,  surname  of  Horatius. 


252 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


coepi,  -isse,  coeptus  (defective ; 
tenses  from  present  stem  want- 
ing), began. 

CO-erceo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus  [com-arceo], 
keep  back,  check,  restrain.  Co- 
erce. 

COgito,  -are,  -avi,  -at us  [com-agito], 
consider  thoroughly,   reflect. 

cognomen,  -inis,  n.  [com-(g)n6men], 
surname,  cognomen. 

co-gnosco,  -ere,  -gnovi,  -gnitus 
[co(m) -gnoses],  learn,  recognize, 
know,  understand.     Cf.  agnosco. 

COhors,  cohortis,  f.  cohort,  a  division 
of  the  Roman  army. 

COUis,  -is,  m.  hill.     Cf.  mons. 

COllum,  -1,  n.  neck. 

C0I6,  -ere,  colui,  cultus,  care  for, 
cultivate,  till ;  honor.  Cf.  incola 
and  agricola. 

columba,  -ae,  f.  dove. 

com  (col-,  con-,  cor-,  co-),  primitive 
form  of  cum,  a  prefix  denoting 
completeness  or  union;  some- 
times intensive. 

comes,  -itis,  m.  and  f.  [com-eo], 
comrade,  companion. 

comitium,  -T,  n.  [com-eo],  {place  of 
assembling),  the  comitium,  a  part 
of  the  Roman  forum. 

com-memoro,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  call  to 
mind,  remember,  recouttt,  tell. 

com-minus,  adv.  [-manus],  hand  to 
hand.     Cf.  eminus. 

C0m-mitt5,  -ere,  -misT,  -missus,  in- 
trust, commit:  proelium  com- 
mittere,  join  battle,  engage. 

com-moveo,  -ere,  -movT,  -motus,  {put 
in  violent  motion),  shake,  disturb, 
agitate,  move.     Commotion. 


communis,  -e,  adj.  common,  general. 

com-pello,  -ere,  -pulT,  -pulsus,  {drive 
togeth  er) ,  force,  compel. 

com-plector,  -T,  -plexus  sum,  embrace. 

com-pleo,  -ere,  -plevi,  -pletus,y?//  out, 
fill  up,  cover.     Complete. 

com-plQres,  -a  (-ia),  adj.  very  many, 
many,  a  number. 

com-prehendo,  -ere,  -di,  -hensus, 
catch,  seise. 

com-primo,  -ere,  -press!,  -pressus 
[-premo],  press  together,  grasp; 
check,  suppress.     Compress. 

COmpulsus,  see  compello. 

conatus,  -lis,  m.  [conor],  attempt. 

con-cido,  -ere,  -cidl, [-cadd], fall 

down,  fall. 

COn-cito,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  rottse  up, 
rouse,  spur  on. 

Concordia,  -ae,  f.,  {an  agreeing  to- 
gether), union,  harmony,  concord. 

con-curro,  -ere,  -curri  (-cucurri), 
-cursus,  run  together,  rush  to- 
gether, rally, gather.    Concourse. 

COndicio,  -onis,  f.  [con-d!co],  {a  talk- 
ing together),  agreement,  condition, 
terms. 

con-do,  -ere,  -did!,  -ditus,  conceal, 
hide  ;  found.     Cf.  celo. 

con-dono,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  give  up, 
surrender  ;  forgive,  pardon,  con- 
done. 

CO-nectO.    -ere,    ,    -nexus,    bind 

together  ;  Join,  tie.     CONNECT. 

con-fero,  -ferre,  contuli,  conlatus 
(coll-),  bring  together,  collect:  se 
conferre,  betake  one's  self.     (506.) 

c6n-fertus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  crowded, 
thick,  dense. 

confessio,  -5nis,  f.  confession. 


LA  TIN-EAGUSH    VOCABULARY 


253 


confestim,  adv.  immediately,  fortlt- 

ivith. 
con-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  [-facio], 
make,  accomplish,  carry  out,  finish; 
weaken,  wear  out. 
con-fldo,    -ere,    -flsus     sum     (semi- 
cU'ponent),  trust  entirely:  believe, 
trust.     Confide. 
con-firmo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  make  firm, 

strengthen,  steady.     Confirm. 
c6n-fugi5,  -ere,  -fugl,  ,  flee  for 

refui^e,  flee. 
con-gredior,  -T,  -gressus  sum   [-gra- 

dior],   {come  together) ;    engage  in 

battle,  meet,  fight.     Congress. 
con-grego,    -are,   -avT,    -atus    [grex], 

{herd  together'),  gather,  collect,  as- 
semble.    Congregate. 
c5n-ici6,  -ere,  -iecl,  -iectus   [-iacio], 

til  row  together;   throw,  put,  hurl, 

cast.     Conjecture. 
con-iungo,  -ere,  -iunxi,  -iunctus,  join 

together,  unite.     CONJUNCTION. 
coniunx,  -iugis,  m.  and  f.  [coniungS], 

husband,  wife.     CONJUGAL. 
COn-iuro,   -are,   -avT,   -atus,    unite  by 

oath,  conspire.     Conjure. 
C0n-l0c5,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  place,  sta- 
tion.    Cf.  pono. 
conloquium,   -T,   n.    [con-loquor],  a 

talking     together ;      conversation, 

conference,  colloquy. 
Conor,     -ari,    -atus    sum,    endeavor., 

attempt,  try. 
con-ripio,  -ere,  -uT,  -reptus  [-rapid], 

seize,  take  hold  of. 
con-ruo,  -ere,  -uT, ,fall  together, 

fall  down,  fall.     Cf.  concido. 
c5n-salut6,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  salute 

cordially,  greet. 


c6n-scend6,   -ere,    -scendT,    -scensus 
[-scaiido],  climb  tip,  mount,  go  on 
board. 
c5nsensus,  -us,  m.  [con-sentio],^^^^!?- 

ment,  unanimity,  consent. 
con-sero,  -ere,  -uT,  -sertus,7W«;  with 

ma.num,  fight  hand  to  hand. 
con-servo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  preserve, 

save. 
con-sido,  -ere,  -sedT,  -sessus,  sit  down. 
consilium,    -T,    n.    advice,    counsel, 

prudence,  wisdom  ;  plan,  design. 
con-sisto,   -ere,  -stiti,    -stitus,  stand 
firm,   take    one^s  stand,   halt;  de- 
pend, rest. 
conspectus,  -us,  m.  look,  view,  sight. 
COnspicor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  get  sight 

of,  descry. 
constanter,  adv.  [c6nstantia],yfr/«/)', 

steadily,  resolutely. 
constantia,  -ae,  f.  [constanter], yfrw- 

ness:  constancy. 
c5n-stituo,  -ere,  -ui,  -utus  [-statuo], 
establish,    determine,   fix,    decide, 
resolve.     Constitution. 
c5n-suesco,     -ere,     -suevT,     -suetus, 
accustom  ;      become     accustomed ; 
perf.  be  accustomed,  be  wont.     Cf. 
soleo. 
consuetude,    -inis,    f.     [consuesco], 

custom,  habit. 
consul,  -ulis,  m.  consul.     (479.  ^■) 
c5nsulatus,  -us,  m.  [consul],  consul- 
ship. 
c5n-siimo,  -ere,  -psi,  -ptus,  use  up, 

spend,  pass,  consume. 
con-temno,   -ere,  -tempsi,  -temptus, 

despise,  contemn. 
contemptus,    -us,    m.     [contemno], 
contempt,  scorn. 


254 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


con-tendo,  -ere,  -dl,  -tus,  strain, 
struggle,  strive,  hasten.  Con- 
tend. 

contentio,  -onis,  f.  [contendo], 
struggle,  exertion.     Contention. 

COn-tineo,  -ere,  -ul,  -tentus  [-tene5], 
hold  together,  keep  together,  hold, 
contain. 

COntinuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [contineo], 
continuous,  successive. 

contra,  prep,  with  ace.  against,  con  - 
trary  to. 

COntroversia,  -ae,  f.  dispute,  quarrel ; 
controversy. 

contumeliose,  adv.  abusively,  in- 
solently. 

con-venio,  -ire,  -veni,  -ventus,  come 
together,  assemble ;  convene. 

con-verto,  -ere,  -ti,  -sus,  turn,  turn 
away.     Convert. 

COnvivium,  -T,  n.  feast,  banquet. 

COn-voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  call  together, 
summon,  convoke. 

COpia, -ae,  f.  [com-ops],  abundance, 
wealth, plenty  ;  plur.  troops,  forces. 
Copious. 

coram,  a.Av.face  to  face. 

Corinthus,  -T,  f.  Corinth.     (47,  2.) 

Coriolanus,  -1,  m.  Coriolanus,  a  fa- 
mous Roman  warrior. 

Corioli,  -Oram,  m.  plur.  Corioli,  an 
ancient  town  in  Italy. 

Cornelia,  -ae,  f.  Cornelia,  mother  of 
the  Gracchi. 

COrnu,  -us,  n.  horn.     (242.) 

corona,  -ae,  f.  crown.     Coronet. 

corpus, -oris,  n.  (J(?^.  (163.)  Corpse. 

COrvus,  -i,  m.  raven;  grappling 
hook. 

COtidie,  adv.  [quot-dies],  daily. 


cratera,  -ae,  f.  mixing  bowl,  bowl. 
Crater. 

creber,  -bra,  -brum,  adj.  thick,  nu- 
merous, frequent.     Cf.  frequens. 

credibilis,  -e,  adj.  to  be  believed, 
credible. 

creo,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  make,  create  : 
choose,  elect. 

cruciatus,  -us,  m.  torture.  Excru- 
ciating. 

criidelis,  -e,  adj.  cruel. 

cruentus,  -a,-um,  adj.  [cruor],  bloody. 

cruor,  -oris,  m.  blood,  gore.  Cf. 
sanguis. 

crus,  criiris,  n.  leg. 

CUbiculum,  -I,  n.  [cubo],  bedchamber. 

cubo,  -are,  -ul,  -itiirus,  lie,  lie  asleep. 

culpa,  -ae,  f.  [culpo],  blame,  fault. 
Culpable.     Cf.  vitium. 

culpo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [culpa],  blame, 
find  fault  with. 

culter,  -tri,  m.  knife,  butcher  's  knife. 

cum,  conj.  when  ;  as,  since ;  though, 
although.     (397,  398.) 

cum,  prep,  with  abl.  with. 

cunae,  -arum,  f.  plur.  cradle. 

cunctus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  all  together,  all. 
Cf.  omnia,  totus,  and  universus. 

cupide,  adv.  [cupidus],  eagerly. 

cupiditas,  -atis,  f.  \zvi'^\d^\i%\,  longing, 
desire.     Cupidity. 

cupidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [cupio],  desir- 
ous, fond. 

cupio,  -ere,  -Tvi  (-ii),  -Itus  [cupidus], 
desire,  be  eager  for.     Cf.  volo. 

cur,  adv.  [qua-re],  why,  where- 
fore. 

cura,  -ae,  f.  [cur5],  care,  anxiety. 

curiSsus,   -a,    -um,    adj.    inquisitive, 


LA  TIN-ENGLlSH    VOCA B ULA R  V 


255 


cur5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [cura],  care  ''or, 
taki  care  ;  with  gerundive,  Aaze  (a 
thing  done). 

currus,  -us,  m.  chariot,  car. 

cursus,  -us,  m.  course. 

curulis,  -e,  adj.  cur-''-::  sella  curulis, 
official  chair,  used  by  higher  magis- 
trates. 

custodi5,  -Ire,  -ivT  (-il),  -Itus  [custos], 
guard,  protect,  defend. 

custos,  -odis,  m.  and  f.  [custodio], 
guardian,  keeper.     CUSTODIAN. 

Cyclops,  -opis,  m.,  {round  eye),  a 
Cyclops,  one  of  a  fabulous  race  of 
giants  on  the  coast  of  Sicily. 

damn5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [damnum], 
condemn,  sentence,  doom. 

damnum,-!,  n.  [damno],  hurt, harm, 
damage,  loss. 

de,  prep,  with  abl.  dozvn  from ,  from ; 
about,  concerning,  of;  (of  time)  in, 
during,  for. 

dea,  -ae,  f.  [deus],  goddess.  (Page 
22,  note  2.) 

debeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus,  owe,  ought, 
must,  should. 

debitus, -a, -um,  adj.  \A^\iQ.o\,  owed ; 
due,  appropriate.     Debit,  Debt. 

de-ced5,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessurus,  depart ; 
die.     Cf.  abeo  and  morior. 

decern,  indecl.  num.  adj.  ten. 

de-cerno,  -ere,  -crevT,  -cretus,  {sepa- 
rate from),  decide,  settle,  deter- 
mine;  contend;  decree. 

de-cido,  -ere,  -cidl, [-cad 6],  fall 

down,  fall  off. 

decimus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  tenth. 

de-cipi5,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [-capio], 
deceive. 


de-claro,    -are,    -avi,  -atus    [clarus], 

{clear  off),  disclose,  prove,   show, 

declare. 
de-curro,  -ere,  -cucurrl  (currl),  -cur- 
sus, run  down. 
dediticius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [dedo],  sur- 

rendered.  —  Masc.  plur.  as  noun, 

prisoners  of  war,  subjects. 
deditio,  -onis,  f.    [dedo],  a  giving 

up  ;  surrender. 
de-do,   -ere,    -didi,    -ditus,  give   up, 

give  away  ;  surrender. 
de-duco,   -ere,   -duxT,    -ductus,   lead 

do7un,  lead  off,  escort,  bring  to. 
de-fendo,    -ere,    -di,   -fensus  [defen- 
sor],   {strike    off  from),    defend, 

protect. 
defensor,      -oris,      m.       [defendo], 

defender,  protector. 
de-fessus,   -a,   -um,   adj.   tired  out, 

weary,  very  tired. 
de-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  [-facio], 

be  wanting,  fail,  runout.    DEFECT, 
de-figo,  -ere,  -fixi,  -ilxns,  fasten,  fx  ; 

strike  motionless,  stupefy,  astonish. 
Deianira,   -ae,  f.   Deianira,  wife  of 

Hercules. 
de-ici5,   -ere,   -iecT,   -iectus    [-iacio], 

throw  down,  let  fall ;  pass,  slip, 

stumble.     DEJECTED, 
deiectus,  see  deicio. 
de-inde,    adv.,   {from  thence),  then, 

afterzuards,  next. 
delecto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  delight. 
deleo,  -ere,  -evi,  -etus,  destroy,  wipe 

out.     Delete. 
de-ligo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  bind  down, 

fasten,  tie. 
de-ligo,    -ere,    -legT,  -Iectus    [-lego], 

pick  out,  choose,  select. 


256 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


Delphi,  -orum,  m.  Delphi,  a  town  in 

Greece. 
Delphicus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  of  Delphi, 

Delphic. 
de-migro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  migrate 

from  ;  remove,  go  away.    Cf.  abed 

and  decedd. 
de-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus,  {send 

dowii),  let  down,  let  go,  lose. 
de-monstro,    -are,    -avT,  -atus,  point 

out,     show,     describe.        Demon- 
strate. 
demum,    adv.    at    length,    at    last: 

turn  demum,  not  till  then. 
denique,   adv.    at  last,  finally ;   at 

least,  at  any  rate. 
dens,  dentis,  m.  tooth.     Dentist. 
densus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  thick,  dense. 
de-pell6,  -ere,   -pull,    -pulsus,   drive 

out,  drive  away,  remove,  banish. 
de-pono,   -ere,  -posuT,  -positus,  put 

down,    lay   aside,   abandon.     De- 
posit. 
depositus,  see  depono. 
depulsus,  see  depello. 
de-scendo, -ere, -dl, -sus,(r/m3(/^ze/«), 

come  down,  descend. 
de-sero,    -ere,     -uT,     -tus,    abandon, 

desert. 
desertus,  see  desero. 
de-sili5,  -ire,  -ul,  -sultus,y/cw/  down, 

leap  down. 
de-sisto,  -ere,  -stiti,  -stilus,  {stand  off 

or   apart),    leave   off,    cease;    de- 
sist. 
despectus,    iis,  m.,   {a  looking  dozan 

upon),      view,     prospect;       plur. 

heights. 
de-spero,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [spes],  be 

hopeless,  despair. 


de-spolio,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  rob, 
dep!  ive,  despoil. 

de-sum,    -esse,  -fuT,  ,  be  from, 

be  watitittg,  lack  ;  with  dat. 

de-traho,  -ere,  -traxi,  -tractus,  draw 
off,  throw  off,  remove.     Detract. 

de-trecto,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [-tracto], 
decline,  refuse. 

de-turbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  {thrust 
doivn),  upset,  drive  away,  dislodge. 

deus,  -i,  m.  god.     {482.) 

de-voro,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  swalloiv 
up,  devour,  gulp  down. 

de-voveo,  -ere,  -vovT,  -votus,  vow, 
offer,  devote. 

dexter,  -tra,  -trum  (-era,  -erum), 
adj.  right  {hand).     Dexterous. 

dextra,  -ae,  f.  [dexter],  right  hand. 

dico,  -ere,  dlxT,  dictus  (imv.  die, 
for  dice),  say,  tell,  speak;  ap- 
point. 

dictator,  -oris,  m.  [dico],  chief  in agis- 
trate,  dictator. 

dictatiira,  -ae,  f.  [dictator],  dictator- 
ship. 

dies,  -ei,  m.  and  f.  day.     (275.) 

dif-ficilis,  -e,  adj.  [dis-facilis],  ha7-d, 
difficult.     (254.) 

dif&cultas,  -atis,  f.  [difficilis],  diffi- 
culty. 

dignus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  worthy,  deserv- 
ing;  with  abl. 

di-lanio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  tear  to 
pieces. 

diligenter,  adv.  [dlligentia],  dili- 
gently, industriously. 

dlligentia,  -ae,  f.  [diligenter],  dili- 
gence, carefulness,  industry. 

dimico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  fight,  con- 
tend.    Cf.  pugHo. 


LA  TIN-ENGLISH    VOCABL/LA  R  V 


257 


di-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus,  seiiJ 
off,  dismiss  ;  let  slip,  let  go  by. 

dis-,  di-  (a  prefix  denoting  separa- 
tion), asunder,  apart,  in  different 
directions.  Cf.  dimittS,  discedo, 
dissimilis,  distraho. 

dis-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  -cessurus, 
depart,  withdraw,  go  off.  Cf. 
abeo  and  decedo. 

disciplina,  -ae,  f.  [disco],  order, 
discipline. 

disco,  -ere,  didici,  disciturus,  learn. 

discordia,  -ae,  f.  [discords],  disagree- 
ment, discord. 

discordo,  -are, , [discordia], 

be  at  variance,  differ,  quarrel. 

discrimen,  -inis,  n.  risk,  danger ; 
crisis.    Cf.  periculum. 

dis-cutio,  -ere,  -cussT,  -cussus 
[-quatio],  (shake  apart),  scatter, 
reiuffve.     Discuss. 

dis-similis,  -e,  adj.  unlike,  dis- 
similar. 

dis-tribuo,  -ere,  -uT,  -utus,  divide, 
distribute. 

diu,  adv.  for  a  long  time,  long.    (490.) 

di-vello,  -ere,  -vellT,  -volsus,  tear 
asunder,  tear  apart. 

diversus, -a,  um,  adj.,  [turned away), 
separate,  different,  diverse. 

dives,  -itis,  adj.  rick. 

di-vido,  -ere,  -vTsT,  -visus,  divide, 
apportion.      DIVISION. 

divinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  0/  the  gods, 
divine. 

divitiae,  -arum,  f.  plur.  [dives], 
riches,  wealth. 

divolsus,  see  divello. 

do,  dare,  dedi,  datus,  give,  offer : 
put.     Cf.  dono. 


doceo,  -ere,  -ui,  -tus,  teach,  show. 

doleo,  -ere,  -ui, '—  [dolor],  grieve, 

be  sorry. 
dolor,  -oris,  m.   [doleo],  pain,  grief. 

DCJLOROUS. 

dolus,  -I,  m.  deceit,  trick,  fraud,  cun- 
ning. 
domina,  -ae,  f.  [dominus],  mistress, 

lady. 
dominus,  -I,m.  [domina] ,  lord,  master, 

07vner.     (109.)      DOMINATE, 
domus,    -us,   f.    house,  home:   domi, 

at    home.       (195,    b,     197,      482.) 

Domestic. 
d5nec,  conj.  until. 
dono,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [donum],  give, 

present.     Donate.     Cf.  do. 
donum,  -T,  n.  \6lo\,  gift,  present. 
dormio,    -Ire,    -IvI  (-ii),    -itus,    sleep. 

Dormitory. 
draco,  -onis,  m.  serpent,  dragon. 
dubito,    -are,    -avI,    -atus    [dubius], 

hesitate,  doubt. 
dubium,  -T,  n.  [dubius],  doubt. 
dubius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [duo],  doubt- 
ful.    Dubious. 
duco,  -ere,  dfixi,  ductus  [dux],  lead, 

draw  ;  derive. 
Duilius    (C),   -T,    m.  Caius  Duilius, 

a  Roman  general. 
dulcis,     -e,     adj.     sweet,    pleasant. 

Dulcet. 
dum,  conj.  while,  as  long  as  ;  until. 
duo.    duae,    duo,    num.    adj.    two. 

(304  )    Cf.  ambo. 
duo-decim    [-decem],    indecl.    num. 

adj.  t-welve. 
duo-decimus,  num.  adj.  [duodecim], 

twelfth.  % 

duo-de-viginti,  num.  adj.  eighteen. 


258 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


duplex,    -icis,    adj.     [duo],    twofold, 

double. 
durus,    -a,    -um,    adj.    hard,    rough, 

harsh,  cruel. 
dux,  ducis,  m.  and  f.  [duco],  leader, 

general.      Duke.      Cf.  imperator. 

e,  see  ex. 

e-dic5,   -ere,    -dixi,    -dictus,   declare, 

ptMish,  proclaim.     Edict. 
edo,    -ere,    edi,    esus,    eat,    devour, 

consitnte.     Edible.     Cf.  devoro. 
e-do,    -ere,  -didi,    -ditus,  pict  forth, 

raise,  utter. 
educo,    -are,   -avl,    -atus,    bring   up, 

train,  educate. 
e-duc6,  -ere,  -duxl,  -ductus,  lead  out, 

lead  forth,  bring  atuay  ;  draw. 
Edvardus,  -I,  m.  Edward. 
ef-fero,   -ferre,   extuli,  elatus    [ex-], 

bear    out,    carry  forth ;    lift   up, 

raise.     (506.)     Elated. 
ef-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  [ex-facio], 

bring  about,  effect,  accomplish. 
ef-flo,    -are,  -avl,  -atus   [ex-],    {blow 

out),  breathe  out. 
ef-fundo,   -ere,   -fudl,   -fusus    [ex-], 

pour  forth,  pour  out,  shed. 
effusus,  see  effundo. 
ego,   pers.    pron.   /;    plur.   nos,  we. 

(492.)     Egotist. 
e-gredior,  -i,  -gressus  sum,  go  out,  go 

forth :  in  terram  egressus,  having 

gone  ashore. 
egregie,  adv.  [egregius],  remarkably, 

excellently. 
egregius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  extraordinary, 

distinguished,  excellent.        EGRE- 
GIOUS.  Cf.  eximius  and  praestans. 
egressus,  see  egredior. 


eheu,  interj .  alas  I 

elatus,  see  effero. 

elephantus,  -i,  m.  elephant. 

e-ligo,  -ere,  -legi, -lectus  \Aego],  pick 

out,  choose,  select.     Elect. 
Elis,   -idis,   f.    Ells,   a  division    of 

Greece. 
Elisabetha,  -ae,  f.  Elizabeth,  a  queen 

of  England. 
e-minus,   adv.    [-manus],    at  a   dis- 
tance, afar.     Cf.  comminus. 
e-mitto,   -ere,    -misi,   -missus,    send 

forth,  let  loose,  let  out.     Emit. 
emo,  -ere,  emi,  emptus,  buy. 
enim,  conj.  (never  the  first  word), 

for ;  indeed,  in  fact.    Cf.  nam. 
ensis,  -is,  m.  sword.     Cf.  gladius. 
e-niintio,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [nuntius], 

proclaim,  announce,  reveal,  utter. 

Enunciate. 
eo,  adv.   [is],  to  that  place,  thither, 

there. 
eo,  ire,  IvI  (ii),  itiirus,  ^^.     (507.) 
Epirus,  -I,  f.  Epirus,  a  division   of 

Greece. 
epistula,  -ae,  f.  letter,  epistle. 
epulae,  -arum,  f.  ^\\\r.  feast,  banqttet. 
eques,   -itis,   m.    [equus],  horseman, 

knight. 
equester,  -tris,  -tre,  adj.  [eques],  {of 

horsemen),  equestrian. 
equidem,     adv.     indeed,     certainly, 

truly. 
equitatus,  -us,  m.  [eques],  {body  of 

horsemen),  cavalry. 
equus,  -i,  m.  horse.     Equine. 
erga,  prep,  with  abl.  towards. 
e-ripio,    -ere,    -ul,    -reptus    [-rapio], 

snatch     out,    seize:     se     eripere, 

escape. 


LA  TIN-ENGLISH    I  VCABULA  R  Y 


259 


erro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  wander,  err. 
e-rump5,  -ere,    -rupl,  -ruptus,  burst 

forth,  break  out. 
eniptio,  -onis,  f.  [erumpo],  (a  burst- 
ing forth),  sally.     Eruption. 
et.  conj.  and,  also:  et  .  .  .  et,  both 
.    .    .   and.      Cf.    atque,    ac,   and 
-que. 
etiam,  adv.  and  conj.  [et-iam],  (and 

now),  also,  even.     Cf.  quoque. 
Etrusci,  -drum,  m.  plur.  the  Etrus- 
cans, people  of  Etruria,  in  Italy, 
et-si,  conj.  although. 
Eunomus,  -T,  m.  Eunomus. 
EuT5pa,  -ae,  f.  Europe. 
Eurystheus,  -T,  m.  Eurystheus,  king 

of  Mycenae,  in  Greece. 
Eurytus,   -T,  m.  Eurytus,  father  of 

lole. 
e-vado,  -ere,  -vasl,  -vasus,  {go  out), 

get  away,  escape.     Evade. 
e-venio,  -Ire,   -veni,   -ventus,    {come 
out),  fall  out,  happen,  turn  out. 
Cf.  accid5  and  fio. 
e ventus,  -us,  m.  [evenio],  {a  happen- 
ing), issue,  result,  event. 
ex    or   e,   prep,   with   abl.   out    of, 
from,   of,  off,  on;  in  accordance 
with. 
ex-animatus,  -a,  -um,  adj .  breathless, 

out  of  breath,  exhausted. 
ex-cipio,  -ere,  -cepi,  -ceptus  [-capio], 
receive,   welcome,   entertain ;    cut 
off,  interrupt.     EXCEPT. 
ex-cit5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  {call  out), 

rouse,  arouse,  wake.     Excite. 
ex-clamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  cry  out, 

exclaim. 
excursio,  -onis,  f.,   (a  running  out), 
sally,  sortie.    Excursion. 


excussus,  see  excutio. 

ex-cutio,  -ere,  -cussl,  -cussus  [-qua- 

tid],   shake  off,    throw   off,   strike 

off 
exemplutn,  -T,  n.  sample,  example, 

wartiing. 
ex-e5,  -Ire,  -il,  -itus,  go  out,  go  forth, 

come   out.      (507.)      Exit.       Cf. 

egredior. 
exercitus,  -us,  m.,  {the  thing  trained), 

army. 
eximius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  excellent,  re- 
markable.    Cf.  egregius. 
existimatio,    -onis,    f.     [existimo], 

estimate,  opinion. 
ex-istim5,    -are,    -avT,    -atus,    think. 

Judge,     consider,     suppose.         Cf. 

arbitror  and  puto. 
exitium,    -1,    n.     [ex-eo],    ruin,    de- 
struction. 
ex-orior,  -Irl,  -ortus  sum,  spring  up, 

arise,  appear ;  begin. 
ex-oro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  prevail  upon, 

persuade,  induce. 
ex-pell6,   -ere,   -pull,   -pulsus,    drive 

out,  expel.     Expulsion. 
ex-perior,  -irT,  -pertus  sum  [-pario], 

try,  test ;  experience.    Cf.  tento. 
expertus,  see  experior. 
ex-pet5,  -ere,  -ivT  (-ii),  -Ttus,  seek  out, 

demand,  ask. 
ex-pio,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  make  amends 

for,  expiate. 
explorator,  -oris,  m.  [explore],  scout, 

spy. 
ex-pl6ro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [explorator] 

examine,  explore,  invest/gate. 
ex-pono,    -ere,    -posul,    -positus,    set 

forth,  explain,  relate  ;  expose. 
expositus,   see  expono. 


26o 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


ex-pugno,  -are,  -avi,   -atus,   take  by 

storm,  take,  capture.     Cf.  oppugno. 
expulsus,  see  expello. 
ex-secror,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  curse,  exe- 
crate, abhor. 
ex-sero,  -ere,  -seruT,  -sertus,  thrust 

out. 
ex-silio,  -Ire,  -silul, ,  jump  forth, 

dart  out. 
exsilium,  -i,  n.  [exsul],  exile. 
ex-specto,    -are,   -avi,   -atus,    await, 

wait  for,  wait,  expect. 
ex-spiro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  breathe  out, 

expire,  die.     Cf.  morior  and  decedo. 
ex-struo,     -ere,     -struxT,     -structus, 

{heap  tip),  build,  erect,  construct. 
exsul,  -ulis,  m.  and  f.  an  exile. 
extemplo,   adv.   immediately,  fo7-th- 

with.   Ci.  subito  and  repente. 
ex-terreo,    -ere,   -ui,    -itus,  frighten, 

affright. 
extra,    prep,   with   ace.   outside    of, 

beyond. 
extremus,  -a,   -um,   adj.    outerviost, 

last,  furthest;    end  of;   extreme. 

(4S9) 

faber,  -bri,  workman,  artisan,  smith. 

Fabius, -T,  m.{Quintus)  Fabius  {Maxi- 
mus),  a  celebrated  Roman  con- 
sul. 

Fabricius,  -T,  m.  Fabricius,  a  famous 
Roman  general. 

fabula,  -ae,  f.  story,  tale,  fable. 

facile,  adv.  [facilis],  easily. 

facilis,  -e,  adj.  [facio],  {that  can  be 
done),  easy  to  do,  easy.  (254.)  FA- 
CILITY. 

facio,  -ere,  feci,  factus,  do,  make; 
form,  perform. 


factum,  -T,  n.  {i&cio],  act,  deed,  action. 
Fact. 

facultas,  -atis,  f.  [facio],  power,  op- 
portunity, chance.     FACULTY. 

fama,  -ae,  f.  rumor,  report ;  fame, 
renown. 

fames,  -is,  f.  hunger,  famine. 

familia,  -ae,  f.  household,  family. 

fascis,  -is,  m.  bundle,  load ;  plur. 
the  fasces,  a  bundle  of  rods  with 
an  axe,  carried  by  the  lictors. 

Faustulus,  -T,  m.  Faustulus,  a  shep- 
herd. 

faveo,  -ere,  favi,  fauturus,  be  favor- 
able to,  favor,  befriend ;  with  dat. 

fax,  facis,  f.  torch,  firebrand. 

Februarius,  -T,  m.  February. 

feles,  -is,  f.  cat.     Feline. 

feliciter,  adv.  [felTx],  luckily,  fortu- 
nately,  successfully. 

felix,  -icis,  adj.  lucky,  fortunate, 
happy.    Felicity. 

femina,  -ae,  f.  woman.  Feminine. 
Cf.  mulier. 

fere,  adv.  nearly,  for  the  most  part, 
almost,  about. 

fero,  ferre,  tulT,  latus,  bear,  bring; 
report,  say.  (506.)  Cf.  porto  and 
veho ;  also  tolero. 

ferox,  -ocis,  adj.  fierce,  impetuous. 
Ferocious. 

ferreus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ferrum],  of 
iron,  iron. 

ferrum,  -T,  n.  iron ;  sword.  Cf. 
gladius  and  ensis. 

ferveo,  -ere, , ,  be  hot,  glow. 

Fervent. 

fidelis,  -e,  adj.  [fides],  trusty,  faith- 
ful.    Fidelity. 

fides,  -ei,  f.  trust,  confidence. 


LA  TIN-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


261 


fidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [fides],  trusty, 
J\jithful. 

figura,  -ae,  f.  [fi(n)g6],  shape,  form; 
figure. 

filia,  -ae,  f.  [filius],  daughter.  (Page 
22,  note  2.) 

filius,  -1,  m.  [filia],  sou.  (478,  a.) 
Filial. 

fingo,  -ere,  fIn.\T,  flctu.s,  fashion,  de- 
vise.    Feign.    Fiction. 

finis,  -is,  m.  end,  border  ;  plur.  terri- 
tories.    {169,  e.)     Final. 

finitimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [finis],  bor- 
dering upon  ;  plur.  neighbors. 

f  10,  fieri,  factus  sum  (supplies  pass,  to 
facio),  he  made,  he  done,  beeome,  hap- 
pen.   (508.)    Cf.  accido  and  evenio. 

firmus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  strong,  firm. 

flagrans, -antis,  z.^). flaming,  blazing, 
burning.      FLAGRANT. 

flecto,  -ere,  fle.xi,  flexus,  bend,  turn. 
Flexible. 

fliimen,  -inis,  n.,  (that  which  flows), 
river,  stream. 

fluvius,  -i,  m.,  [the  flowing  thing), 
river,  stream. 

foculus,  -i,  m.  sacrificial  hearth,  fire 
pan,  brazier. 

foedus,  -a,  -um,  2^6].  filthy,  foul,  hor- 
rible. 

foedus,  -eris,  n.  league,  treaty,  alli- 
ance.    Federal. 

folium,  -i,  n.  leaf.     Foliage. 

fons,  fontis,  m.  spring,  fount,  source. 

fore,  for  futurum  esse. 

forma,  -ae,  f.  form,  figure  ;  beauty. 

fors,  fortis,  f.  chance,  luck. 

forte,  adv.  \toxs\,  by  chance, perhaps. 

fortis,  -e,  adj.  [fortiter],  strong, 
brave,  courageous.     Cf.  validus. 


fortiter,  adv.  [fortis],  bravely,  cour- 
ageously. 

fortitiido,  -inis,  f.  [fortis],  strength, 
bravery,  endurance  ;  fortitude. 

fortuna,  -ae,  f.  [fors],  fortune,  good 
fortune. 

fossa,  -ae,  f.  ditch,  trench,  fosse  ; 
canal. 

fragor,  -oris,  m.  [frango],  crash. 

frango,  -ere,  fregi,  fractus  [fragor], 
break  in  pieces,  break.     FRACTURE. 

frater,  -tris,  m.  brother.  Frater- 
nal. 

fraus,  fraudis,  f.  deceit,  trickery, 
crime.     Fraud. 

frequens,  -entis,  adj.  crowded,  in 
great  mnnbers.  Frequent.  Cf. 
creber. 

frigidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [frigus],  cold. 
Frigid. 

frigus,  -oris,  n.  [frigidus],  cold. 

irons,  frondis,  f.  leaf,  foliage. 

frumentum,  -I,  n.  [fruor],  com, 
grain. 

fruor,  -I,  fructus  (fruitus)  [frumen- 
tum], d-zyVy;  with  abl.     (388.) 

friistra,  adv.  in  vain.     Frustrate. 

fuga,  -ae,  f.  [f ugio] ,  _/f/>//A 

fugio,  -ere,  fQgl,  [fugo,  fuga], 

7un  away,  flee  ;  flee  from.  Fugi- 
tive. 

fugo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [fugio,  fuga], 
put  to  flight,  rout. 

fumus,  -I,  m.  smoke.     Fumes. 

fundo,  -ere,  fudi,  fusus,  pour,  pour 
out. 

funis,  -is,  m.  rope,  cord.     (176,  a.) 

furor,  -oris,  m.  madness,  frenzy, 
furor. 

fusus,  see  fundo. 


262 


FIRST   VEAR  LATIN 


Gaius,  Gai,  m.  Caius,  a  Roman  first 
name. 

Galba,  -ae,  m.  Galba. 

galea,  -ae,  f.  helmet.     (Page  89.) 

Gallia,  -ae,  f.  Gaul. 

Gallicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  Gallic. 

gallina,  -ae,  f.  hen. 

Gallus,  -I,  m.  a  Gaul. 

gaude5,  -ere,  gavisus  sum  (semi- 
deponent)  [gaudium],  be  glad, 
rejoice. 

gaudium,  -I,  n.  [gaudeS],  joy,  glad- 
ness.    Cf.  laetitia. 

gavisus,  see  gaudeo. 

Gelertus,  -I,  m.  Gelert,  name  of  a 
hound. 

geminus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  twin-born, 
twin-. 

gemitus,  -us,  m.  groan,  moan. 

gemma,  -ae,  f.  gem,  jewel. 

gens,  gentis,  f.  [genus],  race,  tribe, 
house, family.    Genteel. 

genus,  -eris,  n.  [gens],  race,  lineage; 
kind,  class. 

Germanus,  -i,  m.  a  German. 

ger5,  -ere,  gessi,  gestus,  bear,  carry 
on,  wage  (war);  manage,  do;  wear: 
se  gerere,  act,  behave ;  pass,  go  on, 
take  place. 

gigas,  -antis,  m.  giant. 

gladius,  -T,  m.  sword.  (Page  27.) 
Cf.  ensis. 

gracilis,  -e,  adj.  slender.      (254.) 

gradus,  -us,  m.  step;  period,  stage. 
(242.)     Grade. 

Graecia,  -ae,  f.  Greece. 

Graecus,  -i,  m.  a  Greek. 

gramen,  -inis,  n.  grass. 

gratia,  -ae,  f.  [gratus],  favor,  kind- 
ness;    plur.  thanks,  gratitude. 


grator,  -arl,  -atus  sum  [gratus],  give 
thanks,  thank ;  with  dat. 

gratulor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [gratus], 
congratulate. 

gratus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [gratia],  accept- 
able, pleasing;  grateful. 

gravis,  -e,  adj.  [graviter],  heavy, 
severe,  serious.     Grave. 

graviter,  adv.  [gravis],  heavily, 
severely,  vehemently,  greatly. 

grav5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [gravis],  op- 
press, burden,  overcome. 

gusto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  taste,  eat. 

habeo,  -ere,  -ul,  -itus,  have,  hold,  keep; 

with  orationem,  make,  deliver. 
habilis, -e,  adj.  [habeo],  [easily  han- 
dled), suitable,  ft. 
habito,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [frequentative 

of   habeo],   inhabit;   dwell,   live. 

Cf.  incolo  and  vivo, 
haedus,  -T,  m.  yoicng goat,  kid. 
haereo,   -ere,    haesi,    haesus,    stick, 

cling,  be  fixed ;  be  perplexed,  hesi- 
tate.    Adhere. 
Hannibal,    -alis,     m.     Hannibal,    a 

famous      Carthaginian      general. 

(Page  97.) 
hasta,  -ae,  f.  spear.    (53.)   (Page  43.) 
haud,  adv.  not.     Cf.  non. 
haud-quaquam,  adv.   by  no  means, 

not  at  all. 
haurio,  -ire,   hausT,  haustus,  drink, 

drain.      ExHAUST. 
herbidus,  -a,  -um,  aA].  grassy. 
Hercle,  interj.  by  Hercules,  assuredly, 

indeed. 
Hercules,  -is,   m.  Hercules,   son  of 

Jupiter  and  Alcmena,  and  god  of 

strength. 


LA  TIN-ENGLISH    VOCA BULARY 


^63 


Hesperides,  -um,  f.  the  Hesperides, 

daughters  of  Hesperus,  guardians 

of  the  golden  apples, 
hesternus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  of  yesterday, 

yester-. 
hie,   haec,  hoc,  demon,  pron.  this, 

this  of  mine ;    as  pars.  pron.  he, 

she,  it.     (200.) 
hie,  adv.  here,  hereupon. 
hiemo,  -are,    -avi,    -aturus    [hiems], 

spend  the  winter. 
hiems,   hiemis,    f.   [hiemo],  winter; 

storm. 
hinc,  adv.  [hie],  hence,  from  here. 
Hispania,  -ae,  f.  Spam. 
Hispanus,  -T,  m.  a  Spaniard. 
historia,  -ae,  f.  history. 
ho-die,  adv.  [hoc-die],  to-day. 
hom5,  -inis,  m.  and  f.,  {human  being), 

man.     (163.)     Cf.  vir. 
honor,  -oris,  m.  honor. 
honorifiee,  adv.  [honor],  honorably, 

with  marks  of  honor. 
hora,   -ae,  f.  hour:  in  horas,  from 

hour  to  hour,  hourly. 
Horatius,  -i,  m.  Horatius  {Codes). 
horribilis,  -e,  adj.  terrible,  dreadful, 

horrible.     Cf.  terribilis. 
hortor,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  urge,  entreat, 

exhort. 
hortus,  -I,  m.  garden.     (84.) 
hospitium.  -\,  n.  hospitality. 
hostilis,     e,    adj.     [hostis],    of  the 

enemy,  hostile.     Cf.  infestus. 
hostis,  -is,  m.  and  f.  enemy.     (169, 

17 r.)     Hostile.     Cf.  inimicus. 
hue,  adv.  [hie],  hither. 
hiimanitas,     -atis,     f.     [humanus], 

humanity,     gentleness,     kindness, 

refinement. 


htimanus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [homo],  {per- 
taining to  man),  man's,  human. 
humi     (locative),    on     the    ground. 

(■95.  l>)- 

humilis,  -e,  low,  lowly,  humble. 

Hydra,  -ae,  f.  [hydrus],  the  Hydra, 
a  water  monster  killed  by  Her- 
cules. 

hydrus,  -I,  m.  water-serpent,  serpent, 
snake. 

iace5,     -ere,     -ul,  [iacio],     {be 

thrown),  lie,  lie  dead. 
iacio,  -ere,  iecl,  iactus  [iaceo],  throw, 

cast,  hurl. 
iaculum,    -T,    n.    [iacio],    {the  thing 

thrown),  dart,  javelin. 
iam,  adv.  already,  now,  at  last:  non 

iam,  no  longer.     Cf.  nunc, 
laniculum,  -I,  n.  the  Janiculum,  one 

of  the  hills  of  Rome, 
ibi,  adv.  [is],  in  that  place,  there. 
ietus,  -us,  m.  stroke,  blow. 
idem,   eadem,  idem,    demon,  pron. 

[is],    same:    Idem    qui,    same   as. 

(3-9) 
id-eo,    adv.  for   that   reason,    there- 
fore. 
idoneus,  -a,  -um,  adj.yfA  suitable. 
Idiis,  -uum,  f.  the  Ides. 
igitur,  conj.  (seldom  the  first  word), 

therefore,  then.     Cf.  itaque. 
ignis, -is,  m.y?r^.    (169,  <r.)    Igmtk. 
ignoro,    -are,  -avI,   -atus,  not  know, 

be  ignorant  of.     Ig.N'ORE. 
ignotus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [in-(g)notus], 

unknown,  unfamiliar,  strange. 
ille,    -a,    -ud,    demon,    pron.    that 

{yonder)  ;  as  pers.  pron.  he,  she, 

it.     (200.) 


264 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


imbecillis,    -e,    adj.    weak,    feeble. 

Imbecile. 
imbuo,  -ere,  -uT,  -litus,  -wet,  moisten, 

soak.     Imbue. 
imitor,  -an,  -atus  sum,  imitate,  copy. 
immanitas,     -atis,     f.      savageness, 

cruelty,  barbarity. 
im-mineo,  -ere,  -ui,  [in-]>  hang 

over,  impend.     Imminent. 
im-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus  [in-], 

setid  against,  let  fly,  let  in. 
impedi5,  -Ire,  -Ivi  (-iT),  -itus  [in-pes], 

entangle,  hamper,  impede. 
im-pelI6,   -ere,   -pull,   -pulsus    [in-], 

move,  induce,  drive,  impel. 
imperator,  -oris,  m.  [impero],  com- 
mander, ge7ieral.     Emperor. 
imperatum,   -I,  n.    [impero],  order, 

command.     Cf.  iussum. 
imperium,  -i,  n.  [impero],  command, 

rule,  power.     Empire. 
impero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [imperium], 

order,    cotnmatid,    de??iand ;    with 

dat.     Imperative.     Cf.  iubeo. 
impetus,    -us,     m.    attack,   assault. 

Impetuous. 
impiger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.  [in-piger], 

{not  slow),  active,  diligent. 
im-pleo,  -ere,  -evi, -etus  \\u.-'],flll  np, 

cover,  fill. 
im-pono,  -ere,  -posuT,  -positus  [in-], 

ptit  or  place  i}i  or  upon  ;  mount ; 

impose  ;  with  dat. 
impositus,  see  imp5n6. 
improbus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  {not  good), 

bad,    wicked,  shameless. 
impulsus,  see  impello. 
in,  prep,  witli  ace.  into,  to,  against, 

upon,   towards,  for  ;  with  abl.  in, 

Of  I,  in  case  of. 


in-,  prefix,  into,  upon,  towards,  etc. ; 

also  in  composition  with    nouns, 

adjectives,  and   participles,  often 

having  negative  sense.     Cf.  Eng. 

un-,  in-,  not. 
in-calesco,  -ere,   -calui,  ,  grow 

warm,  grow  hot. 
in-cendo,  -ere,   -dl,  -census,  set  fire 

to,  bur?t.     Incendiary. 
incensus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [incendo],  in- 

fiatned,  hot,  fiery.     Incense. 
inceptus,  see  incipio. 
in-certus,  -a,   -um,    adj.   uncertain, 

doubtful.     Cf.  dubius. 
in-cid5,  -ere,  -dl, [-cado],  fall 

into:  in  insaniam  incidere,  become 

insafie. 
in-cipio,  -ere,  -cepT,  -ceptus  [-capio], 

{take  in  hand),  begin.    Incipient. 
in-clamo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  cry  out ; 

appeal  to. 
in-cliid5,  -ere,  -sT,  -sus  [-claudo],  shut 

in,  co>ifine.     Include. 
incola,  -ae,  m.  and  f.  [incolo],  inhab- 
itant. 
in-col6,  -ere,  -ui, [incola],  dwell 

in,  inhabit;  live,  dzvell.     Cf.  ha- 

bito  and  vivo, 
incolumis,   -e,    adj.  unharmed,  safe. 

Cf.  salvus. 
in-crepito,  -are, , ,  upbraid, 

taunt,  abuse. 
inde,  adv.  [is],  thence,  thereupon. 
indicium,  -i,  n.  evidence,  proof,  sign, 

token. 
in-dic5,  -ere,  -dixi,  -dictus,  proclaim, 

declare,  appoint.     Indict. 
in-diligenter,    adv.    carelessly,   list- 
lessly. 
indoles,  -is,  f.  tiaturc.  character. 


LA  TIX-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


265 


in-duc6,  -ere,  -duxT,  -ductus,  lead  to, 
dniw  to,  induce,  persuade. 

induo,  -ere,  -uT,  -utus,  put  on,  clotlic 
or.e's  self  in,  clothe,  wrap. 

industria,  -ae,  f.  diligence,  industry. 

in-eo,  -Ire,  -ui  (-il),  -itus,  go  in,  enter : 
begin,  form.     (507.) 

in-fans,  -amis,  adj.,  {not  speaiing); 
as  noun,  infant,  lyahy. 

in-fellX,  -Icis,  adj.  unfortunate,  un- 
lucky, unhappy. 

inferior,  -ius,  adj.  [Tnferus],  lower. 
(489.)     Inferior. 

in-fero,  inferre,  intull,  inlatus,  {bear 
in  or  against),  cajise,  bring  upott, 
inflict ;  with  dat.     (506.) 

inferus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  low,  below,  un- 
derneath.    (489.) 

infestus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  hostile;  as 
noun,  enemy.     Cf.  hostilis. 

in-fici5,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  [-faci5], 
soak,  imbue,  stain.     INFECT. 

infula,  -ae,  f.  fillet  (worn  l)y 
priests). 

ingenium,  -I,  n.  genius,  temper,  char- 
acter. 

ingens,  -entis,  adj.  huge,  great.  Cf. 
magnus. 

in-gredior,  -!,  -gressus  sum,  step  in, 
enter.     Cf.  intro. 

ingressus,  see  ingredior. 

in-hi5,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  gape  at,  long 
for,  desire.     Cf.  cupio. 

in-icio,  -ere,  -iecT,  -iectus  [-iacio], 
thro^v  upon,  cast  upon,  put  upo)i. 

iniectus,  see  inicio. 

in-imicus,  -T,  m.  [-amicus],  enemy. 
(171.)     Inimic.\l.     Cf.  hostis. 

in-iquus,  -a,  um,  adj.  [-aequus], 
unequal ;    uneven,    unfavorable. 


initium,  -I,  n.  [ineo],  beginning. 
Initi.'VL. 

iniiiria,  -ae,  f.  [in-ius],  ivrong,  harm, 
insult,  injury. 

in-iussii,  only  abl.  without  command. 

inluvies, ,  abl.  -e,  dirt,  filth. 

inopia,  -ae,  f.  want,  poverty,  lack, 
need. 

inquit  (placed  after  one  or  more 
quoted  words),  said  he. 

in-rideo,  -ere,  -sT,  -sus,  laugh  at,  tnock, 
ridicule. 

inrisus,  -us,  m.  [inrideo],  viock- 
ery,  derision :  ab  inrlsu,  in  mock- 
ery. 

in-rumpo,  -ere,  -rupl,  -ruptus,  break 
into,  break  in,  rush  at*  Irrup- 
tion. 

insania,  -ae,  f.  insanity,  madness. 

in-sido,  -ere,  -sedi,  -sessus,  sit  upon. 

in-signe,  -is,  n.  [insTgnis],  mark, 
sign,  symbol,  insignia. 

insignis,  -e,  adj.  [in-sTgnum],  {distin- 
guished by  a  mark),  remarkable, 
conspicuous,  prominent. 

in-silio,   -Ire,    -uT,  ,   leap   upon, 

throw  one's  self  upon. 

in-sinuo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  thrust  in, 
push  in.     Insinuate. 

in-stitu5,  -ere,  -ui,  -fitus  [-statud], 
set  up,  fix,  arrange. 

in-st5,  -are,  -stiti,  -statiirus,  {stand 
against ) ,  press  on,  pursue. 

instrQctus,  see  Instruo. 

instrumentum,  -T,  n.  [Instruo],  in- 
strument. 

in-stru6,  -ere,  -struxl,  -structus,  build 
in,  form  ;  instruct,  train ;  pre- 
pare, provide. 

insula,  -ae,  f.  island.     Peninsula. 


266 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


in-sum,   -esse,  -fui,  ,  be  in,  be 

a?no7ig;  with  dat.  and  with  in 
and  abl.     (345-) 

intellego,  -ere,  -lexi,  -lectus  [inter- 
lego],  {choose  between),  learn, 
know,  perceive,  jinderstand.  In- 
tellect.    Cf.  cognosco. 

in-tendo,  -ere,  -di,  -tus,  {stretch  out 
towards),  bend,  aim.     Intend. 

inter,  prep,  with  ace.  between,  among, 
amid,  during,  while:  inter  se, 
together. 

inter-dum,  adv.  sometimes. 

inter-ea,  adv.  fneanwhile. 

interfectus,  see  interficio. 

inter-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -feet us  [-facio], 
kill,  slay,  ptit  to  death.  Cf.  neco 
and  occido. 

interior,   -us,   adj.    inner,    interior. 

(4S9-) 

interpres,  -etis,  m.  interpreter. 

inter-rumpo,  -ere,  -rupT,  -ruptus, 
break  down.     Interrupt. 

inter-sum,  -esse,  -fui,  -futiirus,  be 
amotig,  be  present  at ;  with  dat. 
(345.)     Cf.  adsum. 

intra,  prep,  with  ace.  zvithin. 

intro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  go  into, 
enter.     Cf.  ingredior. 

intro-diiCO,  -ere,  -duxT,  -ductus,  lead 
in,  introduce. 

introitus,  -us,  m.  [intro-eo],  en- 
trance. 

intro-mitto,  -ere,  -mlsT,  -missus,  {let 
go  in),  let  in,  admit. 

intus,  adv.  [in],  within,  inside. 

in-undo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  overflow,  in- 
undate, cover. 

in-usitatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  itnnsual, 
strange. 


in-vado,  -ere,  -si,  -sus,  come  upon, 
attack,  invade,  take  possession  of. 

in-venio,  -ire,  -Veni,  -ventus,  come 
lipon,  find,  discover.     Cf.  reperio. 

in-vicem,  adv.  in  turn,  mutually. 

in-victus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [-vinco],  uii- 
conquered,  invincible. 

in-video,  -ere,  -visT,  -vTsus  [invidia], 
{look  to7vards),  be  jealous  of, 
envy. 

invidia,  -ae,  f.  [invideo],  envy,  jeal- 
ousy: 

lolaus,  -T,  m.  lolaus,  a  friend  of  Her- 
cules. 

lole,  -es,  f.  lole,  daughter  of  Eurytus. 

Iphicles,  -is,  m.  Iphicles,  brother  of 
Hercules. 

ipse,  -a,  -um,  demon,  adj.  and  pron. 
self,  very.     (329.) 

ira,  -ae,  f.  anger,  wrath,  ire. 

iratus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ira],  angry,  en- 
raged.    Ir.\te. 

is,  ea,  id,  demon,  pron.  that ;  as  pers. 
pron.  he,  she,  it.     (138.) 

iste,  -a,  -ud,  demon,  pron.  that  {of 
yours).      (493.) 

isthmus,  -i,  m.  isthmus. 

ita,  adv.  so,  thus.     Cf.  sic  and  tarn. 

Italia,  -ae,  f .  /ta/y. 

ita-que,  conj.  and  so,  therefore.  Cf. 
igitur. 

iter,  itineris,  n.  [eo],  way,  journey, 
march, line  of  march.  (482.)  Itin- 
erant. 

iterum,  adv.  a  second  time,  again. 
Iteration. 

iubeo,  -ere,  iussT,  iiissus,  bid,  order, 
connnand.     Cf.  impero. 

iudico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ius],  judge, 
decide. 


LA  TIN-ENGLISH    J  VCABULARV 


267 


iugerum,  -i,  n.  (gen.  plur.  iugerum), 
liiic'.  jiiger. 

iugum.  -I,  n.  [iungo],  yoA-e. 

lulius,  T,  m.  Julius,  a  Roman  name. 

iunctus,  sc-c-  iungo. 

iungo,  -ere,  iunxT,  iunctus,  unite-,  join. 
s/'an,  cross.    Junction. 

luno,  -onis,  f.  Juno,  queen  of  the 
gods  and  wife  of  Jupiter. 

luppiter,  lovis,  m.  Jupiter,  the  su- 
preme deity  of  the  Romans.  (482.) 

iurgium,  -T,  n.  quarrel,  dispute. 

iuro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ius],  swear, 
take  an  oath.     Abjure. 

iiis,  iuris,  n.  right,  justice. 

iiissum,  -i,  n.  [iubed],  order,  com- 
mand.    Cf.  imperatum. 

iussus,  see  iubeo. 

iustus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ius],yus^ 

iuvenca,  -ae,  f .  young  cow,  heifer. 

iuvenis,  -e,  adj.  young;  as  noun, 
young  man,  youth.  (260.)  Ji"\  K- 
NiLE.     Cf.  adulescens. 

iuventiis,  -utis,  f.  [iuvenis],  body  of 
youth,  youth. 

iuvo,  -are,  iuvT,  iutus,  help,  aid. 

L.,  abbreviation  for  Lucius. 

Labienus,  -T,  m.  Labienus,  a  lieuten- 
ant in  Caesar's  army. 

labor,  -oris,  m.  [laboro],  labor,  toil. 
Cf.  opus  and  opera. 

laboro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [labor],  work, 
toil ;  suffer.      El.\  BORATE. 

lac,  lactis,  n.  milk. 

lacrima,  -ae,  f.  tear. 

lacus,  -us,  m.  lake,  pool. 

laetitia,  -ae,  f.  \\3iQi\is.'\,Joy,glad)iess. 

laetus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  glad,  merry, 
pleasant,  joyful. 


laeva,  -ae,  f .  the  left  hand. 

Laevlnus,  -I,  m.  Laevinus,  a  Roman 
consul. 

lambo,  -ere, , ,  lick,  lap. 

lamenta,  -orum,  n.  plur.  [liimentor], 
'uhiiliiig,  laments,  lamentation. 

lamentor,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [lamenta], 
wail,  lament. 

lapis,  -idis,  m.  stotie,  milestone.  La  pi- 
da  ry. 

Iate5,  -ere,  -ui, ,  lurk,  lie  hid,  be 

concealed.     Latent. 

Latinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  Latin. 

latro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  bark. 

latro,  -onis,  m.  robber,  brigand. 

latus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  broad,  wide. 

laudabilis,  -e,  adj.  [laudo],  praise- 
worthy, laudable. 

laudo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [laus],  praise, 
laud. 

laus,  laudis,  f.  [laudo],  praise,  glory, 
fitne. 

lectus,  see  lego. 

lectus,  -1,  m.  bed,  couch. 

legatus,  -T,  m.  ambassador,  deputy, 
lieutenant,  legatus.     Legate. 

legio,  -onis,  f.  [lego],  {a  gathering), 
legion. 

lego,  -ere,  legl,  lectus, gat h er ;  select ; 
read. 

lenis,  -e,  adj.  [leniter],  soft,  smooth, 
gentle,  mild.     Lenient. 

leniter,  adv.  [lenis],  gently,  moder- 
ately. 

leo,  -onis,  m.  lion. 

Lernaeus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  Lernaean,  of 
Lerna,  a  district  near  Argos  in 
Greece. 

levo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  lift  up,  raise. 

libenter,  adv.  willingly,  gladly. 


268 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


liber,  -bri,  m.  book. 

liber,  -era,  -erum,  adj.  free.  (103.) 
Liberal. 

liberalitas,  -atis,  f.  [liber],  noble  dis- 
position, generosity,  liberality. 

libere,  adv.  [\\heT'\,  freely,  fraftkly. 

liberi,  -5rum,  m.  plur.  [iTber],  chil- 
dren. 

libero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  \]lher'],setf>-ee, 
free,  liberate  ;  with  abl.  of  sepa- 
ration. 

libertas,  -atis,  f.  [liber],  freedotn, 
liberty. 

licet,  -ere,  licuit  or  licit  um  est,  impers. 
it  is  permitted,  {one)  may. 

Lichas,  -ae,  m.  Licbas,  an  attendant 
of  Hercules. 

lictor,  -oris,  m.  lictor,  ceremonial 
attendant  of  a  high  officer. 

lignum,  -I,  n.  wood ;  stake,  stick. 

limus,  -T,  m.  mud,  slime. 

lingua,  -ae,  f.  totigue,  language. 

litus,  -oris,  n.  shore. 

loco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [locus],  place, 
put,  set.     Locate. 

locus,  -1,  m.  (plur.  loci,  m.,  and  loca, 
n.),  place,  position,  situation ; 
chance,  opporticnity.     Local. 

lociitus,  see  loquor. 

longe,  adv.  \\or\gVi&\,  far,  far  off. 

longinquus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  [longus], 
distant,  remote,  far  atvay. 

longus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  long,  tedious. 
Longitude. 

loquor,  -i,  -ciitus  sum,  speak,  talk,  say. 

lubricus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  slippery,  slimy, 
muddy.     Lubric-^te. 

luceo,  -ere,  luxl, [lux],  shine. 

[ludicer],  -era,  -crum,  adj.  serving 
for  sport,  sportive. 


liimen,  -inis,  n.  [lux],  light.  Lumi- 
nous. 

luna,  -ae,  f.  [lux],  7noon.    Lunatic. 

lupa,  -ae,  f.  [lupus],  she-wolf 

lupus,  -T,  m.  [lupa],  wolf. 

lutum,  -i,  n.  mud,  mire. 

lux,  lucis,  f.  (no  gen.  plur.)  [liiceo], 
light. 

machina,  -ae,  f.  contrivance,  machine, 

engine. 
machinatio,  -onis,  f.  [machina],  coti- 

trivance,  machine,  engine. 
macte,    adj.    (voc),   in    the    phrase 

macte  virtute  esto,  be  honored  for 

thy  valor  I  good  for  your  pluck  ! 
maculo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  spot,  stain, 

soil.     Immaculate. 
maestus,    -a,    -um,    adj.    sad.     Cf. 

tristis. 
xaag\S,a.A-v.\m3ig{n\xs)'],more,7-ather. 
magister,-trl,m.[mag(nus)],  master, 

teacher. 
magistratus, -us,  m.  [magister],^?^^^ 

(of  a  magistrate),  magistracy. 
magnificus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [magnus- 

facio],  splendid,  magnificent. 
magnitiido,   inis,  f.  \ma.gr\us\,  great- 
ness, size,  magnitude. 
magnopere,  adv.  [abl.   of  magnum 

opus],  greatly,  exceedingly,  heart- 

ily. 
magnus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  great,  large ; 

loud.     (260.) 
maiestas,  -atis,  f.   [maior],  dignity, 

honor,  majesty. 
maior,    -ius,     adj.    greater,    larger. 

(260.)     Major. 
male,     adv.     [malus],     badly,     ill. 

(267.)     Malevolent. 


LA  TIN-ENGLISH    VOCA B  ULA  R  Y 


269 


male-dic5,  -ere,  -dixl,  -dictus,  speak 
til  of,   revile,   abuse.      Maleijic- 

TION. 

malo,    malle,    malui,    [magis- 

volo],  be  more  willing,  prefer, 
would  rather.     (505.) 

malum,  -T,  n.  [malus],  bad  thing,  evil. 

malus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  bad,  evil.  (260.) 
Cf.  improbus. 

mand5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [manus-do], 
{put  in  hand),  charge,  command, 
intrust. 

mane,  adv.  in  the  morning. 

maneo,  -ere,  mansT,  mansurus,  stay, 
remain,  wait.     I'I'-RMAnent. 

Manlius,  -1,  m.  Manlius,  a  Roman 
name. 

mansuetudo,  -inis,  f.  clemency,  kind- 
ness, gentleness. 

manus,  -us,  f .  hand  ;  grappling  hook  ; 
force,  band.     (243,  a)     M.VNUAL. 

Marcius,  -T,  m.  Marcius,  a  Roman 
name. 

Marcus,  -i,  m.  Marcus,  a  Roman 
first  name. 

mare,  -is,  n.  (no  gen.  plur.),  sea. 
(4S2.)     Marine. 

maritus,  -T,  m.  husband. 

Mars,  Martis,  m.  Mars,  the  god  of 
war. 

Martius,  -i,  m.  [Mars],  March. 

massa,  -ae,  f.  mass,  lump. 

mater,  -tris,  f.  mother.     Maternal. 

matrimonium,  -1,  n.  [mater],  matri- 
mony, marriage ;  in  matrimonium 
dilcere,  to  marry. 

matiiro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  hasten.  Cf. 
properd  and  contendo. 

maxime,  adv.  [ma.ximus],  most,  es- 
pecially, greatly.     Ci.  praecipue. 


maximus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  greatest. 
(260.)     Maxi.mum. 

Maximus,  -T,  m.  Maximus,  surname 
of  Quintus  Fabius. 

me,  see  ego. 

medicus,  -T,  m.  doctor,  physician. 
Medicine. 

mediocris,  -e,  adj.  [medius],  mid- 
dling, tnoderate ;  a  little.  Medi- 
ocre. 

medius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  tniddle,  middle 
cf:  in  medio,  between  (them)  ;  in 
medium,  to  the  centre.     Medium. 

rae\\ox,-\.vks,  better.  (260.)  Amelio- 
rate. 

membrum,  -T,  n.  limb.     Member. 

memoria,  -ae,  f.  [memoro], /Tjemo/"/. 

memoro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [memoria], 
tnentiojt,  relate,  state.  Commem- 
orate. 

mendacium,  -I,  n.  falsehood,  lying. 
Mendacious. 

mens,  mentis,  f.  mi7id.     Cf.  animus. 

mensis,  -is,  m.  month. 

mercator,  -oris.  m.  trader,  merchant. 

Mercurius,  -i,  m.  Mercury,  messen- 
ger of  the  gods.     (84,  d.) 

mereor,  -eri,  -itus  sum,  deserve,  merit. 

mergo,  -ere,  -si,  -sus,  sink.     Merge. 

meritum,  -T,  n.  [mereor],  thing  de- 
served, deserts,  merit. 

mersus,  see  mergo. 

metus,  -us,  m.f-ar,  dread. 

meus,  -a,  -um,  possess,  adj.  and  pron. 
my,  mine.     (229.) 

mico,  -are,  -uT, ,  quiver ;  flash, 

gleam,  twinkle. 

mihi,  see  ego. 

miles,  -itis,  m.  soldier.     Military. 

militaris,  -e,  adj.  [miles],  military. 


2/0 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


mille,  num.  adj.,  indecl.  in  sing. ;  in 
plur.,  milia,  -ium,  thousand ;  also 
(supply  passuum),  miles.    {305,  e.) 

minitne,  adv.  [minimus],  least,  jiot 
at  all,  by  no  means. 

minimus,  -a,  -um,  least,  very  little. 
(260.)     Minimum. 

minor,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  threaten. 

minor,  -us,  adj.  smaller,  lesser. 
(260.) 

Miniicius,  -i,  m.  Minucius,  a  Roman 
consul. 

mirabilis,  -e,  adj.  [miror],  to  he  won- 
dered at;  wotiderful,  extraordi- 
nary..   Admirable. 

miraculum,  -T,  n.  [miror],  wonder, 
marvel,  miracle. 

miror,  -arl,  -atus  sum  [mlrus],  won- 
der, wonder  at,  admire. 

mirus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [miror],  'wonder- 
ful, extraordinary. 

miser,  -era,  -erum,  adj.  wretched,  un- 
happy, miserable. 

misere,  adv.  [miser],  wretchedly, 
miserably.     (267.) 

misericordia,  -ae,  f.  pity,  compassion. 

mitis,  -e,  adj.  mild,  gentle. 

mitto,  -ere,  mlsl,  missus,  send.  Mis- 
sion. 

modo,  adv.  [modus],  otily. 

modus,  -T,  m.  way,  manner.    Mood. 

moenia,  -ium,  n.  plur.  [munio],  walls 
(of  a  city).     Cf.  miirus. 

moles,  -is,  f.  mass,  heap. 

moneo,  -ere,  -uT.  -itus,  remind,  advise, 
warn.     (498.)     Monitor. 

mons,  montis,  m.  mountain,  hill. 
Cf.  collis. 

monstro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  show,  point 
out.     Demonstr.\te. 


monstrum,  -I,  n.  monster. 
mora,  -ae,  f.  [moror],  delay. 
mordeo,  -ere,  momordi,  morsus,  bite. 

Morsel. 
moribundus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [morior], 

dying,  at  the  point  of  death. 
morior,  -1,  mortuus  sum  (fut.  part. 

moritiirus)   [mors],  die. 
moror,  -ari,  -atus  sum  [mora],  retard, 

hinder,  delay. 
mors,    mortis,    f.     [morior],    death. 

Mortal.     Cf.  nex. 
mortifer,    -era,   -erum,   adj.    [mors- 

fero],  death-dealing,  deadly,  fatal. 
mortuus,    -a,    -um,    adj.     [morior], 

dead. 
mos,  moris,  m.   manner,  habit,  cus- 
tom.    Moral. 
moveo,  -ere,  movl,  motus,  move. 
mox,  adv.  soon,  presently. 
Mijcius,  -I,  Mucius,  a  Roman  name, 
mulier,    -eris,    f.    woman.     Cf.    fe- 

mina. 
multitiido,  -inis,  f.    [multus],  great 

number,  multitude,  quantity. 
multo,     adv.     [multus],     by    much, 

much. 
multum,      adv.      [multus],     tnuch. 

(267.) 
multus,   -a,  -um,   adj.   much;    plur. 

many.     (260.) 
miinio,  -ire,  -iv!  (-ii),  -Itus  [moenia], 

fortify,  defend. 
miimtio,  -onis,  f.  \m.\:i\\\o\,  fortifica- 
tion, defence.    Munitions. 
miinus,  -eris,  n.  dtdy,  offi.ce. 
miirus,  -I,  m.  wall.     Cf.  moenia. 
mils,  muris,  m.  mouse. 
miito,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  change,  alter. 

Mut.\tion. 


LA  TIN-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


271 


nam,  con],  for. 

namque,  con],  for,  inasmuch  as. 

narr5,    -are,  -avi,   -atus,  tell,    relate, 

narrate. 
nascor,  -1,  niitus  sum,  be  born. 
nato,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [frequentative 

of  no],  swim,  float. 
natu  (only  abl.)  [nascor],  by  birth, 

in  age.     (260.) 
natura,  -ae,  f.  [nascor],  {birth),  na- 
ture, character. 
nauta,   -ae,  m.    [for  navita;  navit;], 

sailor.     NAUTICAL, 
navalis,  -e,  adj.  [navis],  naval. 
navigo,  -are,  -avI,  -atus  [navis-ag5], 

sail,  cruise,  navigate. 
navis,  -is,  f.  (ace.  -em,  -im ;  abl.  -T, 

-e.),  ship.     (169,  f.)     Naval. 
ne,  conj.  that  not,  that;  lest;   with 

hortatory    subjunctive,     tiot:    ne 

.  .  .  quidem,  not  even. 
-ne,  interrog.  adv.  enclitic.     (44,  3.) 

Cf.  nonne  and  num. 
nee,  see  neque. 

necesse,  indecl.  neut.  adj.  unavoid- 
able, necessary. 
necessitas,  -atis,  f.   [necesse],  need, 

necessity. 
neco,    -are,    -avi,    -atus    [nex],    hill, 

slay.     Cf.  interficio  and  occido. 
negotium,    -T,  n.    [nec-6tium,   ease], 

business,  labor. 
nemo,  -ini  (dat. ;  no  gen.  or  abl.),  ni. 

and  f.  [ne-homo],  no  one,  nobody, 

no  man. 
ne-que  or  nee,  conj.  and  not,  nor : 

neque  .    .    .   neque,   neither   .    .    . 

nor. 
Nervii,  -orum,  m.  plur.  the  Nervii, 

a  tribe  of  northeastern  Gaul. 


Nessus,   -I,    m.   Nessus,   a    centaur 

slain  by  Hercules, 
neuter,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.  neither  (of 

two).     (312.)     Neutral. 
nex,  necis,  f.  (no  gen.  plur.)  [neco], 

death,  slaughter,  murder.  Cf .  mors, 
ni,  conj.  if  not,  imless. 
niger,  -gra,  -grum,  2.d].  black.  Negro. 
nihil,  n.,  indecl.  nothing:  nihil  cibi, 

no  food.     NiHiLLST. 
Nilus,  T,  m.  the  Nile,  a  river  of  Egypt. 
nimium,  adv.  too  much. 
ni-si,  conj.  if  not,  unless,  except. 
nix,  nivis,  f.  snow. 

no,  nare,  navl, ,  swim. 

nobilis,  -e,  adj.  \xio%co\,well-known, 

of  high  birth  ;  noble. 
noce5,  -ere,  -uT,  -iturus,  do  harm  to, 

hurt,  injure  ;  with  dat.    Noxious. 

Cf.  obsum. 
noctu,  only  abl.  [nox],  by  night. 
nolo,  nolle,  noluT, [ne-vol6],  be 

unwilling,     will    not,     not    wish. 

(505-) 
nomen,    -inis,  n.    [nosco],    {that   by 

which   a  thing  is  kno'wn),  name. 

Nominal. 
non,  adv.  [ne-unum],  not:  non  iam, 

no  longer.  Cf.  baud, 
non-dum,  adv.  not  yet. 
non-ne,  interrog.  adv.  suggesting  an 

alfirniative  answer,  not  ?     Cf.  -ne 

and  num. 
non-niillus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  {not  none), 

some,  several. 
n5nus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [novem], 

ninth. 
nos,  see  ego. 
nosco,  -ere,  novT,  notus,  learn  ;  perf. 

know. 


2/2 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


noster,  -tra,  -trum,  possess,  adj.  and 
pron.    [nos],    our,    ours:    nostri, 
our  men.     (229.) 
not5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  mark,  notice, 

observe,  perceive.     NOTATION. 
notus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [nosco],  known. 
novem,  indecl.  num.  adj.  7ti7te. 
novus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  new.     Novelty. 
nox,    noctis,    f.     night.     Noctur- 
nal. 
nubes,  -is,  f.  cloud.     (169.) 
nudus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  stripped,  bare, 

unclothed;  nude. 
nuUus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [ne-ullus],  no, 
no7ie,  7to  one.     (312.)     Nullity. 
num,  interrog.  adv.  suggesting  a  neg- 
ative answer;  in  indir.  question, 
whether.     Cf.  nonne  and  -ne. 
numerus,  -T,  m.  number.   Numeral. 
numquam,  adv.  [ne-umquam],  never. 
nunc,  adv.  tiow.     Cf.  iam. 
nuntio,  -are,  -avT,    -atus    [nuntius], 

report,  announce. 
nuntius,  -T,  m.   [nuntio],  bearer  of 

fiews,  tnessenger. 
niiper,  adv.  [for   noviper;   novus], 

recently,  lately. 
nympha,  -ae,  f.  nymph. 

0,  interj.  O,  oh! 

ob,  prep,  with  ace.  07t  account  of. 

ob-icio,   -ere,   -ieci,   -iectus    [-iacio], 

{throw  in  the  way),  throiv  between, 

interpose.     Object. 
Obiectus,  see  obicio. 
Oblatus,  see  offero. 
Oblitus,  -a,    -um,    adj.    [obllviscor], 

forgetful. 
Obliviscor,    -T,    oblitus    sum,  forget. 

Oblivious. 


Ob-noxius,    -a,    -um,    adj.    liable   to, 

exposed  to. 
obscuro,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [obscurus], 

darken,  conceal. 
obscurus,  -a,  -um    [obsciiro],    dark. 

Obscure. 
ob-ser5,  -ere,  -sevi,  -situs,  (sow, plant), 

cover,  strew,  fill. 
Obses,  -idis,   m.   and  f.    [ob-sedeo], 
(one   who    sits   or    remains   as   a 
pledge),  hostage. 
ob-sideo,  -ere,  -sedi,  -sessus  [-sede5], 
(sit  down  against),  besiege,  beset, 
blockade.     Cf.  oppugn5. 
obsidio,   -onis,   f.    [obsideo],  siege, 

blockade. 
obsitus,  see  obser5. 
ob-struo,     -ere,     -struxl,     -structus, 
(build  up  against),  block  up,  bar, 
barricade,  obstruct. 
ob-stupefacio,    -ere,    -feci,    -factus, 
astonish,  amaze,  astound. 

ob-stupesco,  -ere,  -stupui,  ,    be 

astonished,  be  amazed. 

ob-SUm,  -esse,  -ful, ,  be  against, 

be  opposed  to;  injure ;  with  dat. 
(502.)     Cf.  noceo. 
Ob-tineo,  -ere,  -uT,  -tentus  [-teneo], 
(hold    against),    possess,     occupy, 
hold.     Obtain. 
ob-trunco,    -are,    -avI,    -atus,    cut   to 

pieces,  kill,  slay,  slaughter. 
Obviam,  adv.  in  the  way:   obviam 

fio,  tneet ;  with  dat. 
OCCasio,  -onis,  f.  chance,  opportunity. 

Occasion.     Cf.  potestas. 
OCCasus,  -us,  m.  setting  (of  the  sun). 
OC-cido,  -ere,  -cTdi, -cisus  [ob-caedo], 
cut  dorv)!,  slay,  kill.    Cf.  interficio, 
need,  and  obtrunco. 


LA  TIN-ENGLISH    VOCA BULARY 


271 


occupd,   -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ob-capio], 
take  possession  of,   seize ;  occupy. 

Cf.  potior. 
OC-curro,  -ere,  -curri,  -cursus   [ob-], 

niii  tincaiiis  ;  meet,  fall  in  with. 
oceanus,  -i,  m.  ocean. 
octavus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [octoj, 

eighth.     OCT.WE. 
October,  -bris,  m.  [oct5],  October. 
oculus,  -I,  m.  eye.     Ocular. 
odi,   -isse,   clef,   (used   only  in   perf. 

and  pluperf.)  [odium],  hate. 
odium,  -T,   n.   [odi],  hatred,  enmity. 

OniUM. 
odor,  -oris,  m.  smell,  odor. 
Oechalia,  -ae,  f.  Oechalia,  a  city  of 

luiboea. 
Oeneus,   -I,    m.    Oeneus,    father    of 

Deianira. 
Oeta,    -ae,   f.   Oeta,    a    mountain    in 

(Greece. 
of-fendo,  -ere, -di,  -fensus  \_oh-'], strike 

against;  come  npon, find. 
of-fer5,  -ferre,  obtuli,  oblatus  [ob-], 

offer,  present. 
officlna,  -ae,  f.  workshop,  laboratory. 
olim,  adv.   [olle,  old  form  of  ille], 

(at   that   time) ;   formerly,     once  ; 

once  upon  a  time.     Cf.  aliquando- 
Olympus,  -I,  m.  Olympus,  a  moun- 
tain in  Greece,  the  abode  of  the 

gods. 
0-mitt5,   -ere,   -misl,  -missus    [ob-], 

let  go  by,  disregard,  neglect,  omit. 
Omnino,  adv.   [omnis],  wholly,  alto- 
gether, entirely. 
omnis,  -e,  adj.  whole,  all,  every.    Cf. 

totus,  cunctus,  and  universus. 
onus,    -eris,    n.    load,    burden,    bulk, 

weight.     Onerous. 


onustus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [onus],  laden, 
loaded. 

opera,  -ae,  f.  [opus],  labor,  care, 
work.     Cf.  labor  and  opus. 

opinio,  -onis,  f.  expectation,  opinion. 

oportet,  -ere,  -uit  (impers.),  //  be- 
hooves, it  is  necessary,  one  ought. 

oppidanus,  -T,  m.  [oppidum],  towns- 
man. 

oppidum,  -T,  n.  town,  stronghold. 

op-primo,  -ere,  -press!,  -pressus  [ob- 
premo],  overcome,  crush,  oppress. 

0p-pugn5,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [ob-],  at- 
tack, assault,  besiege.  Cf.  ex- 
pugno  and  obsideo. 

[ops],  opis,  f.  aid,  help.    Cf.  auxilium. 

optimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  best.  (260.) 
Optimist. 

opus,  -eris,  n.  work,  labor.     Cf.  labor. 

oraculum,  -I,  n.  [5r6],  oracle. 

oratio,  -onis,  f.  [oro],  speech,  plea  : 
oration . 

orator,  -oris,  m.  [oro],  speaker, 
orator  ;  ambassador. 

orbis,  -is,  m.  circle,  orb,  world :  orbis 
tenarum,  earth,  world. 

orbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  deprive,  be- 
reaie. 

ordo,  -inis,  m.  rank,  order :  ex  ordine, 
in  succession,  one  after  another ; 
extra  ordinem,  out  of  the  ranks. 

oriens,  -entis,  m.  [orior],  rising 
(sun),  east.     Orient. 

orior,  -Tri,  ortus  sum,  arise,  spring, 
descend  {from) :  orta  luce,  at  day- 
break. 

ornamentum,  -T,  n.  [orno],  {that 
which  adorns),  ornament,  jewel. 

ornatus,  -us,  ni.  [orno],  equipment, 
adornment ;  dress. 


274 


FIRST    YEAR  LATIN 


orno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  adorn,  orna- 
ment, deck. 

oro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [os],  {speak),  beg, 
pray,  entreat,  plead. 

ortus,  see  orior. 

OS,  oris,  n.  (no  gen.  plur.),  month,  face. 

os-tendo,  -ere,  -dl,  -tus  [ob(s)-], 
stretch  out;  show,  display.  OS- 
TENSIBLE. 

otium,  -i,  n.  leisure,  idleness. 

ovis,  -is,  f.  sheep. 

ovum,  -i,  n.  egg.     Oval. 

pabulum,  -i,  n.  \^z.?,zo\,  food. 

paene,  adv.  nearly,  almost. 

paenitet,  -ere,  -uit  (impers.),  it  re- 
pents ;  with  gen.  and  ace. 

pallium,  -1,  n.  cloak,  mantle. 

palus,  -I,  m.  stake,  pale. 

palus,  -iidis,  f.  swamp,  marsh. 

par,  paris,  adj.  equal.     Parity. 

paratus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  [paro],  ready, 
prepared. 

parco,  -ere,  pepercl  (pars!),  parsus, 
spare;  with  dat.     Parsimony. 

parens,  -entis,  m.  and  f.  parent. 

pare5,    -ere,  -uT,  ,   (come  forth, 

appear),  be  obedient  to,  obey ;  with 
dat. 

pario,  -ere,  peperl,  partus,  bri}ig 
forth,  bear  ;  lay. 

pariter,  adv.  [par],  equally:  pariter 
ac,  equally  with,  as  well  as. 

paro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  make  ready, 
prepare  for,  prepare. 

pars,  partis,  f.  pari,  share;  direc- 
tion, side.     Partial. 

parum,  adv.  too  little,  not  enough  : 
parum  honorifice,  disrespectfully. 
(490) 


parvulus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [diminutive 
of  parvus],  very  small,  slight,  in- 
significant;  masc.  plur.  as  noun, 
the  little  ones,  the  babies. 

parvus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  small,  little. 
{260.) 

pasco,  -ere,  pavi,  pastus,  feed,  tend; 
pasture. 

passus,  see  patior. 

passus,  -us,  m.  [pateo],  {a  stretching 
out  of  the  feet  in  walking),  step, 
pace:  mille  passuum,  m/'/e. 

pastor,  -oris,  m.  [pascor],  (feeder), 
shepherd.     Pastor. 

pate-facio,  -ere,  -feci,  -factus  [pateo], 
{make  open),  open,  throw  open. 

pate5,  -ere,  -ui, ,  lie  open,  be  open, 

be  exposed. 

pater,  -tris,  m.  father.     (163.) 

paternus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [pater],  of  a 
father,  father's,  paternal. 

patientia,  -ae,  f.  [patior],  patience. 

patior,  -1,  passus  sum,  bear,  suffer, 
allow,  permit. 

patria,  -ae,  f.  [pater],  fatherland, 
native  land,  cowitry.   Patr  IOTISM. 

patricius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [pater],  pa- 
trician, noble. 

paucus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  (generally  plur.), 
few,  little.     Paucity. 

paulo,  adv.  by  a  little,  little. 

paulum,  adv.  a  little,  somewhat. 

pavidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [pavor],  trem- 
bling, fearful,  timid.     Cf.  timidus. 

pavor,  -oris,  m.  [pavidus],  fear, 
dread,  alarm.     Ci.  terror. 

pax,  pacis,  f.  (no  gen.  plur.),  peace. 
Pacify. 

pecco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  make  a  mis- 
take, err.    Peccadillo.    Cf.  erro. 


LA  TIN-ENGLISH    VOCABULARY 


275 


pectus,  -oris,  n.  breast.     Pectoral. 

pecunia,  -ae,  f.  [pecus],  money. 
Peciniary. 

pecus,  -oris,  n.  cattle,  flock. 

pedes,  -itis,  m.  \^^s\  foot-soldier . 

peditatus,  -us,  m.  [pedes],  infan- 
try. 

peior,  -ius,  adj.  worse.     (260.) 

pellis,  -is,  f.  skin,  hide.     Pelt. 

pensum,  -I,  n.,  {what  is  weighed  out, 
e.g.  wool,  as  a  task  for  spinning), 
task ;  lesson,  exercise. 

per,  prep,  with  ace.  through,  by,  by 
means  of,  on  account  of. 

per-agro,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [ager], 
wander  through,  pass  over,  trav- 
erse.    Cf.  perlustro. 

per-cipio,  -ere,  -cepT,  -ceptus  [-capi5], 
perceive,  feel.     Cf.  sentio. 

per-contor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  ask,  in- 
quire.    Cf.  quaere,  rogo,  and  pet5. 

percussus,  see  percutio. 

per-cutio,  -ere,  -cussi,  -cussus  [qua- 
tio],  ////,  strike,  run  through. 

per-do,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  lose.  Per- 
dition.    Cf.  amitto. 

per-diic5,  -ere,  -duxT,  -ductus,  lead 
through,  conduct,  bring. 

per-eo,  -Ire,  -ivi  (-ii),  -iturus,  perish. 

per-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  [-facio], 
accomplish  :  perfect. 

perfractus,  see  perfringo. 

per-fringo,  -ere,  -fregl,  -fractus 
[-frangS],  break  to  pieces,  shatter, 
completely  wreck. 

pergo,  -ere,  perrexl,  perrectus  [per- 
rego],  go  on,  proceed,  hasten.  Cf. 
procedo  and  progredior. 

periculum.  -i,  n.  trial,  attempt ;  risk, 
danger,  peril. 


per-liistro,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  wander 
through,  view  all  over,  examine, 
survey.     Cf.  peragro. 

per-mitto,  -ere,  -misi,  -missus,  allow, 
grant,  suffer,  permit ;  yield,  give 
up  ;  with  dat.    Permission. 

perpetuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  continual, 
continuous,  perpetual. 

per-rumpo,  -ere,  -rupl,  -ruptus,  burst 
through,  break  through. 

per-scribo,  -ere,  -scripsi,  -scriptus, 
write  at  length,  describe  fully. 

perspectus,  see  perspicio. 

per-spicio,  -ere,  -spe.\i,  -spectus  {see 
through),  see  clearly,  ascertain. 

per-suadeo,  -ere,  -suasi,  -suasus, 
persuade  ;  with  dat.  Persuasion. 

per-terreo,  -ere,  ,  -itus,  thor- 
oughly frighten,  alarm. 

pertinacia,  -ae,  f .  perseverance  ;  ob- 
stinacy, pertinacity. 

pertractus,  see  pertraho. 

per-traho,  -ere,  -traxT,  -tractus,  {drag 
through),  drag,  drag  along. 

per-venio,  -Ire,  -veni,  -ventus,  come 
up,  arrive,  reach. 

pes,  pedis,  m.  foot:  pedem  referre, 
retreat,  fall  back.     Pedal. 

pessimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  worst.  (260.) 
Pessimist. 

peto,  -ere,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itus,  seek,  de- 
mand, ask  for,  ask,  beg;  attack. 
Petition.  Cf.  postulo,  quaerd, 
and  rogo. 

pietas,  -atis,  f.  filial  affection,  love, 
loyalty.     PlETY. 

piger,  -gra,  -grum,  adj.  slow,  lazy. 

pigritia,  -ae,  f.  [piger], /^zzm^jj,  sloth. 

pilum,  -i,  xi.  javelin.     (Page  27.) 

pinguis,  -e,  2A).fat,  heavy. 


276 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


pinus,-!,  f.  (abl.  plnu),)0//;e  tree,  pine. 

pirata,  -ae,  m.  pirate. 

placabilis,  -e,  adj.  easily  pacified, 
placable. 

placeo,  -ere,  -uT,  -itus,  please  ;  with 
dat.     Placid. 

planities,  -ei,  f.,  {a  flatness),  level 
grotind,  plain. 

plebs,  plebis,  f.  the  co?n7non  people, 
plebeians. 

plenus,  -a,  -um,  zA^.fidl. 

ploro,  -are,  -avi,  -at  us,  bewail,  la- 
ment, grieve.     Deplore. 

plurimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  most,  very 
many :  plurimum  posse,  bevery  pow- 
erful, have  most  influence.     (260.) 

plus,  pluris,  adj.  more;  plur.  tnore, 
many.     (260,  261.)     Plural. 

poculum,  -T,  n.  cup,  bowl. 

poena,  -ae,  f.  [punio] ,  yf ;/^,  punish- 
tnent :  poenas  dare,  suffer  punish- 
fnent. 

Poenus,  -T,  m.  a  CartJiaginian. 

poeta,  -ae,  m.  poet. 

Polyphemus,  -T,  m.  Polyphemus,  a 
Cyclops. 

Pompeius,  -el,  m.  Pompey,  a  famous 
Roman  general. 

Pomponius,  -T,  m.  Pomponius,  a 
tribune. 

pomum,  -I,  n.  apple. 

pondus,  -eris,  n.  weight,  bulk.  Pon- 
derous. 

pono,  -ere,  posuT,  positus,  put,  place, 
■set,  set  up,  pitch  {camp)  ;  pass.  lie. 
Position. 

pons,  pontis,  m.  bridge. 

populor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  lay  waste, 
devastate,  plunder,  pillage.  DE- 
POPULATE. 


populus,  -i,  m.  people.     Populous. 

Porsena,  -ae,  m.  Porsena,  a  king  of 
Etruria. 

porta,  -ae,  f.  gate,  door.     Portal. 

ports,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  carry,  bring. 
Cf.  fero  and  veho. 

portus,  -lis,  m.  harbor,  port.    {242,  a.) 

positus,  see  pono. 

possum,  posse,  potui, ,  be  able, 

can :  plurimum  posse,  be  very  pow- 
erful, have  most  influence.     (344,  b, 

503-) 

post,  prep,  with  ace.  after,  behind ; 
as  adv.  afterwards. 

post-ea,  adv.  afterwards. 

[posterus],  -a,  -um,  adj.  \j^o?X\  fol- 
lowing, next.     (489.)     Postern. 

post-quam,  conj.  after. 

postridie,  adv.  [posters  die],  on  the 
next  day. 

postulo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  ask,  request, 
demand.  Cf.  peto,  quaero,  and  rogo. 

potestas,  -atis,  f.  [possum],  power, 
authority ;  opportutnty,  permis- 
sion.    Cf.  imperium  and  occasio. 

potior,  -TrI,  -itus  sum,  become  master 
of  get,  get  possession  of ;  with  gen. 
or  abl.     Cf.  occupo. 

prae-acutus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  sharpened 
at  the  Old,  pointed. 

praebeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -itus  [prae-habeo], 
hold  forth,  offer,  furnish  ;  cause, 
render. 

prae-caveo,  -ere,  -cavi,  -cautus,  take 
care,  take  precautions,  be  on 
one  's  guard. 

prae-cido,  -ere,  -cTdT,  -cTsus  [-caed5], 
cut  off.     Precise. 

praecipue,  adv.  chiefly,  especially,  par- 
ticularly.   Cf .  maxime,  praesertim. 


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277 


prae-clarus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  vt-ry  splen- 
did, i^lorioiis. 

praeda,  -ae,  f.  [praedor],  booty,  spoil, 
prey.     Predatory.    Cf.  spolium. 

prae-dico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  tnale 
known,  proclaim,  boast.  Predi- 
cate. 

praedor,  -arl,  -atus  sum  [praeda],  rob, 
plunder. 

prae-fero,  -ferre,  -tull,  -latus,  carry 
bc-forc.     (506.)     Prefer. 

praelatus,  sec  praefero. 

praemium,  -T,  n.  reward,  prize. 
Premium. 

prae-pono,  -ere,  -posu!,  -positus,  //// 
before,  prefer.     Cf.  antepono. 

praesaepe,  -is,  n.  stable,  stall. 

praesens,  -entis,  adj.  instant,  im me- 
diate, present. 

praesertim,  adv.  especially,  particu- 
larly, chiefly.     <Zi.  praecipue. 

praeses,  -idis,  m.  and  f.  [praesideo], 
protector,  guardian. 

prae-sideo,  -ere,  -sedT, [-sede5], 

{sit  before),  preside  over ;  with 
dat.     President. 

praesidium,  -I,  n.  [praesideo],  de- 
fence, help,  protection,  support, 
guard.  Cf .  auxilium  and  subsidium. 

praestans,  -antis,  adj.  [praestd], 
remarkable,  extraordinary,  sur- 
passing.    Cf.  egregius. 

praestantia, -ae,  f.  [praestans], /rt-- 
eminence,  superiority. 

prae-sto,  -stare,  -stiti,  -stilus,  stand 
out,  surpass,  be  superior  to,  be  pref- 
erable;  perform.     Cf.  supero. 

prae-sum,  -esse,  -fui, ,  be  before, 

be  at  the  head  of  command ;  with 
dat.      (345.) 


praeter-ea,  adv.,  (besides this),  besides, 
m  oreoz'cr. 

praeter-eo,  -ire,  -il,  -itus,  go  by,  pass 
by. 

praetextus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  bordered: 
toga  praetexta,  toga  with  purple 
border,  worn  by  the  higher  magis- 
trates and  by  free-born  children. 

praetorium,  -T,  n.  general's  tent. 

pratum,  -I,  n.  meadow. 

prehend5,-ere,-hendi,-hensus,^raj/, 
seize. 

pretiosus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [pretium], 
costly,  7'aluable,  precious. 

pretium,  -1,  n.  price,  value  ;  reward, 
ransom . 

[prex,  precis],  f.  (used  mostly  in 
plur.),  prayer,  entreaty. 

prim5,  adv.  {}^x\m\x%\,  at  first,  first, 
in  the  first  place. 

primores,  -um,  m.  plur.  [primus], 
the  first  (men),  leaders,  chiefs. 

primum,  adv.  [primus], yfrj-/,  at  first. 

primus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  first,  foremost. 
(489.)     Prime.     Primal. 

princeps,  -cipis,  m.  [primus-capio], 
{taking  the  first  place),  chief, 
leader.     Prince.     Cf.  dux. 

prius,  adv.  [prior],  before,  sooner, 
previously. 

prius-quam,  zox\].soo7ier  than,  before. 

privatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [privo],  pri- 
vate. 

privo,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  deprive  ;  with 
abl. 

pro,  prep,  with  abl.  before,  in  behalf 
of,  for,  instead  of ;  considering  ;  in 
accordance  with. 

pr5bo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  prove,  ap- 
prove. 


278 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


pro-cedo,  -ere,  -cessi,  ,  come  for- 
ward, go  forward,  advance,  pro- 
ceed.    Cf.  progredior  and  pergo. 
procul,  adv./zr,  afar  off. 
pr6-curr5,  -ere,  -currl  (-cucurri),  -cur- 
surus,  run  forward,  rush  forward. 
prodigium,  -T,  n.  sign,  omen,  prodigy. 

Prodigious. 
prSditor,  -oris,  m.  betrayer,  traitor. 
pro-duco,    -ere,  -duxl,  -ductus,   lead 

forth,  britig forth.     Produce. 
proelium,  -i,  n.  battle,  cofnbat,  skir- 
mish.    Cf.  pugna. 
profectus,  see  proficlscor. 
pro-fero,  -ferre,   -tulT,    -latus,    bri>ig 

forth.     (506.) 
proficlscor,  -i,  -fectus  sum,  set  out, 
march,  go.     Cf.  exe5  and  egredior. 
pro-fundo,   -ere,   -fiidi,  -fusus,  pour 

ottt,  shed  copiously.     Profuse. 
pro-gredior,  -T,  -gressus   sum    [-gra- 
dior],  go  forward,  advance,  pro- 
gress.    Cf.  procedo  and  pergo. 
progressus,  see  progredior. 
pr5mo,  -ere,  -mpsi,  -mptus  [pr5-em5], 

take  out,  britig  forth. 
promontorium,  -T,  n.  promontory. 
pr5-moveo,  -ere,  -movi,  -motus,  move 

forward,  advance.     Promote. 
prope,  prep,  with  ace.  near,  near  to; 
adv.  close  at  hand,  nearly,  almost. 
pro-pello,  -ere,  -puli,  -pulsus,  drive 

forward,  drive.     Propel. 
propere,  adv.  hastily,  quickly. 
propero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  hasten.     Cf. 

maturd  and  contends, 
propior,   -ius,  adj.    [prope],   nearer, 

close.      (489.) 
propius,  adv.  [prope],  nearer. 
pr6-p6no,  -ere,  -posui,  -^os\t\xs,. put 


before,  set  forth  ;  make  known,  de- 
clare, propose.     Proposition. 
propter,  prep,  with  ace.  on  account  of. 
prostratus,    -a,    -urn,    adj.    thrown 
down,  prostrate. 

pro-sum,  prodesse,  profuT,  ,  be 

before,  be  useful  to,  beneft,  avail ; 
with  dat.     (345.) 
pro-tego,  -ere,  -texT,  -tectus,  cover  in 

front,  protect. 
provectus,  see  proveho. 
pro-veh5,  -ere,  -vexl,  -vectus,  carry 
forward,  carry  off;  pass,  advafice, 
proceed. 
pro-voco,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  call  forth, 

challe?tge,  invite.     Provoke. 
proximus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  nearest,  next. 

(489.)     Proximity. 
prudens,  -entis,  adj.  [for  providens], 
wise,  sagacious,  knowing,  prudent. 
prudentia,  -ae,f.  [prudens], foresight, 

sagacity,  wisdom,  prudence. 
publice,  adv.  [pubhcus],  in  the  ttame 

of  the  state,  publicly. 
publicus,    -a,    -um,    adj.    [populus], 
{pertaining  to  the  people),  public  ; 
see  res. 
pudor,    -oris,    m.   shame,   caicse  for 

shame,  disgrace. 
puella,  -ae,  f.  [diminutive  of  puer], 

girl,  7naiden. 
puer,  -e rl,  m .  boy,  ch ild.  ( 1 03 . )  Puer- 
ile. 
pugna,  -ae,  f.    [pugno],  battle,  con- 
test, fight.    Cf.  proelium.     Pugna- 
cious. 
pugno,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [pugna]  ,7?^//^ 

Cf.  dimico. 
pulcher, -chra,  -chrum,  adj.  beautiful, 
fair,  pretty. 


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279 


Pullo,  -onis,  m.  Pullo,  a  centurion, 
pulvis,  -eris,  m.  dust.     Pulverize. 
Punicus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  Carthaginian. 
puni5,   -Ire,   -Ivi   (-il),  -itus    [poena], 

punish. 
purg5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  clean,  cleanse. 

Purge. 
purus,  -a,  um,  clean,  clear,  pure. 
puts,  -are,  -avI,  -atus,  think,  believe, 

reckon.     Cf.  arbitror  and  existimo. 
putridus,  -a,  -um,   adj.  liad,   rotten, 

decayed. 
Pyrrhus,    i,    ni.   Pyrrhus,   king   of 

Epirus. 
Pythia,  -ae,  f.  Pythia,  the  inspired 

prophetess  of  Apollo  at  Delphi. 

Q.,  abbreviation  for  Qulntus. 
quadragesimus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj. 

fortieth. 
quaero,  -ere,  quaesIvT  (-il),  quaesTtus, 

seek, ask, inquire.  Cf.  peto and  rogo. 
quam,  adv.  than,  how. 
quam-quam,  conj.  though,  although. 
quando,  conj.  when. 
quand5-quidem,  conj.  since  indeed, 

since,  seeing  that. 
quantus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [quam],  how 

great,  how  much  ;  as  great  as,  as 

much  as.     Quantity. 
quartus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.   [quat- 

iMox'],  fourth.     Quart. 
quartus  decimus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj. 

fourteenth. 
qua-si,  adv.  as  if. 
quatio,  -ere, ,  quassus,  {shake), 

strike. 
quattuor,  indecl.  num.  2.6].  four. 
-que,   conj.,   enclitic,   and.     Cf.    et, 

atque,  and  ac. 


quercus,  -us,  f .  oak  tree,  oak. 

queror,  -1,  questus  sum,  complain, 
complain  of,  bewail. 

questus,  -us,  m.  [queror],  complaint, 
wailing. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  rel.  and  adj. 
pron.  who,  which,  what,  that. 
(210.) 

quia,  conj.  because.     Cf.  quod. 

quidam,  quaedam,  quod  dam  (quid- 
dam),  indef.  pron.  certain,  a  certain 

"-"''.  ''•      (335  ) 
quidem,  adv.  (never  the  first  word), 

indeed,    certainly,    in    truth :    ne 

.  .  .  quidem,  not  .  .  .  ei'en. 
quies,  -etis,  f.  [quietus],  quiet,  rest, 

repose. 
quietus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [quies],  quiet, 

inactive. 
quin,  conj.  [qui-ne],  {why  not),  but 

that,  that. 
qui-nam  (quisnam),  quaenam,  quod- 

nam    (quidnam),    interrog.    pron. 

and    adj.    who?    which?    what? 

(emphatic),  who,  pray  ?  etc. 
Quinctius,  -T,  m.  Quinctius,  family 

name  of  Cincinnatus. 
quindecim,  indecl.  num.  adj.  [quin- 

que-decem],  fifteen. 
quinquaginta,    indecl.     num.     adj. 

[quinque],  fifty. 
quinque,     indecl.    num.    adj.   five. 

Quinquennial. 
quintus,    -a,    -um    [quinque],    num. 

adj./////. 
quippe,    adv.    and    conj.   truly,   no 

doubt ;  inasmuch  as,  since. 
quis   (qui),   quae,  quid   (quod),  in- 
terrog.    pron.     and     adj.     who? 

which?  what?     (142.) 


28o 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


quis,   qua,   quid,  indef.  pron.   after 

si,  nisi,  ne,  and  num,  a}iy  one,  any- 
iking. 
quisnam,  see  quinam. 
quisquam,   quidquam    (no   fern,   or 

plur.),  indef.  pron.  any,  any  one, 

anything  {at  all).     (335.) 
quisque,   quaeque,  quidque   (quod- 

que),  indef.  pron.  each  one,  each, 

e-very.     (335.) 
qui-vis,  quaevis,  quodvis  (quidvis), 

indef.  pron.  any  one,  anything  (you 

wish),  any   whatever.     {335.) 
quo,   interrog.  and  rel.  adv.    [qui], 

whither,  where. 
quod,    conj.    because,    in    that.      Cf. 

quia, 
quo-mode,   interrog.    adv.    in    what 

2vay?  how? 
quoque,    conj.    (after    an    emphatic 

word),  also,  too.    Cf.  etiam. 
quot,  indecl.  interrog.  and  rel.  adj. 

how  many?  as  many  as:  tot  .  .  . 

quot,  as  many  .  .  .  as. 
quot-anms,  adv.  every  year,  yearly. 
quoties,  interrog.  a nd  rel.  adv.  [quot], 

how  often  ?  as  often  as. 
quoties-cumque,  adv.  how  often  so- 
ever ;  just  as  often  as. 

Racilia.  -ae,  f.  Racilia,  wife  of  Cin- 
cinnatus. 

rana,  -ae,  i.frog. 

rapina,  -ae,  f.  [rapio],  robbery,  plun- 
dering.    Rapine. 

rapio,  -ere,  -uT,  -tus,  seize;  snatch, 
drag. 

raro,  adv.  seldom,  rarely. 

ratio,  -onis,  f.,  (a  reckoning),  reason, 
method, plan,  way,  conduct.  Ratio. 


recessus,  -us,  m.  comer,  inner  room, 

recess. 
re-cipio,  -ere,  -cepT,  -ceptus  [-capi5], 
tahe    back,    receive,    recover:    se 
recipere,  withdraw,  retreat,  betake 
one  'j  self. 
re-creo,    -are,    -avi,     -at  us,    refresh, 

recreate,  revive.      Recreation. 
recte,  adv.  [rectus],  rightly. 
rectus,  -a,  -um   [reg5],  straight,  di- 
rect, right. 

re-cumbo,  -ere,  -cubuT, ,  He  down, 

sink  down.     Recumbent. 

re-curr5, -ere,  -curri, ,  {run  back), 

retire,  return.     Recur. 

re-ciis6,  -are,  -avT,  -atus  [-causa],  de- 
cline, refise. 

red-do,  -ere,  -didl,  -ditus  [re(d)-],^/ir 
back,  return,  render,  77iake. 

red-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus  [re(d)-],  go  back, 
return.     (507.) 

redigo,  -ere,  -egl,  -actus  [re(d)-ag6], 
{drive  back),  reduce,  subdue. 

redimo,  -ere,  -emi,  -emptus  [re(d)- 
emo],  buy  back,  purchase,  redeem, 
ransom. 

reditus,  -us,  m.  [redeo],  return. 

re-duc6,  -ere,  -duxl,  -ductus,  lead 
back,  bring  back.     Reduce. 

redux,  -ucis,  adj.  [reduce],  {led back), 
come  back,  returned. 

re-fero,  -ferre,  -ttulT,  -latus,  bring 
back;  reticrn,  repay;  report,  an- 
nounce: pedem  referre,  withdraw, 
retreat,  fall  back.     Relate. 

re-ficio,  -ere,  -feci,  -fectus  [-facio], 
make  over,  repair. 

refractus,  see  refringo. 

re-fring5,  -ere,  -fregl,  -fractus 
[frango],  break  down,  break  open. 


LA  TIN-ENGLISH    VOCA  B  ULA  R  Y 


2«I 


re-fugio,    ere,   -fugi,   ,  flee  for 

safety,  flee,  take  to  flight.     Refuge. 
regina,    -ae,    f.    [rego],    {the  ruling 

one),  queen. 
regio,  -onis,  i.  phice,  region,  country. 
regius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [rex],  the  king's, 

of  the  king,  royal. 
rego,  -ere,  rexi,  rectus    [rex],  rule. 

Regent. 
re-icio,   -ere,   -iecl,    -iectus    [-iacio], 

throw  back,  drive  back,  hurl  back. 

Reject. 
re-labor,  -T,  -lapsus  sum,  (slide  back), 

flow  back,  subside.     Relapse. 
re-lego,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  se?td  away, 

banish,  expel. 
re-linquo,  -ere,  -llquT,  -lictus,  leave 

behind,    leave,    abandon.      Relin- 

(jrisH. 
reliquus,  -a,  -um,  remaining,  rest  of ; 

as  noun,  the  rest.     Cf.  ceteri. 
re-mitto,  -ere,  -mIsT,   -missus,    send 

back,  give  up.     Remit. 
re-moveo,  -ere,  -movT,  -motus,  {nio-c'c 

back),  remove.     Remote. 
re-muneror,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  repay, 

reward.      REMUNERATE. 

remus,  -T,  m.  oar. 

Remus,    -i,    m.    Remus,   brother    of 

Romulus. 
re-nascor,  -I,  -natus,  {be  borti  again), 

gro'u  again,  spring  up. 
renatus,  see  renascor. 
re-nuntio,    -are,   -avi,    -atus,    report, 

announce.     Renunciation. 
re-pello,    -ere,    -pulT,    -pulsus,    <//-/rr 

away,  cast  down,  deprive  ;  repulse, 

repel. 
repente,  adv.  suddenly,  unexpectedly. 

Cf.  subito  and  statim. 


repentino,  adv.  [repente],  suddenly, 

unexpectedly. 
re-perio,  -Tre,  -pperl,  -pertus  [pario], 

flnd,  discover, ascertai7i.  Cf.invenio. 
repertor,  -oris,  m.   [reperio],  discov- 
erer, inventor. 
re-pleo,  -ere,  -plevi,  -pletus,  flll  up 

again.      REPLETE. 
re-p6no,  -ere,   -posul,   -positus,  put 

a'cvay,  store,  keep. 
re-porto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  bring  back, 

win,  gain.     REPORT.     Cf.  refero. 
re-posc6,  -ere,  ,  ,  demand 

back,  ask  for,  claim. 
repositus,  see  repono. 
re-promitto,    -ere,    -m!sl,     -missus, 

promise  in  return. 
repulsus,  see  repello. 
res,  rel,  f.  thing,  event,  circumstance, 

affair,  schetne,  cause,  matter,  fact 

(275)  :  res  publica,  republic,  state, 

commonwealth  ;  qua  re,  'wherefore. 
re-scindo,  -ere,  -scidT,  -scissus,  cutoff, 

break  down,  demolish.     Rescind. 
rescissus,  see  rescinds, 
re-sisto,    -ere,    -stiti,    ,   resist, 

oppose;  with  dat. 
re-spergo,   -ere,  -si,  -sus    [-spargo], 

bespatter,  besprinkle. 
respersus,  see  respergo. 
re-spondeo,     -ere,      -dl,      -sponsus, 

( promise  in  return),  answer,  reply, 

respond. 
responsum,  -I,  n.  [respondeo],  reply, 

response. 
re-stituo,   -ere,    -ul,   -utus    [-statuo], 

replace,  restore.     Restitution. 
re-tineo,  -ere,  -ul,   -tentus  [-teneo], 

keep  back,  reserve.     Retain. 
reversus,  see  revertor. 


282 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


re-vertor,  -i,  -sus  sum  (active  in  perf., 

plup.,   and  fut.  perf.),  turn  back, 

return.     Revert. 
rex,  regis,  m.   [rego],  {ruler),  king. 

(479,  a)     Regal. 
Rhea   Silvia,   -ae,    f.   Rhea   Silvia, 

a  priestess  of  Vesta  and  mother 

of  Romulus  and  Remus. 
rideo,    -ere,     risi,    risus,    laugh    at, 

laugh.     Deride. 
rigeo,    -ere,   ,  ,    be    numb. 

Rigid. 
rima,  -ae,  f.  crack,  chink. 
ripa,  -ae,  f.  bank. 
rivus,  -i,  m.  brook.     Rivulet. 
robur,  -oris,  n.  oak  ;  strength.   Cf .  vis. 
rogO,  -are,  -avT,  -atus,  ask,  question. 

Cf.  quaero,  peto,  and  postulo. 
rogus,  -i,  Xi\.  funeral  pile,  pyre. 
Roma,  -ae,  f.  Rome. 
Romanus,    -a,    -um,    adj.    [Roma], 

Roman  ;  masc.  as  noun,  a  Ro7uan. 
Romulus,  -T,  m.  Romulus,  first  king 

of  Rome, 
rosa,  -ae,  f.  rose. 
rudis,    -e,    adj.    rude,   uncultivated, 

ignorant. 
ruo,  -ere,  ruT,  rutus  (ruitus),  hasten, 

hurry,  run,  rush. 
rupes,  -is,  f.   steep    rock,    cliff.     Cf. 

sazum. 
rursus,  adv.  [for  reversus],  {tttmeii 

back),  again. 
rus,   rfiris,   n.  the  country.     (195,  b, 

197.)     Cf.  patria  and  terra, 
rusticus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [rus],  of  the 

country,  rustic,  provincial. 

Sabini,   -orum,   m.   the   Sabines,   a 
tribe  of  Italy. 


sacer,  -era,  -cnim,  adj.  sacred. 
sacerdos,   -otis,    m.   and   f.  [sacer], 

priest,  priestess. 
sacrificium,   -T,   n.  [sacrifice],   sac- 
rifice. 
sacrifico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [sacer-facio], 

sacrifice. 
saepe,  adv.  often,  frequently.     {490.) 
saepio,  -Ire,  -si,  -tus,  {hedge  in),  sur- 
round, forti/y,  guard. 
saevus,  -a,    -um,  adj.  cruel,  savage, 

fierce.     Cf.  atrox  and  trux. 
sagitta,  -ae,  f.  arrow. 
salto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  dance. 
saltus,  -lis,  TO.,  forest,  glade,  thicket. 
saliibris,   -e,   adj.    [salus],   healthy, 

wholesome,  salutary. 
salQs,     -utis,     f.     safety,    welfare; 

greeting. 
saluto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  \szS.\\^, greet, 

salute,  welcome.     Salutatory. 
salvus, -a,  -um,  adj.  [salus],  unhurt, 

safe,  sound.     Cf.  tutus, 
sanguis,  -inis,  m.  blood.     Cf.  cruor. 
sapiens,  -entis,  adj.  wise,  sensible. 
sapienter,  adv.  [sapiens],  wisely. 
sapientia,  -ae,  f.  [sapiens],  wisdom. 
satis,      adv.      enough,      sufficietitly. 

Satisfy. 
saxum,  -i,  n.  stone,  rock.     Cf.  riipes. 
scelus,  -eris,  n.  wickedness,  crime. 
schola,  -ae,  f.  school. 
scintillula,  -ae,  f.  tiny  spark. 
scio,   -ire,   scivi    (-il),    scTtus,    know, 

know  how.     SCIENCE.     Cf.  nosco 

and  cognosco. 
Scipi5,  -5nis,  m.   Scipio,  a   famous 

Roman  general.     (Page  97.) 
sciscitor,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  ask,  inquire, 


LA  TIN- ENGLISH    VOCA BULARY 


283 


scriba,  -ae,  m.  [scrlbo],  writer,  clerk, 

secretary.     ScRIBE. 
scribo,  -ere,  scrlpsi,  scriptus,  write. 

Scripture. 
scriptor,  -Oris,    m.    [scribo],  writer, 

author. 
scriptus,  sec  scribo. 
scutum,  -I,  n.  shield.     (Page  163.) 
se,  sese,  see  sui. 
sectio,  -Onis,  f.,  (a  cutting),  sale  of 

confiscated  goods,  booty.     Section. 
secundus,    -a,    -um,   adj.    [sequor], 

following,  next ;  second. 
sed,  conj.  iut.  Cf.  autem. 
sede5,   -ere,   sedl,  sessurus  [sedes], 

sit.     Sedentary. 
sedes,  -is,  f.   [sedeo],  seat,  dwelling, 

perch. 
seditio,   -onis,    f.    [sedeo],    discord, 

revolt,  sedition. 
sella,  -ae,  f.  [sedeo],  seat,  chair. 
setnel,  num.  adv.  once,  once  for  all. 
semper,  adv.  always,  ever. 
sempiternus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [semper], 

everlasting. 
senatus,  -us,  m.   [senex],  cotmcil  of 

elders,  senate. 
senectus,  -litis,  f.  [senex],  old  age. 
senex,  senis,  adj.  old ;  as  noun,  old 

man.     {260.)     Senile. 
senior,     -oris,     m.     [senex],    elder. 

Senior. 
senti5,  -ire,  sensi,  sensus,/tv/,  know 

{by  the  senses),  see,  perceive.     Cf. 

percipio. 
sepeli5,  -Ire,  -ivi  (-ii),  sepultus,  bury, 
■  inter. 

septem,  indecl.  num.  adj.  seven. 
September,  -bris  [septem],  Septem- 
ber. 


septen-decim,  indecl.  num.  adj. 
[septem-decem],  seventeen. 

Septimus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [sep- 
tem], seventh. 

sequor,  -T,  secutus  ?,\xm,  follow. 

sero,  adv.  late,  too  late. 

serpens,  -entis,  m.  serpent,  snake. 

servitus,  -utis,  f.  [servus],  slavery, 
servitude. 

serv5,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  save,  keep,  pre- 
serve. 

servus,  -T,  m.  slave,  servant. 

sessor,  -oris,  m.  [sedeo],  sitter, 
rider. 

seu,  see  sive. 

sex,  indecl.  num.  adj.  six. 

sextus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [sex], 
sixth . 

Sextus,  -1,  m.  Sextus,  a  Roman  first 
name. 

sextus  decimus,  -a,  -um,  sixteenth. 

si,  conj.  if,  whether. 

sic,  adv.  so,  thus,  in  this  way.  Cf. 
ita  and  tam. 

siccus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  dry  :  in  sicco,  on 
dry  ground. 

Sicilia,  -ae,  f.  Sicily. 

significatio, -onis,  f.,  {a  pointing  out), 
announcement,  signal. 

signum,  -1,  n.  mark,  sign,  ensign, 
signal.     (Page  151.) 

silentium,  -T,  n.  silence. 

silva,  -ae,  f.  wood,  forest.     Silvan. 

similis,  -e,  adj.  [simul],  like,  re- 
sembling, similar.     (254.) 

simplex,  -icis,  adj.  simple,  sincere. 

simul,  adv.  [similis],  at  the  same 
time :  simul  ac,  as  soon  as. 

simultas,  -atis,  f.  [similis],  rivalry. 

sine,  prep,  with  abl.  without. 


284 


FIRST   YEAR   LATIN 


singularis,  -e,  adj.  [singuli],  single. 

Singular. 
singuli,  -ae,  -a,  adj.  one  at  a  time, 

one  on  each  side,  single,  separate. 
sinister,  -tra,  -trum,  adj.  left  {hand). 

Sinister. 
sitiens,  -entis,  adj.  thirsty. 
situs,  -a,  -um,  adj.  placed,  set,  lying, 

situated. 
si-ve  or  seu,  conj.  or  if,  whether: 

seu  .   .  .  seu,  whether  .  .  .  or. 
societas,  -atis,  f.   [socius],  alliance, 

association,  partnership  ;  society. 
socius,   -i,  m.  comrade,   companion, 

ally.     Social. 
sol,  solis,   m.  (no  gen.   plur.),  sun. 

Solar. 
soleo,  -ere,  solitus  sum  (semi-depo- 
nent), be  accustomed,  be  wont. 
solum,  adv.  [solus],  alone,  only. 
solus,   -a,    -um,   adj.   alone,   single; 

sole. 
solyo,-ere,  solvl,  solutus, /i^^j^?,  loosen; 

melt ;  break  ;  pay.     Solve. 
somnus,  -T,  m.  sleep.     Somnolent. 
sonitus,  -us,  m.  [sono],  sound,  tioise, 

din,  clash. 
S0n5,  -are,  -ul,  -itus,  sound,  resound. 
sopor,  -oris,  m.  sleep,  slumber. 
soror,  -oris,  f.  sister. 
sors,  sortis,  f.  lot,  luck,  fo7-tiine,  fate. 
spatium,  -I,  n.  rootn,  space,  distance, 

time. 
species    (-ei),    f.    sight,   appearance, 

pretence.     Species. 
specto,  -are,-avl,  -atus,  look  at,  behold, 

7vitness.        SPECTACLE. 
speculor,   -arl,   -atus    sum,    spy  out, 

watch, examine; peep.  Speculate. 
spelunca,  -ae,  f.  cave,  cavern,  den. 


sperno,  -ere,  sprevi,  spretus,  despise, 

reject,  scorn,  spurn. 
spero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [spes],  hope, 

hope  for. 
spes,  speT,  f.  [spero],  hope :  in  spem 

venire,  to  entertain  hopes. 

splendeo,  -ere, , ,  shitie. 

splendidus,     -a,     -um     [splendeo], 

splendid,  fine,  handso7ne,  magnifi- 

cent. 
spolio,  -are,    -avT,    -atus    [spolium], 

rob,  plunder,  spoil,  despoil. 
spolium,  -T,  n.   [spolio],  booty,  prey, 

spoil.    Cf.  praeda. 
sponte  (sua),  only  abl.  of  (one's  own) 

accord. 
squalor,  -oris,  m.  dirt, filth.  Squalid. 
stabulum,  -I,  n.  [st.d], {standingplace), 

stable,  stall. 
statim,  adv.  [sto],  {standing  there), 

on  the  spot,  immediately,  at  once. 

Cf.  subito  and  repente. 
statio,  -onis,  f.  [sto],  {standing place), 

post,  station. 
statua,  -ae,  f.  [statuo],  {the  thing  set 

up),  statue. 
statuo,  -ere,  -uT,  -litus  [sto],  {make 

stand,  set  up), fix,  determine,  decide. 
statiira,  -ae,  f.  [sto],  stature. 
Stella,  -ae,  f.  star. 
sterilis,  -e,  adj.  barren,  sterile. 
stipendium,  -T,  n.  wages,  pay ;  mili- 
tary service.     Stipend. 
sto,  stare,  stetT,  status,  stand. 
stolide,    adv.     [stolidus],    stupidly, 

stolidly. 
stolidus,  -a,  -um  [stolide],  dull,  stu- 
pid 
stringo,  -ere,  strinxT,  strictus,  draw 

tight;  draw.  Stringent.  Strict. 


LA  TIN-ENGLISH    VOCABULA  R  Y 


285 


studium,  -T,  n.  zeal,  eagerness  ;  study. 
stultitia.  -ae,  i.  foolishness,  folly. 
stupeo,  -Cre,  -ui, ,  be  astonished, 

be  amazed. 
suadeo,  -C-re,  -si,  -sus,  advise,  urge. 
sub,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl.  under, 

up  to. 
sub-do,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  put  under, 

set  to. 
sub-eo,  -ire,  -ii,  -itus,  go  under,  go.  up 

to,  enter  :  undergo.     (507.) 
sub-ici5,    -ere,  -ieci,  -iectus  [-iacio], 

put  under,  place  under  ;  with  dat. 
sub-igo,    -ere,    -egl,    -actus     [-ago], 

bring  under,  subdue. 
subito,  adv.  suddenly,  unexpectedly. 

Cf.  repente  and  statim. 
sub-levo,   -are,    -avT,   -atus,   lift   up, 

raise  up. 
sublicius,   -a,   -um,    adj.    resting  on 

piles  :  pons  Sublicius,  the  Sublician 

bridge,  i.e.  the  pile  bridge. 
sub-mergo,    -ere,     -mersT,    -mersus, 

sink,  overwhelm,  submerge. 

sub-rideo,  -ere,  -risl, ,  smile. 

subsidium,    -I,    n.    help,  aid,  relief. 

Subsidy.     Cf.  auxilium  and  prae- 

sidium. 
sub-venio,  -Ire,  -venl,  -ventus,  {come 

to  one  'j  relief),  help,  aid,  assist. 
suc-cid5,    -ere,    -cidi,    -cTsus     [sub- 

caedo],     {cut   from    tnider),    cut 

down,  fell. 
succinctus,  see  succingo. 
suc-cingo,  -ere,  -cInxT.-cinctus  [sub-], 
gird  up,  put  on  with  a  girdle  ;  pro- 
vide. 
suc-curro,  -ere,  -curri,  -cursus  [sub-], 

{run  up  to),  help,  aid,  succor. 
sudor,  -oris,  m.  sweat. 


sui,  reflex,  pron.  of  himself  {herself 

itself,  themselves).     (492.) 
sum,    esse,    ful,    futurus,    be,    exist. 

(502.) 
summus,     -a,     -um,     adj.     highest, 

greatest,    extreme.      (4S9.)      Sum. 

C0NSUMM.A.TE. 
sum5,  -ere,   siimpsi,   sumptus,   take, 

take  up  ;  assume. 
super,  prep,  with  ace.  and  abl.  over, 

above,  upon. 
super-adst5,  -stare,  -stitl, ,  stand 

above,  appear  above. 
super-iacio,  -ere,  -iecT,  -iectus,  throw 

oz'er.  cast  upon. 
superiectus,  see  superiacio. 
super-incido,  -ere,  ,  ,  fall 

upon  from  above. 
superior,  -ius,  adj.  higher,  superior. 

(489.) 
supero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [super], pass 

over;    surpass,    outdo,    overcome, 

conquer.     Cf.  praesto  and  vinco. 
super-sum,  -esse,  -fuT, ,  be  over, 

be  left  over  ;    survive ;  with   dat. 

(345-) 
superus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [sm^qx],  above. 

(489.) 
supplex,  -icis,  adj.,  {kneeling  in  en- 
treaty),    hu/nble,    suppliant;     as 

noun,  supplia>it. 
supplicium,  -T,  n.  [supplex],  punish- 

tnent,  torture. 
supra,  adv.  [superus],  above,  before. 
supremus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [superus], 

last.     (489.)     Supreme. 
sus-cipio,  -ere,  -cepT,  -ceptus  [sub- 

capio],  take  up,  undertake. 
suspicio,  -onis,  f.  [suspicor],  suspi- 
cion. 


286 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


su-spicor,  -an,  -atus  sum  [suspicio], 

suspect,  mistrust. 
sus-tineo,  -ere,  -tinui,  -tentus  [sub- 

teneo],    hold   up,    bear,    endure; 

support;  withstand,  sustain. 
suus,  -a,  -um,  possess,  and  reflex,  adj. 

and  pron.  [sul],  his,  her,  hers,  its, 

their,  theirs.      (229.) 

T.,  abbreviation  of  Titus. 

tacitus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  silent.     Tacit. 

talis,  -e,  adj.  such. 

tarn,  adv.  so,  so  much.     Cf.  ita  and 

sic. 
tamen,  adv.  yet,  but,  however,  never- 
theless. 
tandem,  adv.  [tarn-],  {just  so  far),  at 

length,  finally. 
tango,    -ere,    tetigi,    tactus,    touch. 

Tan'gent. 
tantulus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [diminutive  of 

tantus],  so  small. 
tantum,  adv.  [tantus],  only. 
tantus,    -a,    -um,    adj.    so   great,   so 

much,  such. 
tarditas,  -atis,  f.  [tardus],  slowness. 
tardo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tardus],  delay, 

hinder. 
tardus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [tardo],  slow, 

sluggish,  tardy. 
Tarentinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  of  Taren- 

tum,   a   city   of    southern    Italy; 

masc.  plur.   as   noun,   the   Taren- 

tines. 
Tarpeius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  Tarpeian. 
Tarquinius,  -T,  m.  Tarquin,  name  of 

two  kings  of  Rome. 
tectum,  -T,  n.  [tego],  roof,  house. 
tego,  -ere,  texT,  tectus,  cover,  conceal. 
telum,  -1,  n.  weapon. 


temere,  adv.  rashly,  iticonsiderately. 
tempestas,  -atis,  f.  [tempus],  storm, 

tempest,  weather. 
templum,  -T,  n.  temple.     (Page  93.) 
tempus,  -oris,  n.  titne.     Temporal. 
teneo,   -ere,   -ui,   tentus,  hold,   keep, 

have. 
tener,  -era,  -erum,  adj.  soft,  delicate, 

tender. 
tento,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  try,  attempt. 

Cf.  experior. 
tergum,  -T,  n.  back :  a  tergo,  behind, 

in  the  rear. 
tero,    -ere,    trivl,    tritus,    {rub,    wear 

away),  pass,  spend,  waste. 
terra,    -ae,    f.    earth,  land ;    region. 

Terrace. 
terreo,     -ere,     -uT,     -itus     [terror], 

frighten,  alartn,  terrify. 
terrestris,    -e,    adj.     [terra],    of  the 

land,  land.      TERRESTRIAL. 
terribilis,  -e,  adj.  [terreo],  dreadful, 

frightful,  terrible.     Cf.  horribilis. 
terror,    -oris,    m.     [terreo],    terror, 

alarm,  fear.     Cf.  pavor. 
tertium,  adv.  [\.en\\i.?,'],the third tifne. 
tertius,    -a,    -um,   num.   adj.    [tres], 

third. 
tertius  decimus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj. 

thirteenth. 
thalamum,  -i,  n.  chamber. 
Tiberis,  -is,  m.  (ace.  -im),  the  Tiber. 

a  river  of  Italy. 
Ticinus,  -i,  m.  the  Ticinus,  a  river  of 

Italy. 
timeo,  -ere,  -ui,  -,fear,  be  afraid 

of.     Timid.     Cf.  vereor. 
timidus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  \f\m&o\,  faint- 
hearted, timid.     Cf.  pavidus. 
tintinnabulum,  -i,  n.  bell. 


LA  TIN-ENGLISH    VOCABULAR  Y 


287 


Tiryns  (ace.  Tiryntha),  f.  Tiryns,  a 

city  of  Greece. 
Titus,  -I,  m.   Titus,  a  Roman  first 

name, 
toga,  -ae,  f.  toga. 
togatus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [toga],  clad  in 

the  toga. 
tolero,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  bear,  endure. 

Tolerate.    Cf.  fero. 
toUo,    -ere,  sustulT,   sublatus,   raise, 

pick  up,  take. 
Torquatus,  -i,  m.  [torquis],  Torqua- 

tus,  surname  of  Titus  Manlius. 
torquis,  ■is,m.  ckain,  necklace,  collar. 
t5tus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  whole,  all,  entire. 

(312.)     ToT.VL.     Cf.    omnis,   uni- 

versus,  and  cunctus. 
trabs,  trabis,  f.  beam,  timber,  log. 
tracts,     -are,    -avI,    -atus     [traho], 

handle,  feel  of. 
tra-do,   -ere,    -didi,    -ditus    [trans-], 

give  over,  give  tip,  surrender,  de- 
liver: tradunt,  they  say. 
traho,    -ere,     traxi,    tractus,    draw, 

drag,  lead.    Traction. 
tra-icio,    -ere,    -iecT,   -iectus    [trans- 

iacio],  throw  across,  cross ;  pierce. 
tra-no,  -are,  -avT, [trans-],  swim 

across. 
trans,  prep,  with  ace.  across,  beyond, 

over,  the  other  side  of. 
trans-eo,  -Tre,  -ii,  -itus,  go  over,  cross. 

(507.)    Transit. 
trans-figo,  -ere,    -fixi,    -fixus,  pierce 

through,  stab.     TRANSFIX, 
transfixus,  see  transfigo. 
trans-fodio,  -ere,  -fodi,  -fossus,  run 

through,  pierce  through,  stab. 
trans-fugio,  -ere,  -fugT, ,go  over 

(to  the  enemy),  desert. 


trecenti,  -ae,  -a,  num.  adj.  [tre.s- 
centum],  three  hundred. 

tre-decim,  num.  adj.  [tres-deeem], 
thirteen. 

trepidatio,  -onis,  f.  [trepido],  con- 
fused hurry,  alarm,  consternation, 
trepidation. 

trepido,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  be  in  alarm, 
be  in  confusion. 

tres,  tria,  num.  adj.  three.     (304.) 

tribunal,  -alis,  n.  [inhvinMs],  judg- 
tnent  seat,  tribunal. 

tribunus,  -T,  m.  tribune,  a  Roman 
ofticer. 

triginta,  indecl.  num.  adj.  [tres], 
thirty. 

tristis,  -e,  adj.  sad,  gloomy.  Cf. 
maestus. 

triumphalis,  -e,  adj.  [triumphus], 
triumphal,  having  enjoyed  a  tri- 
umph. 

triumpho,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [tri- 
umphus], celebrate  a  triumph. 

triumphus,  -I,  m.  [triumpho],  tri- 
umph. 

Troia,  -ae,  f .  Troy,  an  ancient  city  of 
Asia  Minor. 

trux,  trucis,  adj.  wild,  harsh,  savage, 
fierce.     Cf.  atrox  and  saevus. 

tu,  pers.  pron.  thou,  you.     (492.) 

tuba,  -ae,  f.  trumpet.     (Page  35.) 

tugurium,  -T,  n.  hut,  cottage. 

turn,  adv.  at  that  time,  then. 

tumulus,  -T,  m.  mound,  bank  of  earth, 
dike. 

tunc,  adv.  [tum],  at  that  time, 
then. 

turba,  -ae,  f.  [turbo],  crowd,  throng. 

turbo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [turba],  dis- 
turb, confuse,  trouble. 


288 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


turbulentus,  -a,  -urn  [turba],  stirred 
up,  troubled;  tniiddy.  Turbulent. 

turpis,  -e,  adj.  ug/y,foul ;  base,  dis- 
graceful, shameful. 

turris,  -is,  f.  tower.   (479.)    Turret. 

tutela,  -ae,  f.  guardianskip,  charge, 
care.     Tutelary. 

tutus,  -a,  -urn,  adj.  safe.     Cf.  salvus. 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  possess,  adj.  and  pron. 
thy,  thitie ;  your,  yours  (of  only 
one  person).     (229.) 

ubi,  interrog.  and  rel.  adv.   where, 

when. 
ulciscor,  -i,  ultus  sum,  avenge. 
Ulixes,-is,  m.  Ulysses,  a  Greek  hero. 
uUus,    -a,    -um,    adj.     [for    unulus, 

diminutive  of  unus],  any,  any  one. 

(312.) 
ultimus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  furthest,  last. 

(489.)     Ultimate. 
umerus,  -!,  m.  shoulder. 
umquam,  adv.  at  any  time,  ever. 
unda,  -ae,  f.  wave.    Undulate. 
unde,  interrog.  and  rel.  adv.  whence. 
undecim,  indecl.    num.    adj.    [unus- 

decem],  eleven. 
undecimus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [un- 
decim], eleventh. 
undevicesimus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj. 

[unus-de-vlginti],  nitteteenth. 
undique,  adv.  froin  all  parts,  on  all 

sides,  evetywhere. 
unguis,  -is,  m.  tiail,  claw,  talon. 
unicus,   -a,  -um,   adj.    [unus],  only. 

Unique. 
universus,     -a,     -um,     adj.     [unus- 

versus],  {turned  into  one),  whole, 

all,  in  a  mass.     Universal.     Cf. 

cunctus,  omnis,  and  totus. 


unus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  one ;  alone. 
(304-) 

urbs,  -is,  f.  city.     (169.)     Suburbs. 

usus,  -us,  m.  use,  benefit,  advantage. 

ut  or  uti,  adv.  and  conj.  how,  as, 
when  ;  that,  in  order  that,  so  that, 
to. 

uter,  -tra,  -trum,  interrog.  pron. 
%vhich  {of  two) .'  uter  .  .  .  utri, 
zvhich  .  .  .  to  the  other.      {312.) 

uter,  -tris,  m.  leather  bottle,  skin  (of 
wine). 

uterque,  utraque,  utrumque,  indef. 
pron.  each  {of  two),  both.     {312.) 

utilis,  -e,  adj.  [utor],  useful,  advan- 
tageous.    Utility. 

utor,  -1,  usus  sum,  use,  employ,  en- 
joy, maintain ;  with  abl.     (388.) 

uxor,  -oris,  f.  wife. 

vacuus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  empty,  vacant, 

destitute. 
vagina,  -ae,  f.  sheath,  scabbard. 
vagitus,  -lis,  m.  a  crying. 
vagor,  -arl,  -atus  sum,  wander. 
valeo,  -ere,  -uT,  -iturus,  be  strong,  be 

in  good   health  :    vale,    farewell, 

good-bye. 
Valerius,  -I,  m.  Valerius,  a  Roman 

name. 
validus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [vale5],  strong, 

stout,  sturdy.     Valid.     Cf.  fortis. 
vallum,  -1,  n.  earthrvorks,  7-ampart. 
varius,  -a,  -um,  adj.  various. 
vas,  vasis,  f.  (plur.  vasa,  -orum,  n.), 

vase,  pot. 
vasto,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [vastus],  lay 

waste,  ravage. 
vastus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [vasto],  waste, 

desolate  ;  immense,  huge. 


LA  TIN-ENGLISH    I  'OCA  BULARY 


289 


-ve,  conj.,  enclitic  (44,  3),  or. 

vectus,  see  veho. 

vehementer,  adv.  eagerly,  earnestly, 
very  much,  vehemently. 

veho,  -ere,  vexi,  vectus,  carry, 
draw,  convey;  pass,  ride,  sail. 
Vehicle. 

vel,  conj.  [vol5],  or :  vel  .  .  .  vel, 
either  .  .  .  or.     Cf.  aut. 

velo,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  coz'cr,  encircle, 
envelope,  veil. 

vel5citas,  -atis,  f.  swiftness,  velocity. 

vel-ut,  adv.y«j/  as,  as  if,  like. 

venator,  -oris,  m.  [venor],  hunter. 

vendo,  -ere,  -didi,  -ditus,  sell,  vend. 

venenum,  -T,  n.  poison.     Venom. 

venia,  -ae,  f.  indulgence,  favor.  Ve- 
nial. 

venio,  -ire,  veni,  ventus,  come. 

venor,  -ari,  -atus  sum,  hunt,  chase. 

venter,  -tris,  m.  belly,  stomach. 

ventus,  -T,  m.  wind. 

ver,  veris,  n.  spring.     Vernal. 

verbum,  -T,  n.  word.     Verb. 

verecundia,  -ae,  f.  bashfulness,  mod- 
esty ;  reverence. 

vereor,  -eri,  -itus  sum./t'ar,  reverence, 
respect.     Cf.  timeo. 

Vergilius,  -i,  m.  Vergil,  a  famous 
Roman  poet.     (Page  125.) 

Veritas,  -atis,  f.  \y^\Vi%\,  truth,  verity. 

vero,  adv.  [verus],  in  truth,  but. 

verso,  -are,  -avi,  -atus  [verto],  turn  ; 
deal  with. 

versus,  sec  verto. 

verto,  -ere,  -tl,  -sus,  tur7i,  change. 

verus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  true,  real. 

vescor,  -i, ,  eat.     Cf.  edo. 

vesper,  -erT,  m.  n'eniug,  nightfall. 

Vesta,  -ae,  f.  Vesta,  a  goddess. 


vester,  -tra,  -trum,  possess,  adj.  and 
pron.  your,  yours  (of  more  than 
one  person).     (229.) 

vestimentum,  -I,  n.  [vestis],  clothing, 
garment.     Vestment. 

vestis,  -is,  f.  garment,  robe,  clothing. 

Veturia,  -ae,  f.  Veturia,  mother  of 
Coriolanus. 

vetus,  -eris,  adj.  old.  (260.)  Vet- 
eran.    Cf.  antiquus. 

via,  -ae,  f.  way,  road,  street ;  gap. 

viator,  -oris,  m.  [via],  traveller. 

vicesimus,  -a,  -um,  num.  adj.  [vi- 
gintl],  twentieth. 

vicinus,  -a,  -um,  adj.  [vicus],  near, 
neighboring;  masc.  as  noun,  neigh- 
bor.    Vicinity. 

victor,  -oris,  m.  [vinco],  conqueror, 
victor  ;  as  adj.  victorious. 

vict5ria,  -ae,  f.  [victor],  victory. 

viCUS,  -I,  m.  village,  district,  street. 

video,  -ere,  vidl,  vTsus,  see,  perceive  ; 
pass,  be  seen,  seem.     Vision. 

vigilia,  -ae,  f.  watch,  night  watch. 

vimen,  -inis,  n.  pliant  twig,  withe, 
osier. 

vincio,  -Tre,  vinxT,  vinctus,  bind. 

vinc5,  -ere,  vlci,  victus,  conquer,  de- 
feat.    Cf.  supero. 

vinculum,  -T,  n.  [vincio],  chain, bond: 
in  vincula,  into  prison,  in  chains. 

vindico,  -are,  -avi,  -atus,  lay  claim 
to,  claim,  demand.     VINDICATE. 

vinea,  -ae,  f.  covered  shed,  movable 
shelter,  vinea.    (Page  155.) 

vinum,  -I,  n.  wine. 

violentia,  -ae,  {.fury,  violence. 

vir,  virJ,  m.  man,  hero.  (478.)  Cf. 
homo. 

vireo,  -ere,  , ,  be  green. 


290 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


virga,  -ae,  f.  twig,  rod. 
virg5,  -inis,  f.  maiden,  virgin. 
virgula,  -ae,  f.   [virga],  little  twig, 

small  7-od. 
virtus,  -utis,  f.  [vir],  manliiiess,  cotir- 

age,  bravery ;  virtue,  valor. 
vis,  see  volo,  wish. 
vis,    vis,    f.   strength,  power,   force, 

violence.     (482.)     Cf.  robur. 
visus,  -us,  m.  [video],  sight,  appcar- 

attce. 
vita,  -ae,  f.  [vivo],  life.     Vital. 
vitis,  -is,  f.  vine. 
vitium,  -T,  n.  [vitis],  {a  ftioral  twist), 

fault,  blemish,  vice.     Cf.  culpa. 
viv5,  -ere,  vixi, ,  live.    Cf.  habito 

and  incolo.     Vivid. 
vix,  adv.  hardly,  with  difficulty. 
voco,    -are,   -avi,    -atus    [vox],    call. 

Vocation.     Cf.  appello. 
Volcanus,  -i,  m.  Vulcan,  the  god  of 

fire. 
volnero,   -are,    -avi,   -atus    [volnus]. 


wound,  hurt,  injure.  VULNER- 
ABLE. 

volnus,  -eris,  n.  [volnero],  wound. 

V0I5,  -are,  -avi,  -atiirus,y?}'.  Vola- 
tile. 

volo,  velle,  volui,  ,  wish,  be  will- 
ing, desire,  intend.     (505.) 

Volsci,  -orum,  the  Volscians,  a  people 
of  Italy. 

voltus,  -us,  m.  countcnatice,  looks, 
features. 

Volumnia,  -ae,  f.  Volumnia,  wife  of 
Coriolanus. 

voluntas,  -atis,  f.  [volo],  will,  good 
will,  consent.     VOLUNTARY. 

voluptas,  -atis,  f.  [vol5],  pleasure, 
enjoyment. 

Vorenus,  -i,  m.  Vorenus,  a  centurion. 

v5x,  vocis,  f.  [voco],  voice,  word, 
remark.    VoCAL. 

vulpes, -is,  f . /^jf .     Vulpine. 

Zama,  -ae,  f.  Zama,  a  town  in  Africa. 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY 


For  the  principal  pans  of  verbs  and  otlier  details  not  giv 
to  the  Latin-English  vocabulary  or  to  the  special  vocabiilarii 
verbs  indicate  the  conjugation. 


ere,  reference  may  be  made 
The  figures,  i,  2,  3,  4  after 


a,  an,  commonly  not  translated ;  qul- 
dam,  quaedam,  quoddam  (quid- 
<Jam)  (335,  496). 

about,  de,  with  abl. 

about  to  (love,  etc.),/«A  act.  part. 

account  of  (on),  abl.  of  cause. 

active,  impiger,  -gra,  -gnim  ;  acer, 
acris,  acre. 

adorn,  orno,  i. 

advance,  procedo,  3. 

advise,  moneo,  2  (49S). 

afraid  (be),  vereor,  2;  timeo,  2. 

Africa,  Africa,  -ae,  y^ 

after,  sometimes  implied  in  par- 
ticiple. 

afterwards,  postea,  deinde. 

again,  rursus. 

aid,  n.  auxilium,  auxilT,  n. 

aid,  V.  iuvo,  i. 

air,  aer,  aeris  (ace.  aera),  in. 

alas !  eheu  ! 

all,  omnis,  -e  ;  totus,  -a,  -um  (312). 

ally,  sociu.s,  socT,  vi. 

alone,  solus,  -a,  -um  ;  unus,  -a,  -um 

(31-^)- 
already,  iam. 
also,  quoque. 
altar,  ara.  -ae,/ 
although,  cum,  loitli  subjv. 


always,  semper. 

among,  inter,  with  ace. ;  in,  with  abl. 

Amulius,  Amulius,  -T,  in. 

ancient,  antlquus,  -a,  -um. 

and,  et,  atque  (ac)  ;  -que. 

anger,  ira,  -ae,  / 

animal,  animal,  -alls,  n.  (169). 

another,  alius,  -a,  -ud  (486). 

answer,  responded,  2. 

any.  any  one,  any  thing,  ullus,  -a, 

-um  (312);  aliquis,  aliqua,  aliquid 

(aliquod)  (335);  quisquain,  , 

quidquam  (335)  ;  quIvTs,  quaevis, 

quidvis  (quodvTs)  (335). 
approach,  adpropinquo,  i. 
arm,  armo,  i. 
arms,  arma,  -orum,  n. 
army,  e.xercitus,  -us,  vi. 
arrow,  sagitta,  -ae,/. 
art,  ars,  artis,/. 
as,  cum,  with  subjv. 
ask,    interrogo,    i  ;     (for),  rogo,    i  ; 

peto,  3. 
assemble,  congrego,  i ;  conveniS,  4. 
as  to  (after  so,  such,  etc.),  ut. 
at,  in,  with  ccc.  or  abl. ;  with  names 

of  towns,  locative  case  '195);  abl. 

0/  cause  ;  abl.  of  time. 
Athens,  Athenae,  -a.rnm,  f.  plur. 


292 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


at  last,  iam,  tandem, 
attack,  n.  impetus,  -us,  m. 
Augustus,  Augustus,  -I,  m. 
away  from,  a  or  ab,  with  abl. 

bad,  malus,  -a,  -um  (260). 

battle,    pugna,    -ae,   /. ;    proelium, 

-T,  n. 
be,  sum  (502). 
bear,    fero    (506);    tolero,    i  ;    sus- 

tineS,  2. 
beautiful,  pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum. 
because,  quod ;  quia, 
become,  fI6  (508). 

before,  ante,  with  ace.  ;  pr5,  with  abl. 
behooves  (it),  oportet,  2. 
benefit,  prosum  (504),  with  dat. 
between,  inter,  with  ace 
beyond,  extra,  with  ace. 
bid,  iubeo,  2. 
bind,  vinci5,  4. 
bird,  avis,  -is,/.  (169,  <r). 
black,  niger,  -gra,  -grum. 
blame,  culp5,  i. 
body,  corpus,  -oris,  n. 
bold,  audax,  -acis  ;  fortis,  -e. 
boldly,  cum  audacia. 
book,  liber,  -brl,  m. 
both  (each  of  two),   uterque,  utra- 

que,  utrumque  (312)  ;  ambo,  -ae, 

-5  ;  both  .  .  .  and,  at  .  .  .  at. 
boy,  puer,  -eri,  m. 
brave,  fortis,  -e. 
bravely,  fortiter  ;  cum  virtute. 
bravery,  virtus,  -utis,/ 
bridge,  pons,  pontis,  m. 
bring,    ports,    i  ;    faro  (506) ;  (up), 

educ5,  I. 
Britain,  Britannia,  -ae,y. 
Briton,  Britannus,  -I,  m. 


broad,  latus,  -a,  -um. 

brother,  frater,  -tris,  m. 

Brutus,  Brutus,  -1,  m. 

build,  aedifico,  i. 

building,  aadificium,  -T,  «. 

but,  sed  ;  autem  ;  at. 

buy,  emo,  3. 

by,  a,  ab,  with  abl.;  denoting  means 
or  instrument,  abl.  alone ;  some- 
times ijiiplied  ill  participle. 

Caesar,  Caesar,  -aris,  m. 

call,  appalls,  i  ;  voc5,  i. 

camp,  castra,  -orum,  n.  plitr. 

can,  possum  (503). 

Capua,  Capua,  -aa,/. 

care,  cura,  -ae,/. 

care  for,  euro,  i. 

carefully,  cum  cura. 

carry,  ports,  i;   fero  (506);   carry 

on  war,  helium  gero. 
Carthage,  Carthago,  -inis,/ 
Carthaginian,  n.  Poenus,  -I,  m. 
Carthaginian,  adj.  Punicus,  -a,  -um. 
Catiline,  Catilina,  -ae,  m. 
cause,  praebeS,  2. 
cavalry,  aquitatus,  -us,  m. 
certain     (a),      quidam,     quaedam, 

quoddam   (quiddam)   (335). 
chance,  locus,  -T,  m. 
change,  mfUo,  i. 
check  (hold  in),  sustineo,  2. 
children,  puerT,  -Srum,  711.  ;    liberi, 

-Srum,  VI. 
Cicero,  Cicero,  -Snis,  m. 
citizen,  civis,  -is,  m.  and/ 
city,  urbs,  -is,/ 
cloud,  nfibes,  -is,/ 
cold,  adj.  frigidus,  -a,  -um. 
cold,  «.  frigus,  -oris,  «. 


ENGLISH-LA  TIN   VOCABULA  R  Y 


293 


come,  veil  10,  4. 

coming,  >t.  advc-ntus,  -us,  ni. 

command,  iubeo,  2,  with  ace. ;  prae- 

suni  (504),  U'i//t  dat. 
common,  communis,  -e. 
commonwealth,      res    publica,    lei 

publicae,  f. 
comrade,  socius,  socT,  m. 
confidence,  fides,  -el,/, 
conquer,  supero,  i  ;  vinco,  3. 
constancy,  constantia,  -ae,  /. 
consul,  consul,  -ulis,  /«. 
contend,  contendo,  3. 
Corinth,  Corinthus,  -T, /. 
Cornelia,  Cornelia,  -ae,/. 
country    {fat  her  land),    patria,    -ae, 

/. ;  {land),  terra,  -ae,/. ;  {)iot  city), 

rus,  runs,  n. 
courage,  virtiis,  -utis,/ 
cover,  tegd,  3. 
cup,  poculum,  -T,  «. 

dance,  salto,  i. 

danger,  perlculum,  -T,  n. 

daring,  audacia,  -ae./ 

daughter,   filia,    -ae,  /    (page    22, 

note   2). 
day,  dies,  -el,  m.  and/  (275). 
dear,  carus,  -a,  -um. 
death,  mors,  mortis,/ 
death  (put  to),  interficio,  3. 
deck,  oino,  i . 
deep,  altus,  -a,  -um. 
defeat.  vinc5,  3;  supero,  i. 
defend,  defends,  3. 
defender,  defensor,  -oris,  m. 
delay,  mora,  -ae,/ 
delight,  delecto,  i. 
Delphi,  Delphi,  -orum,  tn.  phir. 
deprive,  prTv5,  i. 


deputy,  legatus,  -I,  m. 
design,  consilium,  consilT,  «. 
desirous,  cupidus,  -a,  -um. 
destroy,  deleo,  2. 
die,  dect'do,  3 ;  morior,  3. 
difficulty,  difificultas,  -atis,/ 
diligence,  dlligentia,  -ae,/ 
diligently,     diligenter ;     cum     dili- 

gentia. 
dismiss,  dimitto,  3. 
dismount,  descends,  3. 
do,  f  acio,  3  ;  ago,  3 ;    also  as  auxil- 

iary  ;  (not),  noli,  nolite. 
doctor,  medicus,  -I,  m. 
dog,  canis,  -is,  m.  and/ 
dove,  columba,  -ae,/ 
draw,  educ5,  3 ;  (up),  instruo,  3. 
drive,  agito,  i. 
Duilius,  Duilius,  Dulll,  m. 
dwell,  habits,  i. 

each  (one),  quisque,  quaeque,  quid- 
que  (quodque)  (335)  ;  (of  two), 
uterque,  utiaque,  utrumque  (312). 

eager,  acer,  acris,  acre. 

eagerness,  stadium,  studi,  n. 

easily,  facile. 

easy,  facilis,  -e  (254). 

elephant,  elephantus,  -T,  m. 

eleven,  undecim. 

end,  finis,  -is,  m.  (169,  c). 

endure,  tolero,  i. 

enemy,  hostis,  -is,  m.  and/;  iniml- 
cus,  -T,  m.  (171). 

enjoy,  fruor,  3,  with  abl. 

Europe,  EurSpa,  -ae,/ 

even,  etiam;  ipse  (329). 

event,  res,  rei,/   (275). 

every  one,  quisque,  quaeque  (335). 

everything,  omnia,  -ium,  n.  flur. 


294 


FIRST    VEAR   LATIN 


example,  exemplum,  -I,  n. 
excel,  praesto,  i,  with  dat. 
exile,  exsilium,  exsilT,  n. 

Fabius,  Fabius,  Fabi,  m. 

Fabricius,  Fabricius,  Fabric!,  ni. 

fact,  res,  rel,/.  (275). 

faithful,  fidelis,  -e. 

faithfully,  fideliter. 

famous,  clarus,  -a,  -urn. 

farmer,  agricola,  -ae,  vi. 

father,  pater,  -tris,  w. 

fault,  culpa,  -ae,/ 

fear,  v.  timeo,  2 ;  vereor,  2. 

February,  Februarius,  -T,  m. 

few,  pauci,  -ae,  -a. 

field,  ager,  agri,  m. 

fierce,  asper,  -era,  -erum. 

fifteenth,  quTndecimus,  -a,  -urn. 

fight,  pugno,  I  ;    dimicS,  i. 

fighting  (there  is),  pugnatur. 

fill,  compleo,  2  ;  impleo,  2. 

find,  reperio,  4. 

fire,  ignis,  -is,  m.  (169,  c). 

first,  primus,  -a,  -um. 

five,  quinque. 

flee,  fugio,  3. 

fly,  fugio,  3. 

foe,  hostis,  -is,  in. ;  inimicus,  -T,  in. 

foliage,  frons,  frondis,/. 

follow,  sequor,  3. 

fond,  cupidus,  -a,  -um. 

food,  cibus,  -i,  in. 

foot,  pes,  pedis,  m. 

foot-soldier,  pedes,  -itis,  m. 

for,  conj.  nam. 

for,  sign  of  dative ;  prep.,  de,  pr5, 
with  abl.  ;  {of  time,  space, purpose), 
in,  with  ace. ;  ad,  with  gerundive  ; 
with  ace.  of  extent. 


form,  facio,  3. 

former,  ille,  -a,  -ud. 

fortification,  munltio,  -onis,/. 

fortify,  miinio,  4. 

fortune,  fortuna,  -ae,/. 

found,  condo,  3. 

fourteen,  quattuordecim. 

free,  adj.  liber,  -era,  -erum. 

free,  v.  libero,  i. 

friend,  amicus,  -i,  ;;/. 

frighten,  terred,  2. 

from,  de,  with  abl. ;  away  from,  a 
or  ab,  with  abl. ;  out  of,  from,  e 
or  ex,  with  abl. ;  abl.  of  separation. 

full,  planus,  -a,  -um. 

Galba,  Galba,  -ae,  m. 

garden,  hortus,  -i,  m. 

Gaul,  Gallia,  -ae,/ 

Gaul  (a),  Gallus,  -i,  m. 

general,  dux,  ducis,  ni.;  imperator, 

-oris,  in. 
Germans,  German!,  -5rum,  m. 
get  (possession  of),  potior,  4,  with 

abl.  (3SS). 
gift,  donum,  -!,  n. 
girl,  puella,  -ae,/ 
give,  do,  I  ;  dono,  i. 
glad,  laetus,  -a,  -um. 
gladly,  cum  gaudio. 
gladness,  gaudium,  gaudi,  ;/. 
go,  e5  (507)  ;  (off,  away),  demigro, 

I ;  discedo,  3  ;  abeo. 
god,  deus,  -1,  in.  (482). 
goddess,  dea,  -ae,/  (page  22,  note  2). 
going  to,  fitt.  act.  part. 
gold,  aurum,  -i,  n. 
golden,  aureus,  -a,  -um. 
good,  bonus,  -a,  -um  (260). 
grain,  frumentum,  -!,  «. 


EXGLISU-LA  TIN    VOCA BULARY 


295 


great,      magnus,     -a,     -urn     (260)  ; 

ingens,  -entis. 
greatest,  maximus,  -a,  -um  ;    sum- 

mus,  -a,  -um  (489). 
Greece,  Ciraecia,  -ae,/. 
greedy,  avarus,  -a,  -um. 
grieve,  doleo,  2. 
ground  (on  the),  humi  {loc). 

hand,  manus,  -us,  y". 

hand  to  hand,  comminus. 

Hannibal,  Hannibal,  -alls,  m. , 

happen,  accido,  3  ;  flo  (508). 

hasten,  proper5,  i. 

have,  habeo,   2 ;    sum,  witli  dat.  of 

possessor. 
he,  is  (13S)  ;  hie  (200)  ;  ille  (200). 
head,  caput,  -itis,  n.  (156). 
hear,  audid,  4  (501). 
heaven,  caelum,  -T,  n. 
helmet,  galea,  -ae,/ 
help,  n.  auxilium,  auxill,  n. 
help,  V.  iuvo,  i. 

her,  eius   (138);  huius  (200)  ;  illTus 
(200)  ;    reflexh'e,    suus,    -a,    -um 
(230,  a). 
here  (be),  adsum  (502). 
hesitate,  dubito,  i. 
high,    altus,  -a,    -um ;    superus,    -a, 

-um  {489). 
hill,  collis,  -is,  ni. 
himself,  see  self. 

his,    eius    (138);    ilHus    (200);    re- 
flexive, suus,  -a,  -um  (230,  a). 
hold,  habeo,  2  ;  teneo,  2  ;  (in  check), 

sustineo,  2. 
home,    domus,    -us,  /    (482)  ;    at 

home,  domi  (195,  b). 
hope,  n.  spes,  -el,/ 
hope,  V.  spero,  i. 


Horatius,  Horatius,  HoratT,  m. 

horn,  cornu,  -us,  n.  (242). 

horse,  equus,  -i,  vi. 

horseman,  eques,  -itis,  m. 

hostage,  obses,  -idis,  w.  and/ 

hostile,  hostilis,  -e. 

hour,  hora,  -ae,/ 

house,  domus,  -us,/  (482). 

how  many,  quot. 

hundred,  centum. 

hurl,  iacio,  3  ;  conicio,  3  ;  mitto,  3. 

I,  ego  {492). 

if,  si ;  if  not,  nisi. 

imitate,  imitor,  i. 

in,   in,  ivith    abl.;  ahl.   of  specifica- 

tio7i. 
infantry,  peditatus,  -us,  m. 
inhabitant,  incola,  -ae,  m.  and/ 
injure,  noceo,  2,  with  dat.;  obsum 

(502),  with  dat. 
into,  in,  zvith  ace. 
iron,  ferreus,  -a,  -um. 
island,  insula,  -ae,/ 
it,  is  (13S);  hie  (200);  ille  (200). 
Italy,  Italia,  -ae,/ 
itself,  see  self. 

javelin,  pllum,  -T,  «.  (page  27). 
joy,  gaudium,  gaudi,  n. 
joyful,  laetus,  -a,  -um. 
joyfully,  cum  gaudio. 
jump  down,  desilio,  4. 

keep,    habeo,     2 ;    teneo,    2 ;     (off), 

arceo,  2,  with  a  (ab)  and  abl. 
kill,  neco,  i  ;  interficio,  3. 
kind,  bonus,  -a,  -um  (260). 
king,  rex,  regis,  vi. 
know,  scio,  4 ;  cognosco,  3. 


296 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


lack,  n.  inopia,  -ae,/ 

lack,  V.  careo,  2,  with  abl. ;  desum 

(502),  with  dat. 
lady,  domina,  -ae,/. 
lake,  lacus,  -us,  w. 
land,  terra,  -ae,  /. 
large,  magnus,  -a,  -um  (260). 
last,  proximus,  -a,  -um  (4S9). 
laugh,  rideo,  2. 
lay  waste,  vasto,  i. 
laziness,  pigritia,  -ae,/ 
lazy,  piger,  -gra,  -grum  (483). 
lead,  duco,   3  ;    educo,   3  ;    (back), 

reduce,  3. 
leader,  dux,  duels,  m.  and/. 
leaf,  fr5ns,  frondis,  / 
leap  down,  desiliS,  4. 
legion,  legi5,  -onis,/ 
lest,  ne,  with  subjv. 
let,  sign  of  subjv.  or  imv. 
letter,  epistula,  -ae,/ 
liberate,  Hbero,  i. 
lie,  lie  down,  iace5,  2. 
lieutenant,  legatus,  -i,  m. 
life,  vita,  -ae,/ 
like,  similis,  -e  (254). 
line  of  battle,  acies,  -ei,/ 
lion,  le5,  -onis,  m. 
little,  parvus,  -a,  -um  (260). 
live,  vivo,  3;  habito,  i. 
long,  longus,  -a,  -um  ;   for  a  long 

time,  long,  diu  (490). 
love,  71.  amor,  -oris,  m. 
love,  V.  amo,  I  (497). 
lying,  mendacium,  mendaci,  n. 

make,  faciS,  3  ;  (ready),  paro,  i. 
man,  vir,  viri,  m.  (47S)  ;  homo,  -inis, 

m.  (163). 
manage,  rego,  3. 


many,  multi,  -ae,  -a  (260). 

March,  Martius,  Marti,  m. 

march,  v.  iter  facio  (3). 

Marcus,  Marcus,  -i,  w. 

master,  dominus,  -i,  vi.  ;    magister, 

-tri,  m.  (109). 
means  {by  means  of),  use  abl. 
memory,  memoria,  -ae,/. 
Mercury,  Mercurius,  Mercuri,  m. 
merry,  laetus,  -a,  -um. 
messenger,  nuntius,  nuntl,  >n. 
mile,  mllle  passuum  (305,  e). 
mind,  animus,  -i,  tn. 
mine,  meus,  -a,  -um  (229). 
miserable,  miser,  -era,  -erum. 
money,  pecunia,  -ae,/ 
month,  mensis,  -is,  tn. 
moon,  luna,  -ae,/ 
more,  plus  (261)  ;  comp.  degree. 
most,  superl.  degree. 
mother,  mater,  -trls,  / 
mountain,  mons,  montls,  w. 
move,  moveo,  2. 
much,  adj.  multus,  -a,  -um  (260), 
much,  adv.  multum  ;  multo. 
multitude,  multitudo,  -inis,/ 
must,  gerundive  with  sum. 
my,  meus,  -a,  -um  (229). 

native  country,  patrla,  -ae,/ 
neither,  neque  (nee), 
never,  numquam. 
nevertheless,  tamen. 
new,  novus,  -a,  -um. 
night,  no.\,  noctis,/ 
no,  niillus,  -a,  -um  (312). 
nor,  neque  (nee), 
not,  non  ;  ne. 
now,  nunc  ;  lam. 


ENGLISH-LA  TIN   VOCA BULARY 


297 


0!  o: 

oak,  oak  tree,  quercus,  -us,/. 

oar,  remus,  -I,  m. 

of,  sign  of  genitive  ;  de,  ^vith  ahl. ; 
out  of,  of,  e  or  ex,  with  abl.  ;  ahl. 
of  separation. 

often,  saepe  (490). 

old,  antiquus,  -a,  -um  ;  vetus,  -ens 
(260)  ;  senex,  senis  {260,  482) ; 
{/taring  been  born),  natus,  -a,  -um. 

older,  maior  natu. 

on  {of  place),  in,  wit/i  abl.  ;  {of  time), 
abl. 

once  (upon  a  time),  olim. 

one,  unus,  -a,  -um  (304)  ;  one  .  .  .  one 
thing,  another  another,  alius 
aliud ;  the  one  .  .  .  the  other,  alter 
.  .  .  alter. 

orator,  drator,  -oris,  m. 

order,  iubeo,  2,  zuit/i  ace. ;  in  order 
that,  ut,  7uit/i  subjv. 

other,  alius,  -a,  -ud  (486) ;  {of  t-vo), 
alter,  -era,  -erum  ;  which  {of  two) 
to  the  other,  uter  utri  (or  alterl). 

ought,  debeo,  2  ;  oportet,  2  ;  ge- 
rundive -with  sum. 

our,  noster,  -tra,  -trum. 

ourselves,  see  self. 

out  of,  c  or  ex,  with  abl. 

overcome,  supero,  i  ;  vinco,  3. 

own  (his,  her,  their),  suus,  -a,  -um; 
(my),  meus,  -a,  -um  ;  (our),  noster, 
-tra,  -trum  ;  (your),  vester,  -tra, 
-trum  ;   (thy),  tuus,  -a,  -um  (229). 

owner,  dominus,  -T,  ni. 

part,  pars,  partis,/, 
peace,  pax,  pacis,/. 
people,  populus,  -T,  m. 
persuade,  persuadeo,  2,  with  dat. 


physician,  medicus,  -T,  m. 

pine,  pine  tree,  pinus,  -T  {abl.  pinu),/ 

pirate,  piratus,  -1,  w. 

place,   n.   locus,  -I   {plur.  loci  and 

loca),  w. 
place,  V.  pono,  3. 
plan,  consilium,  consill,  n. 
plead,  016,  I. 

please,  placed,  2,  with  dat. 
pleasing,  giatus,  -a,  -um. 
plenty,  copia,  -ae,/. 
plough,  n.  aratrum,  -1,  n. 
plough,  V.  aro,  i . 
poet,  poeta,  -ae,  w. 
Pompey,  Pompeius,  PompC-I,  m. 
poor,  miser,  -era,  -erum. 
position,  locus,  -I  {plnr.    loci   and 

loca),  m. 
possession  of  (get),  potior,  i„with  abl. 
power,  potestas,  -atis,/ 
praise,  lauds,  i. 
pray,  oro,  i. 
prefer,  malo  (505). 
prepare,  paro,  i. 
present,  donum,  -i,  n. 
present  (be),  adsum  (502),  zvith  dat. 
preserve,  conserve,  i. 
pretty,  pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum. 
prisoner,  captivus,  -I,  m. 
prove,  probo,  r. 
prudent  prudens,  -entis. 
PuUo,  Pullo,    onis,  7n. 
punish,  punio,  4. 
purpose  {for  the  purpose  of),  ut  or 

qui,  with  snbjv.  ;  ad,  with  gerund 

or  gerundive  ;  causa,  following  a 

gerund  or  gerundive  ;  supine. 
put,  pono,   3  ;    (on),   induo,  3  ;    (tO 

death), 'interficio,  3;   (to  flight), 

fugo,  I. 


298 


FIRST    YEAR    LATIN 


queen,  regina,  -ae,y. 

rather,  comp.  degree. 

raven,  corvus,  -I,  m. 

read,  lego,  3. 

ready,  paratus,  -a,  -urn. 

receive,  capio,  3  (500)  ;  recipio,  3. 

reduce,  redigo,  3. 

relate,  narr5,  i. 

remain,  nianeo,  2. 

remember,  memoria  teneo,  2. 

remove  {emigrate),  demigro,  i. 

resound,  sono,  i. 

reverence,  vereor,  2. 

reward,  praemium,  praemi,  n. 

right  (hand),  dexter,  -tra,  -trum. 

river,  flfimen,  -inis,  n. 

road,  via,  -ae,/ 

rob,  spolio,  I. 

robber,  latro,  -onis,  m. 

robust,  validus,  -a,  -um. 

Roman,  Romanus,  -a,  -um. 

Rome,  Roma,  -ae,/. 

Romulus,  Romulus,  -T,  ni. 

rose,  rosa,  -ae,/. 

rough,  asper,  -era,  -erum. 

rouse,  concito,  i. 

rule,  V.  rego,  3  (499). 

rush  at,  inrumpo,  3. 

sad,  tristis,  -e. 

safety,  salus,  -Otis,/ 

sagacious,  prudens,  entis. 

sailor,  nauta,  -ae,  m. 

sake  {for  the  sake),  cdLUSSi,  following 

a  gen. 
same,  idem,  eadem,  idem  (493). 
save,  servo,  i  ;  conserve,  i. 
say,  dico,  3. 
scare,  terreo,  2. 


school,  schola,  -ae,/ 

Scipio,  ScTpio,  -onis,  »/. 

sea,  mare,  -is,  n. 

second,  secundus,  -a,  -um. 

see,  video,  2. 

seek,  peto,  3. 

seem,  videor,  2. 

seize  hold  of,  adprehendo,  3. 

self,  ipse,  -a,  -um  (329)  ;  sul  (492). 

send,    mittb,    3;     (off,    away),    dl- 

mitto,  3. 
servant,  servus,  -i,  m. 
set     (out),    proficiscor,    3;     (free), 

libero,  I  ;  (up),  instituo,  3. 
several,  plures,  -ium  (261). 
Sextus,  Se.xtus,  -1,  tn. 
she,  ea  (13S). 
shepherd,  pastor,  -oris,  m. 
shield,  scutum,  -T,  n. 
shine,  luceo,  2. 
ship,  navis,  -is,/  (169,  e). 
shore,  lltus,  -oris,  n. 
short,  brevis,  -e. 
show,  monstro,  i  ;  praebeo,  2. 
sick,  aeger,  -gra,  -grum. 
silent,  tacitus,  -a,  -um. 
since,  cum,  with  suhjv.  ;   sometimes 

implied  in  participle. 
sing,  canto,  i. 
sister,  soror,  -oris./ 
six,  sex. 

slave,  servus,  -i,  m. 
sleep,  somnus,  -I,  m. 
small,  parvus,  -a,  -um  (260). 
snow,  nix,  nivis,/ 
so,  tarn:  (that,  as  to),  ut;  (as  not 

to),  ut  non  ;   ne. 
soldier,  miles,  -itis,  vi. 
some,  often  not  expressed;  some  .  .  . 

others,  alii  .  .  .  alii. 


EXGLlSH-l.A  TIN    VOCABULA  R 1 


299 


something,  aliqukl. 

sometimes,  iiUercKim. 

son,  flliiis,  fill,  m. 

song,  cantus,  -us,  w. 

soon,  mox. 

sound,  sono,  i. 

spare,  parco,  3,  -vitli  dat. 

spear,  hasta,  -ae,/ 

spirit,  animus,  -1,  in. 

spiritedly,  acriter. 

state,  cuitas,  -atis, /. ;    res  publica, 

rei  publicae.y. 
stay,  maneS,  2. 

steadfastness,  constantia,  -ae,y! 
step,  gradus,  -us,  m.  (242). 
stone,  lapis,  -idis,  m. 
story,  f fibula,  -ae,/ 
stranger,  advena,  -ae,  ni.  and/, 
street,  via,  -ae,/ 
strength,  robur,  -oris,  n. 
strong,  validus,  -a,  -urn  ;  fortis,  -e. 
study,  studium,  studT,  n. 
successfully,  felTciter, 
suddenly,  subito. 
suffer,  tolero,  i;  labSro,  i. 
summer,  aestils,  -atis,/ 
surpass,     supero,     i,     with     m;-.  : 

praestS,   i,  wt'i/i  dat. 
survive,  supersum  (502). 
swiftness,  veldcitas,  -atis,/ 
swim,  nato,  i;   (across),  trano,  i. 
sword,  gladius,  gladi,  ;//. 

take,  capio,  3  {500). 
tall,  altus,  -a,  -um. 
task,  pensum,  -T,  ;/. 
teach,  doceo,  2. 
teacher,  magister,  -tri,  in. 
tell,  narro,  i  ;  dlco,  3. 
temple,  templum,  -T,  n. 


ten,  decern. 

tender,  tener,  -era,  -erum. 

tenth,  decinius,  -a,  -um. 

territory,  fines,  -ium,  m.  plitr. 

terror,  terror,  -oris,  m. 

test,  experior,  4. 

than,  quam;  abl.  (250). 

that,  coiij. :  ill  purpose  or  result 
clauses,  ut ;  after  verbs  of  fear- 
ing, ne  ;  (not),  ne  ;  ut  non  ;  after 
verbs  of  fearing,  ut ;  after  verbs 
of  saying  and  the  like,  not  ex- 
pressed. 

that,  demon,  pron.  is,  ea,  id  (138) ; 
ille,  -a,  -ud  (200) ;  iste,  -a,  -ud 
(493) ;  rel.  pron.  qui,  quae,  quod 
(210). 

the,  not  expressed. 

their,  gen.  plur.  of  is ;  reflexive, 
suus,  -a,  -um  (229). 

then,  turn. 

there,  ibi ;  as  an  expletive,  not 
translated. 

thing,  res,  re!,/;  sometimes  omitted. 

think,  puto,  i  ;  arbitror,  r. 

this,  is,  ea,  id  (13S)  ;  hlc,  haec,  hoc 
(200). 

though,  cum,  with  subjv.  ;  sometimes 
implied  in  paiticiple. 

thousand,  mllle  (304). 

throw,  iacio,  3;  mittd,  3;  (over), 
supericiS,  3. 

thus,  sic. 

Tiber,  Tiberis,  -is,  m. 

time,  tempus,  -oris,  n.  ;  spatium, 
spatl,  n. 

tired,  tired  out,  defessus,  -a,  -um. 

to,  sign  of  dative  ;  ad,  in.  with  ace.  ; 
expressing  purpose,  ut,  with  subjv. ; 
ad,    with   gerund  or   gerundive; 


300 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


causa,    following    a    geru7id    or 

gerundive  ;  supine. 
to-day,  hodie. 
too,  quoque;  camp,  degree. 
touch,  tango,  3. 
town,  oppidum.  -i,  n. 
townsman,  oppidanus,  -i,  vi. 
train,  educo,  i. 
tree,  arbor,  -oris,/". 
tribe,  gens,  gentis,/ 
troops,  copiae,  -arum,/. //«r. 
trumpet,  tuba,  -ae,/ 
try,  tents,  i  ;  experior,  4. 
twenty-eight,  duodetrlginta. 
twenty-fourth,  vTcesimus  quartus. 
twenty-one,  vlgintl  unus. 
two,   duo,  -ae,  -o  ;  (which  of),  uter, 

-tra,   -trum;     (each  of),    uterque, 

utraque,  utrumque. 

under,  sub,  with  ace.  or  ahl. 
unwilling  (be),  n6l5  (505).     . 
upon,  in,  with  ace.  or  abl. 
urge,  hortor,  i. 
use,  utor,  3,  with  abl. 

various,  varius,  -a,  -um. 

very,  superl.  degree  ;  maxime  ;  ipse, 

-a,  -um  (329). 
Vesta,  Vesta,  -ae,  / 
victorious,  victor,  -oris,  tn. 
victory,  victoria,   ae,/ 
virtue,  virtus,  -utis,/ 
Vorenus,  Vorenus,  -I,  m. 

wagon,  carrus,  -T,  m. 
walk  {take  a  walk),  ambulo,  i. 
wall,  niurus,  -I,  w. 
want    (lack),    careo,    2,    with    aid.  ; 
desum,  with  abl.  (502). 


war,  bellum,  -I,  n. 

warn,  moneo,  2. 

water,  aqua,  -ae,/. 

way,   via,   -ae,  / ;    iter,    itineris,    «. 

(4S2). 
weapon,  telum,  -T,  ti. 
welcome,  gratus,  -a,  -um. 
well,  bene  (267). 
well-known,  sometitnes  expressed  by 

ille. 
what,  interrog.  quis  (qui),  (juae,  quid 

(quod)  (142). 
when,  cum  ;  ablative  absolute. 
where,  ubi. 
whether,  num. 
which,   qui,  quae,  quod  (142);  (of 

two),  uter,  utra,  utrum  (312). 
while,    inter,    with    gerund ;    some- 
times implied  in  participle. 
white,  albus,  -a,  -um. 
whither,  quo. 
who,  rel.  qui,   quae  (210);   interrog. 

quis,  quae  (142). 
whole,  totus,  -a,  -um  (312) ;  omnis,  e. 
why,  cur. 
wine,  vinum,  -i,  n. 
winter,  hiems,  hiemis,/ 
wise,  sapiens,  -entis  ;  prudens,  -entis. 
wisely,  sapienter. 
wish,  volo  (505) ;  (not),  nolo. 
with,    cum,    zuith    abl. ;    sometimes 

abl.  alone. 
within  (into),  in,  %vith  ace. 
without,  sine,  with  abl. 
withstand,  sustineo,  2. 
woman,    femina,    -ae,  /. ;    mulier, 

-eris,/ 
word,  verbum,  -I,  n. 
work,  laboro,  i. 
worse,  peior,  -ius  (260). 


ENGLISH-LATIN    VOCABULARY  301 

worst,  pessimus,  -a,  -um  (260).  yonder  (that),  ille,  -a,  -ud. 

wound,  //.  volnus,  -eris,  «.  you,  siug.  tu ;  plur.  vos  {492). 

wound,  7'.  volnero,  I.  your,    sing,    tuus,    -a,    -um ;    plur. 

wretched,  miser,  -era,  -erum.  vester,  -tra,  -trum  (229). 

write,  scrlbo,  3.  yourselves,  see  self, 

writer,  scnptor,  -oris,  vi.  youth  (body  of),  iuventus,  -utis,/ 

year,  annus,  -I,  m.  Ti&vii&^  Zama,  -ae,  ./. 


INDEX 


NoTB  —  References  are  to  sections  unless  otherwise  indicated. 


a  or  ab  witli  ablative  of  agent,   207.   a. 

20S. 
a-declension  of  nouns,  48,  53,  477. 
a-verbs,  59,  60,  497. 
ablative  case,  46  and  d. 

absolute,  357,  358. 

after  a  comparative,  249,  a,  250. 

of  agent,  207,  a,  20S. 

of  cause,  164,  a,  165. 

of  degree  of  difference,  263,  a,  264. 

of  description,  306,  a,  307. 

of  manner,  128,  a,  129. 

of  means  or  instrument,  123,  a,  124. 

of  place  where,  81. 

of  place  whence,  159,  197,  3. 

of  separation,  231,  a,  232. 

of  specification,  372,  b,  374. 

of  time,  187,  a,  188. 

with  iitor,fruor,^\.z.,  387,  388. 

with  ex,  equivalent  of  partitive  geni- 
tive, 256,  b. 
ablative  of  adjectives  of  third  declension, 

1S2,  b. 
-abus  in  dative  and  ablative  of  first  declen- 
sion, page  22,  note  2. 
accent,  44,  i,  2,  and  3. 

in  contracted  genitive  of  nouns  in  -ius, 
84,  <:,  d. 
accusative  case,  46  and  b  and  c. 

of  extent,  277,  a,  278. 

object  of  transitive  verbs,  57. 

of  place  whither,  160,  197,  2. 

subject  of  the  infinitive,  318,  rule  i. 

in  indirect  discourse,  321-326. 
acer,  declensicfn,  182,  484. 

comparison,  253. 
adjectives,  definition,  3. 

kmds  and  definitions,  3.  a-d. 

of  first  and  second  declensions,  90, 483. 


adjectives  of  third  declension,  182,  484. 

of  one,  two,  and  three  terminations, 
182,  (7,  b,  note. 

irregular  (gen.  in  -lus),  312,  313,  4S6. 

comparison,  246-248,  253,  254,  260, 
487,  489. 

meaning  of  comparative  and  superla- 
tive, 255,  a. 

declension  of  comparatives,  248,  488. 

irregular  comparison,  254,  260,  489. 

comparison  by  adverbs,  26,  a,  and 
note. 

positive  wanting,  262,  489. 

interrogative  adjectives,  144,  a,  b. 

possessives,  229;  distinction  in  use 
between  suns  and  eitis,  230,  a\  be- 
tween tuus  and  vester,  229,  note; 
omission  of  situs,  230,  b. 

predicate,  100,  a. 

with  complementary  infinitive,  318, 
rule  2. 

used  as  nouns,  3,  d. 

in  the  plural  without  a  noun,  page  39, 
note  I. 

with  nouns :  agreement,  92. 

of  description,  306,  a,  307. 

of  manner,  128,  a,  129. 

with  dat.,  116,  a,  117. 
adverbs,  definition,  5. 

kinds  and  definitions,  5,  a-/. 

formation,  267,  b. 

comparison,  267  and  b,  490. 

in  place  of  positives  of  adjectives,  262. 
agent,  expressed  by  abl.  with  a  or  ab, 
208. 

with  the  gerundive,  425,  (/.  426. 
ager,  declension,  loS,  478. 
agreement  of  adjectives,  92. 

after  complementary  infinitive,  318, 
rule  2. 


303 


304 


F/RSr    YEAR   LATIN 


agreement  of  appositives,  iii. 

of  predicate  nouns,  99. 

of  relative  pronouns,  213,  222,  a. 
aliquis,  335,  496. 
alius,  declension,  312,  486. 
alius  .  .  .  alius,  313. 
alius  .  .  .  aliud,  313. 
alphabet,  36. 
alter  . . .  alter,  313. 
altior,  declension,  248. 
altus,  comparison,  247. 
amans,  declension,  485. 
am5,  conjugation,  497. 
Anecdotes,  434-43S. 
animal,  declension,  169,  479,  c. 
antecedent,  definition,  2,  note, 
antepenult,  42,  5. 

when  accented,  44,  2. 
appeals,  340  and  a. 
apposition,  no,  iii. 
article,  none  in  Latin,  50,  a.     '■ 
artus,    irregular    dat.    and    abl.    plural, 

242,  a. 
audax,  declension,  1S2,  4S4. 

comparison,  247. 
audio,  conjugation,  501. 
avis,  169,  c. 

B 
base,  53,  b. 
bonus,  declension,  483. 

comparison,  260,  4S9. 
bos,  declension,  4S2. 
brevis,  declension,  182,  4S4. 

comparison,  247. 


capi5,  conjugation,  500. 
caput,  declension,  154,  479. 
cardinals,  definition,  3,  b. 

table  of,  491. 

indeclinable  from  qiiattiior  to  cciifiiw, 
3°5.  c. 

declension,  304,  305,  486. 
case  of  relative  pronouns,  213. 
cases,  names  of  English,  24,  i,  2,  3. 

names  of  Latin,  46.     See  under  nomi- 
native, genitive,  etc. 

general  rules  for  endings,  46,  a~d. 
causal  clauses,  with  ctim,  396,  a,  39S. 


cause,  expressed  by  the  ablative,  164,  a, 

165;  357,358- 
characteristic  ablative,  306,  a,  307.    See 

ablative  of  description. 
characteristic  vowels  of  the  four  con  ju- 
gs cions,  59. 
civis,  169,  c. 

clauses,   definition   and    kinds,   20   and 
rt,  b,  e. 
of  purpose,  with  ut  and  ne,  283,  a,  284. 
of  result,  with  ut  and  ut  non,  289,  a, 

290. 
relative  of  purpose,  419,  420. 
with  cum,  when,  396-398. 
commands,  340  and  a. 
comparative,   declined,   248,   48S;  pli'es, 
declined,  261. 
followed  by  the  ablative,  250. 
meaning  too,  255,  a. 
comparison,  definition,  26 ;  of  adjectives, 
246-248,    253,    254,    260-262,    4S7; 
methods  in  English  and  in  Latin,  26, 
a,  and  note  ;  irregular,  254,  260-262, 
489;  six  adjectives  in  -lis,  254,  489; 
positive  wanting,  262,  4S9. 
of  adverbs,  267  and  b. 
ablative  of,  249,  a,  250. 
complement  of  verb,  15,  ^. 
compound  tenses  often  omit  est,  cf.  page 

190,  note  14. 
conditional  sentences,  403. 

simple  conditions,  404  and  a,  405. 
doubtful  conditions,  404  and  b,  406. 
contrary  to  fact,  404  and  c,  407. 
conjugation,  definition,  27. 

in  English  verb,  27,  a.     See  verbs. 
conjunction,  definition,  7. 

kinds  and  definitions,  7,  a,  b. 
consilium,  genitive  in  -?,  84,  d. 
consonant-i,  37. 
consonant  stems,  pages  60,  64. 
consonants,  38. 

how  pronounced,  41. 
contraction  in  perfect  and  cognate  tenses 
when  V  is  lost,  414,  b. 
in  gen.  of  nouns  in  -iiim  and  -iits,  84, 
c  and  d. 
coordinate  clauses,  20,  c. 
copula,  15,  a. 


INDEX 


305 


cornu,  declension,  242,  480. 
corpus,  declension,  163,  479,  b. 
cum,  prep,  with  abl.  of  manner,  129. 

joined  to  abl.  of  p.'rsonal,  relative,  and 
interrogative  pronouns,  221,  d. 
cum,  conj.  in  clauses  of  time,  396,  a,  397. 

causal  and  concessive,  396,  a,  398. 


dative  case,  46  and  d. 

of  agent,  425,  d,  426. 

with  adjectives,  \\b,  a,  117. 

with  compound  verbs,  346,  a,  347. 

of  indirect  object,  79. 

of  possession,  114,  a,  115. 

of  service,  348,  349. 

with  intransitive  verbs,  meaning  to  be- 
lieve, favor,  etc.,  392,  393. 
dea,  dat.  and  abl.  plural,  page  22,  note  2. 
declension,   definition,   22.     See  nouns, 

adjectives,  and  comparatives. 
degree  of  difference  expressed  by  the 

ablative,  263,  a,  264. 
demonstrative  adjectives  and  pronouns, 
definition,  2,  d,  3,  c. 

See  pronouns;    also  hie,   Idem,   tile, 
ipse,  is,  iste. 
dependent  clause,  19,  note,  20  and  a. 
deponents,  see  verbs. 
descriptive  abl.  and  gen.,  306,  a,  307. 
deus,  declension,  482. 
dies,  declension,  275,  481. 

gender,  276. 
diphthongs,  how  pronounced,  40. 

quantity,  43,  4, 
direct  statements,  321. 
domi  as  locative,  195,  b. 
domo,  used  of  place  whence,  196  and  b. 
domum,  used  of  place  whither,  196  and  b. 
domus,  declension,  482. 
gender,  243,  a. 
construction,  197. 
d5num,  declension,  84,  478. 
dum  with  pres.  ind.,  pige  172,  note  4. 
duo,  declension,  304,  486. 


5-stems  (nouns),  275,  481. 
e-verbs,  59,  71. 


e-verbs,  conjugation,  498. 
6-verbs,  147. 

conjugation,  499. 
ego,  declension,  492. 
eius  compared  with  siuts,  230,  a. 
enclitics,  44,  3. 

60,414-416;  conjugation,  507. 
est  often  omitted,  cf.  page  190,  note  14. 
extent  of  time  or  space,  how  expressed, 
277,  a,  278. 

F 

F.\BLES,  45S-467. 

fearing,  verbs  of,  415,  a. 
feminine  gender,  rule,  47,  2. 
fero,  414-416;  conjugation,  506. 
filia,  declension,  page  22,  note  2. 
filius,  vocative,  84,  d,  478,  a. 

declension,  47S. 
finis,  169,  c. 

finite  verb,  definition,  35. 
fi5,  414-416;  conjugation,  50S. 
fruor,  followed  by  the  ablative,  3S8. 
fungor,  followed  by  the  ablative,  38S. 
future  active  participle  in  place  of  per- 
fect passive  participle  in  principal 
parts,  pag-  75,  foot-note  i. 
future  perfect  tense,  formation  of,  192, 
a  and  b. 

G 

gender,  in  English  and  in  Latin,  25  and  a. 

general  rules  for  Latin  gender,  47,  i 

and  2. 
in  first  declension,  54. 
in  second  declension,  85. 
in  third  declension,  173-175. 
in  fourth  declension,  243. 
in  fifth  declension,  276. 
genitive  case,  46. 

descriptive,  306,  a,  307. 
limiting,  68. 
partitive,  256,  257. 
gerund,  a  verbal  noun,  365. 

use,  367  and  a  and  b. 
gerundive,  a  verbal  adjective,  361,  362. 
agreement  of,  361. 

takes  the  dative  of  agent,  425,  d,  426. 
used  with  ad  to  express  purpose,  362,  3. 
used  with  sum   to  form   the   Second 
Periphrastic  Conjugation,  424. 


3c6 


FIRST    YEAR   LATIN 


gerundive  with  stim  implies   necessity, 

duty,  or  obligation,  425,  b. 
gradus.  declension,  242,  480. 


hasta,  declension,  53,  477. 
hie,  declension,  200,  493. 

uses,  201,  a-c. 
historical  tenses,  296,  a. 
homo,  declension,  163,  479,  b. 
hortor,  conjugation,  509. 
hortus,  declension,  84,  478. 
hostis,  declension,  169,  479,  c. 

distinguished  from  inimicus,  171. 
humi,  as  locative,  195,  b. 


i,   with   force  of  a  consonant   before  a 

vowel,  T,7. 
i-stems  (nouns),  169,  479,  c. 
i-verhs,  conjugation,  501. 
Idem,  declension,  329,  493. 

use,  331,  a. 
idiis,  gender,  243,  a. 
iens,  declension,  485. 
Ignis,  169,  c,  479,  c. 
ille,  declension,  200,  493. 

uses,  201,  a-d. 
imperative,  formation,  339. 

in  commands  and  appeals,  340  and  a. 
impersonal  use  of  verbs,  418  and  b. 
impersonal  verb,  definition,  4,/. 
in,  with  ace.  and  abl.,  77,  81,  127,  160. 
indefinite  pronouns  and  adjectives,  defi- 
nition, 2,  e,  3,  c.     See  zho pro?ioicns. 
independent  clause,  18,  note,  20  and  b. 
indirect  discourse,  321-326. 
indirect  object,  definition,  14,  note. 

case  of,  78,  79. 
indirect  questions,  294,  295. 
infinitive,  definition  and  English  uses, 
32  and  a  and  b. 

formation,  316. 

used  as  subject,  317,  a. 

complementary,  317,  a. 

in  indirect  discourse,  321,  322. 

tenses  in  indirect  discourse,  323-326. 

used  as  in  English,  317. 

not  used  to  express  purpose,  283,  b. 


infinitive,  takes  a  subject  accusative,  317, 
a,  318,  rule  i. 

in    compound    forms    esse    is    often 
omitted,  pige  182,  note  4. 
inflection,  definition,  21. 

of  nouns,  22-25. 

of  adjectives,  26. 

of  verbs,  27-31. 
inimicus,  distinguished  from  hostis,  171. 
instrumental  abl.,  123,  a,  124. 
insam,  followed  by  /«  with  abl.,  347,  a. 
interjection,  definition,  8. 
interrogative  adjsctives,  142-145. 

pronouns  declined,  142,  495. 


table  of 


meanmgs,  143. 


definition,  2,  c. 
intersum,  followed   by  inter  with  ace, 

347,  a. 
intransitive  verbs,  definition,  4,  b. 

followed  by  dative,  393. 
15,  verbs  in  -id  of  the  third  conjugation, 
157- 
conjugation,  500. 
ipse,  declension,  329,  493. 
used  for  emphasis,  331,  c. 
distinguished  from  se,  331,  c. 
irregular   adjectives    (genitive   in  -Jus), 
312,  486. 
comparison:  of  adjectives,   254,   260, 

489  ;  of  adverbs,  267. 
verbs:  eo,  414-416,  507;  fcro  a.nd /id, 
414-416,  506,  508;  possum  and/w- 
stan,  503,  504  ;  void,  nolo,  mdlo,  391- 

395»  505- 
is,  declension,  138,  493. 

common  uses,  140. 

used  as  an  adjective,  140,  a. 

used  as  a  pronoun,  140,  b. 

relation  to  h'lc  and  ille,  201,  c. 

table  of  meanings,  139. 
iste,  declension,  493. 

uses  of,  331,  ^  and  b. 
iter,  declension,  4S2. 
luppiter,  declension,  482. 
iuvenis,  comparison,  260,  489. 


liber,  declension,  103,  483. 
liquid  stems,  163,  479,  b. 


INDEX 


307 


liquids,  38. 

locative  case,  195,  197. 

endings,  195,  a. 

in  what  words  used,  195  and  b. 


magnus,  comparison,  260,  489. 
malo,  391-395;  conjugation,  505. 
malus,  comparison,  260,  489. 
manner,  how  expressed,  128,  a,  129. 
manus,  gender,  243,  a. 
mare,  declension,  482. 
masculine,  rule  of  gender,  47,  i. 
means,  denoted  by  the  abl.,  123,  a,  124. 
Mercurius,  has  vocative  in  -i,  84,  d. 
miles,  declension,  1 54,  479. 
mllitiae,  as  locative,  195,  b. 
mille,  declension,  304,  486. 

use,  305,  e. 
miser,  comparison,  253. 
moneo,  conjugation,  498. 
moods,  definition,  29-31. 
multus,  comparison,  260,  489. 
mute  stems,  154,  479,  a. 
mutes,  38. 

followed  by  a  liquid,  43,  6. 


nouns,  definition,  i. 

kinds  and  definitions,  i,  a-e. 
gender,  47  and  i  and  2. 
first  declension,  48,  53,  65,  76,  90,  477; 
second,  84,  90,  103,  108,  478;  third, 
154,  163,  169,  i73-«75>  479;  fourth, 
242,  480;  fifth,  275,  481. 
predicate  nouns,  98,  a,  99. 
rules  of  gender,  47,  i  and  2,  54,  85, 
i73-'75.  243.  276. 
nubes,  declension,  169,  479,  c. 
num  in  questions,  273. 
number,  singular  and  plural,  23. 
numerals,  304,  305,  309,  486. 
table  of,  491. 
definition,  3,  b. 


o-stems  (second  declension),  84,  103,  478. 
object,  definition,  14. 

direct  and  indirect,  14,  note. 

of  a  transitive  verb,  57. 

indirect  object,  79. 
ordinals,  definition,  3,  b. 

tabb,  491. 

declined  like  bomes,  491. 


navis,  169,  c. 
nh,ihat  {lest),  415,  rt. 

introducing   negative   clauses  of  pur- 
pose, 284. 
various  ways  of  translating,  283,  2S8. 
as  negative  of  commands  and  appeals, 
340,  a,  2. 
-ne,  enclitic,  44,  3,  50,  d. 
neuter,  see  71011ns. 
n516,  391-395  ;  conjugation,  505. 

the  imperatives  nol'i  and  tiol'tte  in  neg- 
ative appeals  or  commands,  340. 
nominative  case,  46. 

subject  of  a  finite  verb,  51. 

in  the  tliird  declension  has  a  different 

vowel  from  the  stem,  i  54,  e. 
of  pronouns  expressed  only  for  empha- 
sis or  contrast,  221,  a. 
predicate  nominative,  15,  b. 
nonne,  suggests  the  answer  yes,  273. 
nos,  declension,  492. 


participles,  definition  and  uses  in  Eng- 
lish, 34  and  a  and  b. 

agreement,  235,  a,  note,  352,  b,  c. 

declension,  352,  b,  4S5. 

equivalents  in  English,  353  and  a. 

time  denoted  by,  353,  a. 

future,  used  with  siim  to  form  the  peri- 
phrastic conjugations,  424,  425. 

have  no  perfect  active,  357,  c. 

in  deponent  verbs,  386,  c. 

perfect  of,  in  deponent  verbs,  386,  d. 

often  best  rendered  as  clause,  353,  a. 

tenses  of,  relative  to  main  verb,  353,  a. 
partitive  genitive,  257. 
parvus,  comparison,  260,  4S9. 
passive,   compound  forms,  235,   a,  and 
note. 

formation,  205,  a  and  b. 

the  agent  expressed  by  the  abl.  with  d 
or  ab,  208. 
pater,  declension,  163,  479,  b. 


3o8 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


penult,  42,  5. 

when  accented,  44,  2. 
perfect  tense,  loss  of  v  in,  when  contrac- 
tion may  take  place,  414,  3. 
See  also  pariiciples. 
periphrastic  conjugations,  424-428. 

synopsis  of,  510,  511. 
person,  distinction  between  first,  second, 
and  third,  2,  a. 
of  relative  pronouns,  222,  a. 
personal  pronouns,  see  pronoutis. 
phrase,  definition  and  kinds,  16. 
piger,  declension,  loS,  483. 
place,    where,    whither,    whence,    with 
names  of  towns,  197. 
with  places  other  than  names  of  towns, 
81,  159,  160. 
pluperfect   tense,    formation  of,  192,  a 

and  b. 
plus,  declension,  261. 
portus,    irregular    dat.    and    abl.   plur., 

242,  a. 
possessive  adjectives,  see  adjectives. 
possum,  how  compounded,  344,  b. 

conjugation,  503. 
postquam,  with  perfect  tense,  page  175, 

note  6. 
potior,  conjugation,  509. 

governs  the  ablative,  388. 
predicate,  definition,  11  and  b. 
simple,  12. 
complete,  13. 
predicate  adjectives,  100,  a. 

definition  of,  15. 
predicate  nominative,  15,  b. 
predicate  nouns  (nominative),  98,  a,  99. 

definition  of,  15. 
prepositions,  definition,  6. 
principal  parts  of  verbs,  131  and  a. 
principal  tenses,  296,  a. 
pronouns,  definition,  2. 
•    kinds  and  definitions,  2,  a-f. 

demonstrative,  definition,  2,  d;  full 
declension,  493  ;  Iitc  and  ille,  declen- 
sion, 200;  uses,  201,  a-d\  is,  138, 
139;  uses,  140,  a,  b;  relation  to  Jiic 
and  ille,  201,  c;  iste,  idem,  ipse,  329, 
330;  uses,  331,  a-c. 
indefinite,  definition,  2,  e ;  aliquis  and 


quldam,  335,  b,  496 ;  quisquam, 
quivis,  quisqiie,  335,  c ;  qiiid-iorms 
used  as  pronouns,  qitod-iorms  as 
adjectives,  335,  d. 

interrogative,  definition,  2,  c;  declen- 
sion, 142,  495 ;  followed  by  cum, 
221,  d. 

personal,  definition,  2,  a;  declension, 
492  ;  nominative  expressed  only  for 
emphasis  or  contrast,  221,  a;  third 
person  sometimes  supplied  by  is, 
Jiic,  or  ille,  220,  b;  used  with  a 
reflexive  sense,  221,  c;  followed  by 
cum,  221,  d. 

possessive,  see  possessive  adjectives. 

reflexive,  definition,  2,  f;  use,  220, 
b;  of  first  and  second  person, 
221,  c. 

relative,  definition,  2,  b;    agreement, 
212,  a,  213,  222,  a;  declension,  210, 
494 ;  table   of   meanings,   211;   fol- 
lowed by  cum,  221,  d. 
pronunciation,   Roman   method,  sounds 

of  the  letters,  39-41. 
proper   names  in  -iics  contract  it  to  t, 

84,^. 
prosum,  how  compounded,  344,  c. 

conjugation,  504. 
puer,  declension,  103,  478. 
purpose  clauses,  expressed  by  the  sub- 
junctive with  ut  and  ne,  283,  a,  b, 
284,  288. 

accusative  of  the  gerund  or  gerundive 
with  ad,  362,  b,  367,  b. 

dative  of  service,  34S,  349. 

relative  clauses,  419,  420. 

supine  in  -um,  372,  a,  373. 

not  expressed  by  the  infinitive,  283,  b. 

review  of  expressions  of  purpose,  429. 


quam  with  a  comparative,  249,  25  c 
-que,  enclitic,  44,  3. 
questions,  indirect,  294-296. 
qui,  210-213. 

declension,  210,  494. 
quidam,  335,  b ;  declension,  496. 
quis,  142-144. 

declension,  142,  495. 


INDEX 


309 


quis,  after  si,  nisi,  M?,and  num,  page  195, 

note  10. 
quisquam,  335,  c 
quisque,  335,  c. 
quivis,    335,  c. 
quod,  used  for  quid  as  an  interrogative 

adjective,  144,  b. 


reflexive  pronouns,  see  pronouns. 
rego,  147  ;  conjugation,  499. 
relative  pronouns,  see  pronouns. 

chuses  of  purpose,  419,  420. 
res,  declension,  275,  481. 
result,  expressed  by  the  subjunctive  wi^h 

tit  or  lit  n'on,  289,  290. 
rex,  declension,  154,  479. 
Roaian  method  of   pronouncing  Latin 

39-41- 
ruri,  as  locative,  195,  b. 
riis,  the  accusative  of,  196,  2. 

like    names    of    towns,    196    and    b. 
197. 

S 
se,  distinguished  from  ipse,  331,  c. 
senex,  comparison,  260,  489. 
sentence,  definition,  9. 

kinds  and  definitions,  10,  17-19. 

parts,  11-16,  20  and  a,  b,  and  c. 
separation,  how  expressed,  231,  237. 
sequence  of  tenses,  296,  a,  297. 
sequor,  conjugation,  509. 
service,  dative  of,  348,  349. 
sibilant,  38. 

space,  extent  of,  277,  278. 
specification,  ablative  of,  372,  b,  374. 
stem  of  a  word,  defined,  page  22,  note  i. 

of  nouns  of  the  first  declension,  page  22 

of  nouns  of  the  second  declension,  page 

32- 
'.•  of  nouns  of  the  third  declension,  page 

P60;  how  found,  154,  c,  169,  d;  the 
last  vowel  changed  to  form  the  nomi- 
native,   154,   e;    mute,   154;    liquid, 
163;  /-stems,  169,  170. 
of  nouns  of  the  fourth  declension,  page 

98. 
of  nouns  of  the  fifth  declension,  page 
no. 


stem  of  verbs,  59. 

perfect    participle   stem    in    principal 

parts  of  verbs,  131. 
perfect  stem  of  verbs.  131,  b,  136,  a, 

185,  b,  and  note, 
of  adjectives  of  tiie  third  declension, 
page  72. 
Stories  of  Hercules,  439-449. 
Stories  of  Ulysses,  450-457. 
Stories  from  Roman  History,  468- 
475- 
Story  of  the  Aduatuci,  476. 
subject,  definition,  1 1  and  a. 
simple,  12. 
complete,  13. 

agreement  of  verb  with,  61. 
of  a  verb,  51. 

of  an  infinitive,  317,  a,  318. 
not  expressed,  G\,  a,  b. 
subjunctive,  in  commands  and  appeals, 
hortatory,  340  and  a  ;  also  page  184, 
note  2. 
with  aim  temporal,  causal,  and  con- 
cessive, 39C>-398. 
imperfect  subjunctive  denoting  present 
time,    and    pluperfect,    past    time, 
404,  d. 
sequence  of  tenses  in,  296,  297  and  a. 
forniiition  of  present,  281,  282;  of  im- 
perfect, 287  ;  of  perfect  and  pluper- 
fect, 293. 
present    tense   translated    as    future, 

415,  b. 
of  purpose,  283,  2S4,  288. 
of  result,  289,  290. 
of  indirect  question,  294-296. 
in  relative  clauses  of  purpose,  4 19,  420. 
after  verbs  of  fearing,  415,  a. 
in  doubtful  conditions,  404,  b,  406. 
in  conditions  contrary  to  fact,  404,  c, 
407. 
sui,  declension,  492. 

distinguished  from  ipse,  331,  c. 
sum,  96  ;  conjugation,  502. 

compounds,  344,  345. 
supine,  definition,  370. 
in-ttw,  3-2,  1,373. 
in  -j7,  372,  2.  374. 
8UUS,  how  formed  and  declined,  229. 


3IO 


FIRST   YEAR  LATIN 


suus,  compared  with  eius,  230,  a. 

omission  of,  230,  b. 
syllables,  definition,  number  of,  42,  i. 

division  of,  42,  2,  3. 

in  compound  words,  42,  4. 

how  named,  42,  5. 

when  long,  43,  5,  6. 


temporal   clauses    introduced    by   cum, 

396,  a,  397. 
tense,  definition,  11  and  a. 
tenses,  of  infinitive  in  indirect  discourse, 
323-326. 

distinction  in  use  between  perfect  and 
imperfect,  132,  b. 

sign  of  imperfect,  121,  a. 

sign  of  future,  126,  a. 

principal  and  historical,  296,  a. 

sequence  of,  296,  297. 
terminations,  definition,  53,  b. 

of  first  declension,  53. 

of  second  declension,  84. 

of  third  declension,  consonant  stems, 
154;  «-stem3,  169. 

of  fourth  declf  nsion,  242. 

of  fifth  declension,  275. 
time,  how  expressed,  188. 

extent,  278. 
towns,  rules  for  names  of,  197,  i,  2,  3. 
transitive  verb,  4,  a. 
tres,  declension,  304,  305,  b  and/,  486. 
tu,  declension,  492. 
turris,  i6g,  c,  479,  c. 
tuus,  how  formed  and  declined,  229. 

compared  \\\\\\  vesier,  229,  note. 


u  as  a  semivowel,  page  15,  note. 

u-stems,  242,  4S0. 

-ubus,  irregular  dat.  and  abl.  plur.,  242,  a. 

ultima,  42,  5. 

tinus,  declension,  304,  305,/,  486. 

urbs,  declension,  i6g,  479,  c. 

ut,  of  purpose  (negative  ne),  284. 

translated  in  various  ways,  283,  288. 

of  result  (negative  ut  non),  289,  290. 

translated  that  not  with  verbs  of  fear- 
ing, 415,  a. 


ut,  translated  when  or  as,  when  followed 

by  the  ind.,  page  185,  note  2. 
utor,  governs  the  abl.,  388. 


V,  often  lost  between  vowels  in  the  per- 
fect and  cognate  tenses,  414,  b. 
verbs,  definition,  4. 

kinds  and  definitions,  4,  a-f. 

agreement,  61. 

in  relative  clauses,  222,  a. 

case  of  subject,  51  ;  of  object,  57. 

personal  endings,  60,  132. 

transitive  in  English  are  often  intran- 
sitive in  Latin  and  govern  the  dat., 
392>  «• 

oi  first  conjugation,  60;  conjugation, 
497- 

of  second  conjugation,  71  ;  conjuga- 
tion, 498. 

oi  third  conjugation,  147;  conjugation, 
499. 

of  third  conjugation  in  -io,  157;  con- 
jugation, 500. 

of  fourth  conjtigation,  185  ;  conjuga- 
tion, 501. 

how  conjugations  are  distinguished,  59. 

principal  parts,  131  and  a. 

review  of  four  conjugations,  378-385. 

deponents:  form,  meaning,  how  dis- 
tinguished, 386 ;  active  forms,  386, 
b ;  participles  of  both  voices,  386,  c ; 
perfect  participle  active  in  meaning, 
and  gerundive  passive,  386,  d;  con- 
jugation. 509. 

periphrastic  conjugations,  424-428 ; 
synopsis  of,  510,  511. 

irregular  verbs,  see  under  eo.fio,  fer'o, 
void,  nolo,  tndlo,  sum  and  its  com- 
pounds. 

impersonal  use  and  impersonal  verbs, 
418,  a  and  b. 
vereor,  conjugation,  509. 
vescor,  governs  ablative,  388. 
vester,  how  formed  and  declined,  229. 

compared  with  titus,  229,  note, 
vetus,  comparison,  260,  4S9. 
vir,  declension,  47S. 
virtiis,  declension,  154,  479. 


INDEX 


311 


vis,  declension,  482. 

vocabularies,  Latin-English,  page  245. 

English-L?tin,  page  291. 
vocative  case,  46. 
vocative  form,  46,  a. 

use,  53,  a. 

of  proper  names  in  -ins,  84,  d. 

of  «5-noiins  of  the  second  declension, 
84,  a,  47S,  a. 


voice,  d:'finition,  28. 

intransitive  verbs  used  only  in  active, 
2%,  a. 
volnus,  declension,  163,  479,  b. 
V0I6,  391-395. 

conjugation,  505. 
vos,  declension,  492. 

vowels,  quantity  :  short,  43,  2  ;  long,  43, 
3.4- 


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